Political Heritage

Political Heritage

Political Heritage

Magna Carta 1215

Roanoke Colony 1583

Jamestown 1607

Petition of Rights 1628

English Civil War 1642

Glorious Revolution 1688

English Bill of Rights 1689

Political Heritage

Magna Carta 1215

1066 William the Conqueror invaded England

Defeated Saxons at the Battle of Hastings

Introduced absolute monarchy

Political HeritageMagna Carta 1215

Henry IIEleanor of Aquitaine

Richard I “Lionheart”

John “Lackland”

Political Heritage

Magna Carta 1215

Political Heritage

Magna Carta 1215

Political Heritage

Political HeritageMagna Carta 1215

1. Government should be based on the rule of law

•No freed man can be taken or imprisoned or dispossessed or banished or in any way destroyed…except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land

•End of absolute monarchy in England

•Beginning of limited monarchy (government)

2. Government should be based on an agreement or contract between the ruler and the people to be ruled

•Contract between king and nobles, but laid the foundation for the idea of a social contract

Political Heritage

3. Certain basic rights may not be denied by government

•Granted only to nobility, but included freedom from imprisonment without trial, freedom from excessive fines, and freedom to travel for purposes of trade

4. Representatives of the people should take part in government

•Denied the king the power to tax without the agreement of a “Great Council of the Realm”

•Parliament

Magna Carta 1215

Political HeritagePetition of Rights 1628

Catherine of Aragon Henry VIII

Political Heritage

Princess Mary

Petition of Rights 1628


Thomas Cranmer

Archbishop of Canterbury

Cardinal Woolsey

•Male heir

•Acceptance of Mary

•Requested annulment

•Separation of England from Catholic Church

•Archbishop Cranmer approved annulment

•Act of Supremacy-king head of the Church of England

King’s “Great Matter”


Arthur, Prince of Wales, born

20 September 1486 Henry VIII, king of England, born

28 June 1491

married to Princess Catharine of Aragon on 14 November 1501 died 2 April 1502

married to Princess Catharine of Aragon on 11 June 1509


Anne Boleyn


Princess Elizabeth


Jane Seymour


Prince Edward


Henry had six wives....

•first wife because he was promised to her by his father

•second wife because he fell in love and also needed a legitimate male heir

•third wife because he still needed a male heir

•fourth wife because of diplomatic reasons

•fifth wife because he fell in love again

•sixth wife because he was old and sick and grouchy and needed a companion and nurse who wouldn't give him too much trouble


Princess Mary Princess Elizabeth Prince Edward



Thomas Cranmer Thomas Cromwell


Six years later…

•Devout Catholic

•Persecution of English Protestants

•“Bloody Mary”

•Executed Thomas Cranmer

•Marriage to Philip II, King of Spain

Mary I


Mary, Philip II, followed by Mars, god of war


Five years later…

• Promoted Protestantism

• Church of England

• Challenges to reign:

1. Mary Queen of Scots

2. Spanish Armada

3. Puritans

• End of Tudor dynasty no heir

Elizabeth I


Elizabeth followed by the goddesses of Peace and Plenty


Catholicism Church of England

•Henry VIII

18 years

•Henry VIII

20 years

•Edward VI

6 years

•Elizabeth I

45 years

•Mary I

5 years

??PuritansParliament


Henry VII and Elizabeth York:

Henry Catherine

Mary Tudor Charles Brandon

Margaret James IV


James IMary, Queen of Scots

Stuart Dynasty


James I Charles I

Stuart Challenges:

1. Puritans—

• Church of England was too Catholic

• Needed to be purified

2. Money

• Parliament

• France, Spain

3. Parliament


Charles I and Parliament:

• Divine right of kings

• Agreed to Petition of Rights for money to fund wars

1. Monarch could not collect taxes without Parliament’s consent

2. Civilians could not be forced to provide food and shelter for soldiers


3. Military law could not be imposed during times of peace

4. No person could be kept in prison without being charged with a crime-habeas corpus

Charles immediately violated the Petition of Rights

Political HeritageEnglish Civil War

•Disbanded and ruled without Parliament for 11 years

•Imprisoned and fined many Puritans who were becoming popular with middle class

•Tried to force Scottish churches to use an Anglican prayer book which caused open rebellion

•Short Parliament-three weeks April 1640, money to fight Scottish rebellion

•Long Parliament-November 1640, limit power of monarch: regular Parliament meetings, end of Star Chamber trials, limit monarch’s ability to raise money without approval of Parliament


•Parliament tried to weaken monarch’s control of the army

•Charles used army to arrest leaders of Parliament

•Civil war began as people of London riot over action of the king


Oliver CromwellCharles I


Supporters of the Monarchy:

1. “Cavaliers” or royalists

2. Anglicans

3. Catholics

4. Most members of the House of Lords

5. Some members of the House of Commons


Supporters of Parliament:

1. “Roundheads”

2. Puritans

3. Most middle class townspeople

4. Most of the House of Commons




Political HeritageGlorious Revolution

Stuart Restoration:

•Disliked military rule of Cromwell

•Parliament invited the son of the executed king to take the throne

•“Merry Monarch”

•More tolerant religious policies than Parliament was willing to grant

•Brother, James

Charles II


James II Lady Anne Hyde Princess Mary


James II Mary of Modena Prince James


Princess Mary

Prince James

James II


Princess Mary

1662

Prince James

1688

James II

Protestant

Catholic

Political HeritageEnglish Bill of Rights 1689

Mary II William III of Orange


Englishmen possessed certain unchangeable civil and political rights:

1. Freedom from royal interference with the law (Sovereign was forbidden to establish his own courts or to act as a judge himself)

2. Freedom from taxation by royal privilege, without agreement by Parliament

3. Freedom to petition the King

4. Freedom from a peace time standing army, without agreement by Parliament

5. Freedom (for Protestants) to have arms for defense, as allowed by law



6. Freedom to elect members of Parliament without interference from the Sovereign

7. Freedom of speech in Parliament, in that proceedings in Parliament were not to be questioned in courts or in any body outside Parliament itself (the basis of modern parliamentary privilege)

8. Freedom from cruel and unusual punishments, and excessive bail

9. Freedom from fines and forfeitures without trial



10. Sovereign does not have a divine right to rule

11. Sovereign rules with the consent of the people’s representatives in Parliament


Declarations and clarifications:

1. Flight of James II from England amounted to abdication of the throne

2. Roman Catholics could not be king or queen of England

3. Sovereign was required to swear a coronation oath to maintain the Protestant religion

4. William and Mary were the successors of James II

5. Sovereign was required to summon Parliament frequently


Declarations and clarifications:

1. Flight of James from England amounted to abdication of the throne

2. Roman Catholics could not be king or queen of England

3. Sovereign was required to swear a coronation oath to maintain the Protestant religion

4. William and Mary were the successors of James II

5. Sovereign was required to summon Parliament frequently

Documents

Political Heritage