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Political Geography. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. Interaction of politics and place . The study of the interaction of geographical area and political process It is the formal study of territoriality. Covers forms of government, borders, treaties, trading blocs, conflicts and war. STATE. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Political Geography
The study of the interaction of geographical area and political process
It is the formal study of territoriality. Covers forms of government, borders, treaties,
trading blocs, conflicts and war.
POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
Interaction of politics and place
A politically organized territory
Administered by a sovereign government Recognized by a significant portion of the
international community.
A state must also contain: a permanent resident population an organized economy
STATE
I. Political geography
State: an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs (sovereignty)
Defined territory, permanent population Synonym for country A nation is not a country, but rather the
people A formal region
Stateless nation: people without their own state
Kurds live in Iraq, Eastern Turkey, Iran, Syria
http://img.timeinc.net/time/daily/special/photo/salgado/kurds.jpg
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/images/kurdistan1.gif
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/10/world/europe/10turkey.html?em&ex=1192161600&en=eec6b40cbf94a082&ei=5087%0A
Turkey Authorizes Troops to Enter Iraq to Fight Rebels
NY TimesOctober 10, 2007
Turkish troops have received authorization to cross the Iraq border to eliminate separatist Kurdish rebel camps in the northern region.
Number: approximately 200 countries in the world
A country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity.
NATION - STATE
Classic Example of a Nation-State: Japan
East versus West: View of Communist “Red Bloc” during Cold War
Lumping failed to recognizedifferences among Communists,or local causes of conflict
WHERE ARE STATES LOCATED?
How Americans View the World?
Varying Sizes of State
Size
GiantsRussia: 6.6 million square miles (far exceeds any other country)
Canada: 3.8 million square milesCanadians invented GIS to simplify mapmaking
China: 3.7 million square milesUSA: 3.6 million square milesBrazil: 3.3 million square milesAustralia: 3 million square miles
MicrostatesSmallest of the smallMost in Europe (leftover of medieval feudal
period, afterwards was consolidation and they invented the nation-state)
Less than 200 square miles (2.5 times Washington, D.C.)
Examples: Andorra Malta Liechtenstein San Marino Monaco Vatican City
Problems of defining states
Morocco and Western Sahara (Morocco claims the territory, but it is considered by many African countries as a sovereign state)
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (island in eastern Mediterranean inhabited by Greeks and Turks) Republic of Turkey occupies a portion of the
island U.S. doesn’t recognize it, so is it a country?
China and Tibet: Tibet is occupied
China and Taiwan: different passports, money, political systems The world treats them as two countries, but
China says it is part of China Taiwan says it is separate
Disagreements Over States North & South Korea
Taiwan
Western Sahara
City States City State, is a
sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside.
European States
Roman Empire Colonialism, which is the effort by
one country to establish settlements and impose it’s political, economic, and cultural principles on a territory. “North America”
“God, gold, and glory”
Africancolonies
Imperialism , which is control of a territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society
Control of the State
Unitary state A state governed
constitutionally as a unity, without internal divisions or a federalist delegation of powers
Federalism A system of
government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government
Pressures on state primacy
Over the centuries, power has changed hands from church to state to corporations
Trends that weaken a state:1. Globalization of economy, transnational
corporations2. Proliferation of international institutions3. Increase in nationalist and separatist
movements
Geopolitics
International organization An alliance of two
or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self-determination
Supranational organization Organization
of three or more states to promote shared objectives
Supranational Organizations
United Nations A global
supranational organization established at the end of World War II to foster international security and cooperation
UNITED NATIONS
Global Issues
HOW THE UN WORKS
• Established on 24 October 1945
• 51 countries were committed to preserving peace through international cooperation
• UN Membership: 192 countries
• States agree to accept obligations of the UN Charter, an international treaty that sets out basic principles
HOW THE UN WORKS
• According to the Charter the UN has 4 basic principles:
1. Maintain international peace and security 2. Develop friendly relations among nations 3. Cooperate in solving international problems
and promote respect for human rights 4. Be the center for harmonizing the actions of
nations
HOW THE UN WORKS• The UN is not a world government• It does not make laws• Large or small, rich or poor, and with
differing political views and social systems:
• All member states have a voice
• All member states have a vote
MAIN BODIES
• General Assembly (New York)• Security Council (NY)• Economic and Social Council (NY)• Trusteeship Council (NY)• Secretariat (NY)• International Court of Justice (Netherlands)
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
• The main deliberative organ of the UN• Composed of all member states• Each member has one vote.• Decisions on important issues require two
thirds majority voteo Peace and Securityo Admissions of new memberso Budget matters
• Decisions on other issues: simple majority
FUNCTIONS AND POWERS
• Maintain international peace and security (disarmament)
• Make recommendations to the Security council• Promote international political cooperation• Develop international law• Promote human rights• Over see international collaboration in the
economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, and educational and health fields
FUNCTIONS AND POWERS
• Receive and consider reports from the Security Council and other UN organs
• Consider and approve UN budget• Establish financial assessments of Member
States• Elect non-permanent members to SC and other
UN councils and organs• Appoint Secretary General
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
• Subsidiary Organs
• Committee on Information
• Human Rights Council
• Candidacies
SECURITY COUNCIL• Primary responsibility to maintain peace and
security• A representative of each member must be
present at all times at the UN Headquarters• 15 Council Members• Five permanent members:
o Chinao Franceo Russian Federationo United Kingdomo United States
“Non Violence”
SECURITY COUNCIL• Ten non-permanent members elected by the General
Assembly for two year termso Belgiumo Congo (Republic of the)o Ghanao Indonesiao Italyo Panamao Peruo Qataro Slovakiao South Africa
• Each member has one vote Japanese Peace Bell
SECURITY COUNCIL• In the event of fighting the Council:
o Tries to secure a ceasefireo May send peace keeping missiono Impose economic sanctionso Order an arms embargoo Rare occasions “all means necessary”
• The Council makes recommendations to the General Assembly on:o appointment of Secretary Generalo admission of new Members to the UN
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
• Council has 54 members
• Elected by the General Assembly• Three year terms
• Serves as central forum for discussing international economic and social issues
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL• This Council is responsible for:
o Promoting higher standards of livingo Full employmento Economic and social progresso Identifying solutions to international economic,
social and health problemso Facilitating international cultural and
educational cooperationo Encourage universal respect for human rights
and fundamental freedomsECOSOC
TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL
• Suspended operation 1 Nov, 1994• Palau: last remaining UN trust territory• Council amended rule to meet annually• Meet when required by President, General
Assembly, Security Council or a majority of members• Established to promote the advancement of
developing countries towards self-government or independence.
• China, France, Russian Federation, UK and US
SECRETARIAT
• International staff working in duty stations around the world
• Carry out diverse day to day work of the UN
• Survey economic and social trends• Prepare studies on human rights and
sustainable development• Inform the media about work of the UN
SECRETARIAT
• Organize international conferences• Interpret speeches• Translate documents• Staff 8,900 under a regular budget
from some 170 countries• Take oath not to seek or receive
instructions from any government
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
• Hears cases involving legal disputes among governments
• Clarifies questions of international law• Interprets the UN Charter• Composed of 15 judges, elected to office
for 9 year terms by UN GA&SC• Official languages are English and French
SPECIALIZED AGENCIES
• Linked to the UN but remain autonomous (independent)
• ILO – International Labor Organization: improve working conditions and employment agencies
• WHO – World Health Organization: solve health problems, health education, immunizations
• The World Bank – provides loans and economic assistance to nations
• WTO – World Trade Organization: oversees world trade
North Atlantic Treaty Organization An
international organization that has joined together for military purposes
“ The Parties of NATO agreed that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all. Consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense will assist the Party or Parties being attacked, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area”
Supranational Organizations
European Union International
organization comprised of Western European countries to promote free trade among members
Supranational Organizations
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries An international
economic organization whose member countries all produce and export oil
International Agreements
North American Free Trade Agreement
Agreement signed on January 1, 1994, that allows the opening of borders between the United States, Mexico, and Canada
Heartland Theory
Hypothesis proposed by Halford Mckinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world
Rimland Theory
Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest