CHAPTERS 9 & 10Political

BYZANTIUM

CONSTANTINOPLE

Constantine names capital after himself moves capital there 340 CE Split started as west declined and the

east was able to thrive 1453 falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul

Major event in WH and the impact with be resounding

Song

One of the most important cities at the time Located on a trading route

MEET JUSTINIAN

JUSTINIAN (527-565 CE)

The “sleepless emperor” Wife Theodora as advisor

Background: circus performer Uses army to contain tax riots, ambitious Construction program

Hagia Sophia Law Code

Codification of Roman Law Body of Civil Law: made Roman law coherent

basis for political and economic life

MEET THEODORA

BYZANTINE CONQUESTS

General Belisarius recaptures much of Western Europe

Was considered the “Roman Empire” under Justinian

Unable to consolidate control of territories At their height the Empire was VERY strong Amazing Bureaucracy

Withdrew to defend empire from Sassanids, Slavs

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND ITS NEIGHBORS

ISLAM AND ARAB PRESSURE

Constant vigilance against Muslim Invaders

The Byzantine Empire had to focus on protecting the borders

This pressure from the Muslim world is going to be one of the issues that brings about the split between east and west

DECLINE

1071 Byzantine defeat in Asia 1204 Constantinople sacked by Crusaders 1453 Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks

Ask the west for help but they didn’t get it

SPLIT

Byzantium believed they were the true heirs of Rome

Western believed they were: Charlemagne: Holy Roman Empire

Power structure

EastEmperor Patriarch

WestPope

Emperor

VERY SIMILAR TO CHINA

The Byzantine political system had remarkable similarities to China.

The emperor was held to be ordained of God.

He was head of the church as well as state.

Women could and did serve as emperor. They had an elaborate bureaucracy too

KIEVAN RUSSIA

WHO WERE THE SLAVS?

People who migrated from Asia

Mix with earlier populations

Family tribes, villages Trade

with Byzantines

Trade with Northerners

MEET VLADIMIR I

• (980-1015)• Started to send out

feelers to find a religion Islam : NO alcohol or

pork Jews: NO they had

lost favor with their God

Christianity: OK Creates a relationship

between Kiev and Byzantium

MEET YAROSLAV I

Issued a unifying code of laws, while not as advanced as Constantinople it still had nobles called Boyars.

Boyars: Russian landholding

aristocrats

Possessed less political power

than their western European

counterparts (feudalism)

THE TATERS

The Russian name for the Mongols.

The Invasion of Russia by the Mongols and the destruction of Constantinople by Muslims, isolated Russia.

The region was cut off from western contacts, stifling economic, political, and cultural sophistication.

Aka the Latin West

WESTERN EUROPE

PROBLEMS IN WESTERN EUROPE

Fall of Rome = fragmentation and economic hardships Intellectual life decreased Catholic Church becomes the only true unifying

structure Many places like Spain still Muslim

Center of Europe shifted from Italy to northern area Area in Northern France, Western Germany, Netherlands Towns declined, only non-German structure was the

church Most Germans were Arian Christians but tolerated

Catholics

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png

QUEST FOR POLITICAL ORDER AFTER 476 CE

Germanic kingdoms Visigoths dominated Spain, from 470's to early 8th

century Ostrogoths dominated Italy, the 5th century to 530's Lombards invaded, ruled Italy, 550's to the mid-8th

century Franks, Burgundians controlled Gaul, Netherlands Angles, Saxons, Jutes established kingdoms in Britain

Political Culture Germans organized around tribes, families Personal loyalty to king, local noble not state Warrior aristocracy assisted royalty Masses of Germans were free peasants with duties to

king

EMPIRELESS

Western Europe couldn’t establish a TRUE empire for a few reasons From this point on Regional kingdoms will prevail HOWEVER they will sometimes be under the umbrella of

the Holy Roman Empire Cultural unity rater than political unity

Roman Catholic

RISE OF THE FRANKS The Franks

Settled in Belgium, Northern France, Western Germany

Developed group identity during the 3rd century C.E.

Politically inexperienced, little exposure to Roman society

Clovis A strong military and political leader Launched military campaigns against other

Germanic peoples The Franks converted to Roman Christianity

“In Hoc Signet Vince” – in this sign conquer Alliance with Catholics greatly strengthened the

Franks

THE RISE OF THE FRANKISH EMPIRE

CHARLEMAGNE

Carolingians Last phase of the Frankish empire Charles Martel defeated the Muslims at the battle of

Tours Charles the Great = Charlemagne

Was able to move W. E. toward centralization and unity this brought with it a wave of light

Encouraged some church based education

OH look another example of a strong leader and stupid succession rules making the developing empire fall 3 grandsons = 3 portions

Video

CHARLEMAGNE’S EMPIRE

AFTER CHARLEMAGNE'S DEATH

BREAKUP OF THE FRANKISH EMPIRE

Louis the Pious (re. 814-840) Charlemagne's only surviving son, lost control of the

counts His three sons divided the empire into three kingdoms,

843 Invasions

Muslims raided Mediterranean coasts Conquered Spain, Sicily, Sardinia Raided coasts of S. France, S. Italy

Magyars invaded from the east Vikings invaded from the north

The Vikings Scandinavian homelands - Norway, Denmark, and Sweden Raided regions from Russia to Spain Conquered parts of England, Ireland, Scotland, France

Outstanding seafarers Fleets could go to interior regions via rivers Attacked towns and villages; favorite targets were

Christian

EUROPE C. 1000

MANORIALISM

System of economic and political relationships between landlords and their peasant laborers This became common

place as a means of survival

Trade decreased Political stability

(centralization) decreased

These manors were self sufficient

THE CHURCH

Only real example of government organization based around the Pope in Rome Christendom or

The Age of Faith

FEUDALISM This is not the same as

Manorialism This is a Political and Military

Relationship Linked military elites

(Landlords with Money) to lesser lords (vassals) They owe military service and

some goods They both had serfs to work the

considerable amount of land How did this inhibit the

development of a strong central state

FEUDAL MONARCHIES

These Fifes of land can become a Feudal Monarchies The King had to be able to control multiple Feudal kingdoms

(Fiefs) Very clear in England

William the Conqueror A version of Centralization but not really

Feudal politics Multi-layered network of lord-vassal relationships Political stability depended on discipline, control Lords, knights often had conflicting loyalties

LORDS AND VASSALS

Lord owned land, needs soldiers Trades land for service Grants of land called fiefs

Vassal provided defense Received livelihood from land Vassals provided military equipment

Vassals owed lord: Loyalty, obedience, respect, counsel Military service when called into service

Lords often made smaller grant to others Called sub-division of fief Lowest, service owning noble was a knight

Church often made vassals of soldiers for defense Church could hold land as a vassal to a lord Church often held land in own right

Women could be vassals, own fiefs but not fight

LIMITED GOVERNMENT

Very politically divided and diverse area as we have already seen

Limited government will begin to development to reduce some of the power of the King and give it to lords 1215 Magna Carta and King John

1255 1st English Parliament

THE THREE ESTATES

1."Those who pray" – clergy, spiritual estate Ruling hierarchy: Popes, bishops, abbots Common clergy: Monks, priests

2."Those who fight" - feudal nobles, military estate Royalty who ran a state Land owning lords such as dukes, counts, princes Lowest nobility with no land were knights

3."Those who work" - mostly peasants and serfs Peasants and Serfs Those who lived in Towns (Burg = Burghers)

Not an estate in most countries Grew to become middle class

People had the rights according to the estate they were born into

100 YEARS WAR

FRANCE VS. ENGLAND This is going to be on going (longer than 100

years) Kings had to get over their belief that their

purpose is battle and start dealing with the betterment of their countries

Major strains BUT new technology Realized they had to replace these noble

knights with paid soldiers France wins

THE WEST’S EXPANSIONIST IMPULSE

This will so clearly define W. E. later and it all starts now

They moved to many places often with the call of Christ Eastern Germany and Poland Spain (taking it back from the Muslims) Iceland

The Crusades

CHANGES TO WESTERN GOVERNMENT

Charles Martel (732 CE) Battle of Tours & momentary empire

Charlemagne (800-814 CE) Momentary empire

William the Conqueror (1066 CE) Fusion of feudalism & centralization in England

Magna Carta(1215 CE) Limits central authority in England

100 Years War (14thcentury) Feudalism declines in favor of states

CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADES

Facilitated exchange of goods between Muslims, Europe

Demands for silk, cotton textiles, and spices increased; spread sugar, citrus plants

Italian merchants sought opportunities for direct trade in Asian markets

European borrowed heavily from Muslim intellectual knowledge

Reacquired Aristotle, lost Greek classics

Borrowed Muslim science, mathematics, technology, paper skills

Borrowed Muslim architectural techniques

Helped produce a 12th century European intellectual Renaissance

Impact on Muslims Mostly continue to fight with

each other General Saladin recovers

most Muslim losses

Impact on Europeans Full forgiveness of all sins if

they die Exposed to new

cultural/economic influences New ideas for weapons &

castles Recover lost Greek/Roman

knowledge Chess, chivalry, ballads,

coffee

MAP OF THE CRUSADES