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Policy and Development:A role for social security?
Robert Walker
The Council for Frontiers of Knowledge 2012 Munyonyo, Kampala
Policy and Development:A role for social security?
Robert Walker
The Council for Frontiers of Knowledge 2012 Munyonyo, Kampala
Social
Policy and Development:A role for social security?
Robert Walker
The Council for Frontiers of Knowledge 2012 Munyonyo, Kampala
Social
Right to social security• Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to
social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international cooperation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
Article 221948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4
Social security Goal
• Protect against inadequate income caused by:
• Sickness, disability, maternity, employment injury, unemployment, old age, the death of a family member or by insufficient family support
• Casual/under employment
Mechanisms• Contributory benefits• Universal schemes • Categorical benefits • Conditional benefits • Social employment
guarantee schemes, • Mutual benefits (e.g.
micro-insurance) • Occupational benefits
5
Coverage
6
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Work injury - similar to survivors & invalidity
Old age - similar to survivors & invalidity
Maternity Sickness Family allowances Unemployment
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Perc
enta
ge
Work injury
Matern-ity Sickness
Family allowce UnemplOld age
Low incomeMedHigh
Coverage
7
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Work injury - similar to survivors & invalidity
Old age - similar to survivors & invalidity
Maternity Sickness Family allowances Unemployment
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Perc
enta
ge
Work injury
Matern-ity Sickness
Family allowce UnemplOld age
Low incomeMedHigh
Coverage
8
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Work injury - similar to survivors & invalidity
Old age - similar to survivors & invalidity
Maternity Sickness Family allowances Unemployment
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Perc
enta
ge
Work injury
Matern-ity Sickness
Family allowce UnemplOld age
Low incomeMedHigh
Coverage
9
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Low
inco
me
Med
ium
inco
me
High
inco
me
Work injury - similar to survivors & invalidity
Old age - similar to survivors & invalidity
Maternity Sickness Family allowances Unemployment
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Perc
enta
ge
Work injury
Matern-ity Sickness
Family allowce UnemplOld age
Low incomeMedHigh
ILO
(201
0a),
Ext
endi
ng S
ocia
l Sec
urity
to A
ll: A
Gui
de
Thro
ugh
Cha
lleng
es a
nd O
ptio
ns, G
enev
a: IL
O.
Provision in Uganda
10ILO (2010b), World Social Security Report 2010/11: Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond, Geneva: ILO.
Total social security expenditure
Low income Middle income
High income Total (138) 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Per c
ent G
DP
11
Uganda0.4%
ILO (2010b), World Social Security Report 2010/11: Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond, Geneva: ILO.
12
Total social security spending
ILO (2010b), World Social Security Report 2010/11: Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond, Geneva: ILO.
Constraints• Finance • ILO minimum social
security package of – basic child benefits– an employment
guarantee scheme (100 days)
– universal basic old-age – disability pension– Universal essential
health care
13
Constraints• Finance • The projected cost
– around 2.2 per cent of GDP for Viet Nam and Pakistan to
– 5 per cent for Kenya and Tanzania
– 5.7 per cent for Nepal
14
Constraints• Finance• Limited
administrative capacity
• System design– MT/CCT X– MIG/U categorical
• Contracting out administration
• Investment
15
Constraints• Finance• Limited
administrative capacity
• Corruption
• Bribery • Nepotism • Evasion of tax and
social security
16
Constraints• Finance• Limited
administrative capacity
• Corruption
Philippines, 2005• Collected only 26
per cent of contributions due for employees working in the formal sector
17
Constraints• Finance• Limited
administrative capacity
• Corruption
India, 2001• Improved
enforcement resulted in addition of 116,000 enterprises 11.5 million workers to the Employees’ Provident Fund, 5.79 million of them first time members
18
Constraints• Finance• Limited
administrative capacity
• Corruption• Demographics
Issues• Aging population
19
Constraints
20
2000 2005 2010 2030 20500
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
More developed regions
Less developed regions
Least developed countries
Less developed regions, excluding least developed countries
Less developed regions, excluding China
Old
age
dep
ende
ncy
ratio
Constraints• Finance• Limited
administrative capacity
• Corruption• Demographics• Informal economy
Definitions• to activity that falls
de facto or de jure out of the reach of law and social security
21
Constraints• Finance• Limited
administrative capacity
• Corruption• Demographics• Informal economy
Conundrum
• Without social security, point at which labour demand matches the supply of labour generates wages that are so low that they are at or below subsistence level.
• The lack of social security perpetuates the dominance of the informal economy the characteristics of which inhibit the introduction of social security provision.
22
Innovation in social security provision
1. Penetrating the informal sector
2. Universal social pensions
3. Micro-insurance4. Conditional cash
transfers
23
Innovation in social security provision
1. Penetrating the informal sector
2. Universal social pensions
3. Micro-insurance4. Conditional cash
transfers
Ghana Informal Sector Fund (SIS) 2008
1. Principal goal: retirement income
2. Participants can use their savings as collateral, enabling them to access microcredit
3. Members can also withdraw part of their contributions
1. to cope with financial shocks, 2. school fees3. health insurance premiums4. other urgent expenses.
24
Innovation in social security provision
1. Penetrating the informal sector
2. Universal social pensions
3. Micro-insurance4. Conditional cash
transfers
Mauritius1. A universal non-contributory
minimum income guarantee for older people (the Basic Retirement Pension).
2. Mandatory income-related pension schemes– the National Pension Fund (NPF) and the National Savings Fund (NSF)
3. Targeted voluntary schemes for persons not covered by above
25
Innovation in social security provision
1. Penetrating the informal sector
2. Universal social pensions
3. Micro-insurance4. Conditional cash
transfers
Mauritius1. A universal non-contributory
minimum income guarantee for older people (the Basic Retirement Pension).
2. Mandatory income-related pension schemes– the National Pension Fund (NPF) and the National Savings Fund (NSF)
3. Targeted voluntary schemes for persons not covered by above
26
Innovation in social security provision
1. Penetrating the informal sector
2. Universal social pensions
3. Micro-credit/insurance
4. Conditional cash transfers
27
Mugabi (2010), sample of 120 users in Iganga
Innovation in social security provision
1. Penetrating the informal sector
2. Universal social pensions
3. Micro-credit/insurance
4. Conditional cash transfers
28
Mugabi (2010), sample of 120 users in Iganga
Innovation in social security provision
29
101st Session of the International
Labour Conference,
30 May - 14 June 2012
II. National social protection floors4. Members should put in place and complete as rapidly as possible, and maintain,their social protection floors comprising basic social security guarantees. The guarantees should ensure at a minimum that, over the life cycle, all in need haveaccess :a) to essential health care and b) to basic income security which together secure effective access to goods and services defined as necessary at the national level.
Social Policy and Development:
A role for social security?Robert Walker
The Council for Frontiers of Knowledge 2012 Munyonyo, Kampala
Development needs Social Policy and
Social Security
Constraints• Finance• Limited
administrative capacity
• Corruption• Demographics• Informal economy
India, 2001• Improved enforcement
resulted in addition of • 116,000 enterprises• 11.5 million workers to
the Employees’ Provident Fund, – 5.79 million of them
first time members
31
Constraints• Finance• Limited
administrative capacity
• Corruption• Informal economy• Demographics
Issues• Aging population• Migration
32
Provision in Uganda
33ILO (2010b), World Social Security Report 2010/11: Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond, Geneva: ILO.
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