Thematic Report 2013

POLICY ADVOCACY AND PARTNERSHIPS FOR CHILDREN’S RIGHTS

unite for children

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Contents Executive summary .................................................................................................................... 3

Strategic context ........................................................................................................................ 4

Results ....................................................................................................................................... 6

Key result area 1 ................................................................................................................... 7

Key result area 2 ................................................................................................................... 7

Key result area 3 ................................................................................................................. 16

Key result area 4 ................................................................................................................. 23

Resources ................................................................................................................................ 25

Financial implementation ......................................................................................................... 29

Future workplan ....................................................................................................................... 33

Expression of thanks ................................................................................................................ 34

Acronyms ................................................................................................................................. 35

Annex: MTSP Specific monitoring questions and management indicators ............................... 36

Cover image: © UNICEF / ETHA_201300438 / Jiro Ose

Ethiopia, 2013 — Recce mission for Ikea Foundation in Oromia SCRC. Children lined up to receive free school lunch is being prepared at Tutis Primary School in Oromia State of Ethiopia 26 November 2013.

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Executive summary Improving the lives of children requires sound national policies that identify the key challenges facing children and the best approaches to overcoming them. These policies must be grounded in thorough assessments of the status of all children, especially the most disadvantaged. Furthermore, the policies that influence the lives of children should be developed in participatory ways that involve those most directly affected by the policies. Focus area 5 – policy advocacy for children’s rights – of the UNICEF medium-term strategic plan (2006-2013) addressed the key elements of this cycle. Through its work in this focus area, UNICEF has supported countries in collecting and analyzing data, and then used this evidence as the foundation for advocacy efforts and to strengthen the participation of children in policymaking. Collectively, these efforts have contributed to stronger national policies, which should ultimately result in better realization of the rights of children. Progress was seen in a number of these areas in 2013. Because robust, high-quality data are the foundation of evidence-based country planning, UNICEF supports countries around the world to strengthen data collection and analysis through a combination of routine data gathering, real-time monitoring and periodic large-scale surveys. One of the cornerstones of the organization’s approach to data collection is the multiple indicator cluster survey (MICS). Over four previous rounds of surveys, UNICEF has supported more than 250 MICS in over 100 countries. In 2013, preparations for the fifth round of MICS were completed, including the development of standard survey tools and guidelines. During the course of the year, the fifth round was initiated in approximately 45 countries. UNICEF also supported countries in analyzing and using the data generated from MICS, strengthening the capacities of Governments and civil society organizations to report on their commitments under the Convention on the Rights of Children and the Millennium Development Goals. In 2013, the organization supported assessment and analysis in a number of other areas related to the situation of children, including social protection, public budgets and investments, urbanization and migration. For example, UNICEF conducted work around budget data, analysis, costing and tracking in 91 countries in 2013. UNICEF assistance to State Party reporting to the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) reached an all-time high in 2013, with the organization supporting 137 countries reporting to the CRC (up from 94 in 2006) and 61 countries to the CEDAW (up from 22 in 2006). To bolster the use of evidence on the status of children, a number of reports were launched in 2013. The second annual report of A Promise Renewed was disseminated and embraced by key stakeholders for its important new equity analyses. A major report on female genital mutilation/cutting presented ground-breaking research and, by generating considerable media attention, shone a spotlight on an issue that is important for the realization of the rights of girls but that rarely receives the attention it deserves. Both the State of the World’s Children and Report Card 11: Child Well-being in Rich Countries – A Comparative Overview drew widespread coverage in the media and helped to focus attention on the critical issues facing children in 2013. As part of the organization’s increased emphasis on equity, 2013 also saw the launch of the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) tool. MODA enhances the ability of UNICEF to analyze equity issues related to children by measuring childhood poverty as the multiple overlapping deprivations confronting each child, enabling a holistic view of the deprivations facing a child. By the end of 2013, an international comparative version of MODA had been applied to 29 countries and national child poverty studies using MODA had been launched in 11 countries.

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UNICEF built on its work on assessment and analysis to advocate for policy changes in numerous countries in 2013. A major area of emphasis was social protection, an area in which UNICEF worked in 104 countries over the course of the year. UNICEF advocates for the development of comprehensive social protection systems. It also supported the design and implementation of many aspects of these systems, such as social transfer programs (both cash and in-kind), in 66 countries in 2013. These efforts are contributing to the expansion of programmes that provide crucial support to children, especially the disadvantaged. UNICEF also advocated for the inclusion of key challenges for children, women and gender equality in national development plans and poverty reduction strategies. In both cases, nearly two thirds of the countries in which UNICEF worked had plans that met these expectations. However, progress has not been as rapid as expected in the past several years, with the figures holding steady but not increasing. The final dimension of this focus area is the work of UNICEF to support the greater involvement of children in policy dialogue. The organization worked at both national and local levels to facilitate the institutionalization of mechanisms that enabled the sustained participation of children in policy development, review and implementation. Progress has been seen at both levels, with the numbers of countries reporting that mechanisms have been institutionalized reaching 39 countries with national mechanisms (up from 25 in 2006) and 30 countries with local mechanisms (up from 20 in 2006). The involvement of adolescents in reporting both to CRC and CEDAW also continued to increase in 2013, to 47 countries for CRC reporting (up from 28 in 2006) and 20 for CEDAW reporting (up from 6 in 2006). However, the overall number of countries in which children participate in the policy processes that affect their lives remains too low. The large majority of UNICEF work in focus area 5 is financed from regular resources ('core' funding). In addition, in 2013 UNICEF received $7.8 million in thematic contributions for this focus area, amounting to 2 per cent of the total thematic contributions received in 2013. The largest donor was the Government of Sweden, followed by the Government of Norway and UNICEF Argentina. Thematic funding is quite important for policy advocacy because its flexibility is crucial to the small windows of opportunity and fast-moving environments typical of policy reform processes. Furthermore, by supporting innovation in data and policy analysis, partnership creation and knowledge management, thematic funding is critical for the long-term success and effectiveness of UNICEF.

Strategic context The policy environment for the realization of children’s rights has improved considerably in recent decades. More countries are explicitly including children in national development plans and poverty reduction strategies, more countries are developing child-friendly budgets, and more countries are involving children in the policy processes that affect their lives. In a growing number of countries, these policies are built on an increasingly solid foundation of evidence, with more countries having produced analyses of the key issues for children’s rights. Often, these analyses draw from better underlying data, generated through more robust surveys of children and families, particularly MICS but also Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and censuses. Analytical tools have also improved, enabling finer-grained assessments of the status of children (which have revealed the extent to which an overreliance on average and median figures often obscures significant inequities). Technological changes have both facilitated data collection and analysis and created new ways for children to participate in policy processes.

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The global context for UNICEF work on policy has also shifted in recent years. In particular, the emphasis on inequity has been increasingly embraced by Governments, civil society organizations and international organizations as more evidence has accumulated about the effects of inequity on economic growth, individual and societal well-being, and even on stability and security. However, there are still a number of challenges in the environment within which UNICEF operates. Although nearly two thirds of programme countries now address key challenges for children and women in their national development plans or poverty reduction strategies, this figure has remained stagnant for a number of years, particularly with regard to children. Similarly, the number of countries that have completed analyses of children’s rights jumped sharply between 2006 and 2008 but has only increased slightly since then, and the fraction of these that use a gender analysis framework remains too low, at less than 60 per cent. While progress has been made in terms of children's participation in policy processes that affect their rights, the absolute number of countries that do so remains low. For example, although the number of countries that have institutional mechanisms for the sustained involvement of children in policy processes at national level has increased by nearly 50 per cent since 2006, there is still a long way to go on this issue: three quarters of countries in which UNICEF works do not have such mechanisms. An even lower share use approaches like opinion polls, representative surveys or focus group discussions to regularly solicit children’s views on policy matters. A consequence of these gaps is that far too many children still face uphill struggles to realize their rights. Recent estimates from the World Bank demonstrate the extent to which children are disproportionately represented among the world’s poorest: 47 per cent of those living in extreme poverty (below the $1.25-a-day international poverty line) are 18 years of age or younger, but this age cohort represents only 33 per cent of the non-poor. Better measures of multidimensional poverty are starting to capture the extent to which children are suffering from compound deprivations relating to poor health, lack of access to education, inadequate living standards and disempowerment. Rising income inequality also reflects a major challenge for the realization of children’s rights, particularly given the evidence about increasing immobility in many countries, which suggests that inequality today is likely to constrain the future possibilities of many children. Globally, income inequality is at near-record levels. There is also another a looming threat on the horizon: the recent report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlights in stark terms the extent to which climate change disproportionately affects the poor, increasing inequality. Looking forward, there are both challenges and opportunities to influence government policies and resources towards achieving children’s rights. Political change and instability, for example, can hamper government efforts to develop and implement the sound evidence-based policy needed for long-lasting and substantial impacts on children. Spending cuts and austerity measures taken in some countries in response to economic crises make it difficult to leverage resources for children. In such

The combination of growing

domestic budgets in countries

newly reaching middle-

income status, increasing

middle classes, and

technological shifts creates

important opportunities for

policy advocacy and

participation.

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circumstances, finding ways to advocate for and support implementation of effective investments in child well-being may be difficult but remains crucial. At the same time, an increasing number of countries are reaching middle-income status, some with growing middle-class populations. This create new opportunities for leveraging growing national resources for investment in children, as well as for supporting enhanced social accountability, particularly in contexts in which the rise of the middle class is accompanied by the development of a vibrant media and new forms of civic engagement. Changing technology also creates new ways to increase civil society’s ability to monitor progress and take action when rights go unmet, and to strengthen the voice and participation of children and communities to ensure children's rights are recognized, promoted and realized.

Results In collaboration with national partners, UNICEF made significant headway in achieving goals set out within the focus area on policy advocacy for children’s rights in 2013. Focus area 5 covers the entire spectrum of the policy process, and can be categorized into four key results areas (KRAs) – assess, analyze, advocate and participate – as follows:

• Key result area 1: Identify where the most vulnerable and deprived children live and which deprivations they face (assess);

• Key result area 2: Explore responsive policy options and resource allocations required to address such deprivations (analyze);

• Key result area 3: Promote the adoption of policies that support both the realization of children’s rights and leveraging and mobilizing resources for children (advocate);

• Key result area 4: Promote effective participatory mechanisms and strategic partnerships with key stakeholders (participate).

The theory of change that underpins this focus area is depicted in the figure below. It shows that the first two results areas act as the foundation for the third and fourth results areas. These two combine to lead to better policies, which in turn lead to improvements in the lives of children. The subsequent sections examine the results in each of the KRAs, with KRA 1 and KRA 2 presented together because of the close connection between the work of UNICEF in those areas.

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It is important to note that the results described in this report do not reflect the totality of UNICEF work on policy advocacy. The reports on the other focus areas cover sector-specific assessment, analysis, advocacy and efforts to increase participation.

KEY RESULT AREA 1: Identify where the most vulnerab le and deprived children live and from which deprivations they suffer

KEY RESULT AREA 2: Explore responsive policy option s and resource allocations required to address such depri vations

Data make the invisible visible, enabling UNICEF and others to bring issues to global, regional and national policy agendas. High-quality data provide the quantitative evidence for, and lend credibility to, the policy advocacy work and strategic planning of UNICEF. Importantly, data allow the identification of the most disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and tracking of progress in reaching them.

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The past 20 years have seen an enormous improvement in the availability of data on children and women, and UNICEF has been at the heart of this shift. UNICEF is the lead United Nations agency responsible for the global monitoring of child-related global development goals, including the child-related dimensions of the Millennium Development Goals. The first step in the cycle of UNICEF work on data is collection, which the organization typically does in close cooperation with national Governments. However, data collection alone is insufficient, so UNICEF also devotes considerable effort to analyzing data and building the capacities of national partners around data analysis. Dissemination is the final stage, with UNICEF involvement spanning support to ensure that national stakeholders can release high-quality publications that address the situation of children, to playing a leading role in the preparation of major international reports and articles in peer-reviewed journals. This cycle plays out across two different types of data: broad-based assessments of the situation of children; and analyses of specific topics of particular importance for children. The latter includes issues such as public budgets and investments, social protection, urbanization, migration and climate change. Broad-based assessments of the situation of childre n To understand the situation of children, progress on key indicators at country level must be collected in a standardized fashion to allow for comparisons between countries and over time. The main sources of data for this purpose are household surveys, such as the UNICEF-supported MICS and DHS, supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) , as well as some other specialized surveys. Censuses are another important source of information, and UNICEF has actively promoted birth registration and invests in strengthening civil registration and vital statistics systems. UNICEF, which built its global monitoring capacity in the 1990s to track progress towards the goals adopted at the World Summit for Children, is a lead organization in monitoring international and national development targets, through its support for the MICS process. Initiated in 1995, MICS has evolved into an essential source of data for the purpose of monitoring the Millennium Development Goals globally, covering 21 related indicators. The survey data provide a unique source of statistically sound and internationally comparable estimates for a range of indicators at national and subnational levels in the areas of child and maternal health, nutrition, education, child protection, water and sanitation and HIV/AIDS.

The past twenty years have

seen an enormous

improvement in the

availability of data on children

and women and UNICEF has

been at the heart of this shift.

Initiated in 1995, MICS

has evolved into an

essential source of data for

the purpose of monitoring

the MDGs globally, covering

21 MDG indicators.

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The MICS are typically carried out by national statistics offices (NSOs), and are usually jointly funded by Governments and UNICEF core resources. UNICEF provides NSOs with standard survey tools and templates, technical support and quality control for the survey implementation and for processing, analysis and dissemination of the data. As such, MICS has become one of the key mechanisms to develop and strengthen national-level monitoring capacity. National enumerator teams collect the data, by conducting face-to-face interviews, which typically include visits of 8,000 to 12,000 households per country.

Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) — Since 1 995, more than 100 countries and around 240 surveys*

*As of January 2014 — Countries (in dark blue) with at least one MICS survey, including sub-national surveys In four rounds of surveys, UNICEF has supported over 250 MICS in more than 100 countries. As of end-2013, 42 MICS4 final reports had been completed. An external evaluation of MICS4 is in progress. Preparations for the fifth round of MICS were completed in 2013, including the development of standard survey tools and guidelines, which enhanced the survey programme. During the course of the year, the fifth round was initiated in approximately 45 countries. Technical support and capacity development were provided through eight regional workshops, consisting of five survey design workshops (197 participants representing 50 countries) and three data processing workshops (107 participants representing 33 countries). The data from the MICS5 surveys will be used to prepare a final assessment of the Millennium Development Goals, in addition to providing a baseline for post-2015 goals, targets and indicators.

Innovations in MICS 5

• New or enhanced modules on dietary diversity and child labour

• New questions on emergency caesarean section, children left behind by migration, AIDS or other social factors, treatment practices, and sources of supplies for case management of diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection symptoms, and malaria

• Use of tablet computers for interviews

• Water quality testing

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UNICEF plays an active role in multiple inter-agency groups that harmonize monitoring work across partners; develop new methodologies, standard indicators and monitoring tools; build statistical capacity at the country level; and develop joint estimates.

Coordination and harmonization of data with partner s

UNICEF collaborates with a variety of partners, including research institutes, which is critical to advancing the work on statistics for children and women. These include:

• Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNDP, UNICEF, WHO, World Bank)

• Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group (UNFPA, UNICEF, WHO, World Bank)

• Roll-Back Malaria Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group (MERG) (CDC, UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, others)

• UNAIDS MERG (UNAIDS, UNICEF, WHO, others) • WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation • Inter-agency Group for Immunization Estimation (UNICEF, WHO) • Child Protection MERG (UNHCR, UNICEF, USAID, Save the Children, and more) • Out-of-School Children Initiative (UNESCO, UNICEF) • Newborn Health Indicators Technical Working Group (UNICEF, USAID, Save the

Children, ICF Macro) • Child Mortality Epidemiology Group - Child Mortality by Cause (technical experts

advise UNICEF and WHO) • Inter-agency and Expert Group on MDG Indicators • Countdown to 2015: Maternal, Newborn and Child Survival

UNICEF also did extensive analytic work in 2013 using MICS and other sources. At the national level, the organization worked closely with NSOs and other stakeholders to analyze and utilize data to inform policymakers and influence policy debates on a wide range of issues related to the most vulnerable children and their families. In addition, in 60 countries UNICEF supported or directly implemented the Monitoring Results for Equity System (MoRES) to analyze the barriers and bottlenecks to realizing the rights of all children, especially the most disadvantaged. At the global level, 2013 was an important year for framing and identifying priorities for the post-2015 development agenda, and analytical work by UNICEF work contributed to this process. UNICEF was deeply involved with developing potential goals and targets, including by conducting modelling work to assess the feasibility of achieving various potential targets for neonatal and maternal mortality (modelling work for under-five mortality was completed in 2012) and facilitated the development of post-2015 targets and indicators for water, sanitation and hygiene.

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With regard to the dissemination of data about the situation of children, UNICEF used three major approaches in 2013:

1. The publication of reports and peer-reviewed articles at global and national levels, both directly and through support to partners;

2. Support to national reporting, particularly to the CRC and CEDAW; 3. The public release of data about the situation of children.

With regard to reports, data from national household surveys and other sources were analyzed with an emphasis on equity issues and presented in various publications, including in the flagship report, State of the World’s Children; the second annual A Promise Renewed report; and Report Card 11: Child Well-being in Rich Countries – A Comparative Overview. All drew widespread coverage in the media, thus focusing attention on the critical issues facing children in 2013. UNICEF also made substantive contributions to key inter-agency reports, including the Secretary-General’s annual Millennium Development Goals Report, for which UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) served as lead agencies for reporting on the health-related Goals. This report is the most downloaded United Nations report annually, with more than 5 million downloads in 2013 from one internet site alone. In addition, UNICEF led or contributed to several sector reports in 2013. A major report on female genital mutilation/ cutting presented groundbreaking research on the issue and, by generating considerable media attention, shone a spotlight on an issue that is important for the realization of the rights of girls but that rarely receives the attention it deserves. The report was downloaded more than 35,000 times from the UNICEF website alone. Another publication, Every Child’s Birth Right – Inequities and trends in birth registration, attracted attention to another often neglected issue, birth registration. More than 200 media outlets covered the report.

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The organization supported the dissemination of numerous reports at country level. In 2013, 99 country offices reported that a major thematic study or analysis relating to children and women had been produced in the country during the course of the year. These ranged from broad-based documents such as a MICS final report to more specific analyses of the situation of, for example, children with disabilities or urban child poverty. Of these 99 countries, 74 countries used a human rights framework and 58 explicitly used a gender analysis framework. UNICEF also supported countries to produce A Promise Renewed scorecards, most recently Sierra Leone. These reports identify disparities and key opportunities to reduce child mortality on a country-by-country basis. These analyses in turn led to increased government focus on the worst-performing subregions. The second way that UNICEF worked to improve the dissemination of broad-based information about the situation of children in 2013 was through support to national reporting, particularly with regard to the CRC and CEDAW. There have been significant improvements in reporting to both Committees over the last eight years, with the organization supporting 137 countries reporting to the CRC (up from 94 in 2006) and 61 countries to the CEDAW (up from 22 in 2006), both all-time high figures. The third approach to data dissemination is to increase the public availability of data. In 2013, UNICEF was able to refine and expand its global databases on key indicators for children and women (available on http://www.data.unicef.org/.). Significant progress was made in developing this user-friendly and interactive statistical website, which had over 400,000 visits, 1,300 requests for MICS datasets and over 3 million pages viewed. UNICEF made its databases available in an increasing number of platforms in 2013, including through the Google Public Data Explorer.

CRC and CEDAW Reporting (number of countries)

The launch of DevInfo 7 in 2012 resulted in enhanced use of global, national and subnational data on women and children in 2013. More than 100 DevInfo databases from 73 countries are now available on http://www.devinfo.org/ and are more widely used than previously observed. In 2013, evidence of increased use of data as a result of DevInfo 7 include examples from Argentina (children and adolescents); Colombia (children and adolescents); Serbia (municipalities); Kosovo* (Census 2011 dissemination); Jamaica (Vision 2020 dashboard); Philippines (humanitarian performance monitoring); and India (Census 2011 dissemination).

*All references to Kosovo in this publication should be understood to be in the context of United Nations Security Council resolution 1244 (1999).

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Did UNICEF provide significant support to the mostrecent national CRC reporting process?

Did UNICEF provide significant support to the mostrecent national CEDAW reporting process?

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A training and roll-out programme for DevInfo 7 was launched in 2013, as a result of which participants from over 50 countries are now able to use and implement DevInfo 7. This included global training at the United Nations System Staff College in Turin for UNICEF staff and government officials from several dozen countries. It also included, regional training activities organized by UNICEF in West and Central Africa; Eastern and Southern Africa; Latin America and the Caribbean; and East Asia and the Pacific and included participants from UNICEF, staff of other United Nations agencies, and government counterparts (primarily from NSOs). Following a major assessment and procurement exercise to ensure a new model of service provision for DevInfo, four technology providers were selected. These providers will ensure innovative, high-quality services for data management and dissemination worldwide. Finally, 2013 also saw the launch of a major exhibit highlighting the leading role of UNICEF in generating key evidence for monitoring and improving the situation of children and women. Using the theme of the data cycle, the exhibit explains the role of UNICEF in data collection, analysis and dissemination. A series of seminars organized in conjunction with the exhibit, included a session with Professor Hans Rosling, a leading figure globally in the presentation of data. Analysis of specific topics of particular importanc e for children In addition to broad-based assessments of the situation of children, UNICEF also supported data assessment and analysis on a number of specific topics of particular importance for children. Public finance for children was a major area of focus in 2013, with 91 countries working on various aspects, including analyzing budgets, costing financing gaps and tracking public expenditure. For UNICEF, leveraging national resources means not only supporting the development of child-friendly policies and institutions, but also tackling barriers related to budget and public financial management, so that inputs are translated into intended results for children using national resources. The engagement of UNICEF in budget and public finance issues is particularly important for addressing social inclusion. Even when overall policies are improving and national budgets are increasing, inequitable and inefficient budgetary allocations, as well as issues with subnational budget planning and management, play a key role in the systematic exclusion of the most disadvantaged children. UNICEF work on public finance has grown in importance as a larger share of the most disadvantaged children are living in middle-income countries that have greater fiscal space to allocate national resources to children (and, correspondingly, as development assistance becomes an increasingly small percentage of relevant expenditure). The organization’s engagement in the area begins with rigorous assessment and analysis, spanning multiple aspects of public financial management, as shown in the chart below.

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Number of country offices engaged in public finance assessment and analysis

UNICEF performed child budget analyses in countries such as Jordan, Mexico, and South Africa; costed the financing gaps to reach goals for children (e.g., Argentina, Guatemala and Moldova); supported budget formulation for deprived subregions (e.g., Cambodia, Kenya and Sierra Leone); assessed grants for children at local levels (e.g., Namibia and Nepal); and monitored the payments of community teachers' salaries (e.g., Madagascar). Another important area for assessment and analysis in 2013 was child poverty and social protection . Childhood poverty differs from adult poverty in many ways, not least because an adult may experience poverty temporarily, whereas the effects of poverty on children can be passed on to future generations, exacerbating social inequality. As part of its commitment to ensure the fulfilment of the rights of every child to survive, develop and thrive, UNICEF adopts a multidimensional approach to measuring child poverty – including both monetary and non-monetary poverty – with particular focus on the interrelated nature of poverty that children experience. In 2013, UNICEF worked on various initiatives to understand how and where children are experiencing poverty, to allow for a more nuanced set of policy responses. As part of its increased emphasis on equity, in 2013 UNICEF launched the MODA tool, which enhances its ability to analyze equity issues related to children by measuring childhood poverty as the multiple overlapping deprivations confronting each child, enabling a holistic view of the deprivations facing a child. By the end of 2013, an international comparative version of MODA had been applied to 29 countries and national child poverty studies using MODA had been launched in 11 countries. Overall, UNICEF worked on issues directly related to child poverty in 41 countries in 2013. In recent years, social protection has emerged as a major new focus of efforts to reduce child poverty. Child-sensitive social protection systems diminish the effects of poverty on families, and enhance their access to basic services, particularly for the poorest and most marginalized. Governments increasingly recognize the role of social protection in reducing poverty and inequality. Nonetheless, it is estimated that about 80 per cent of the global population is yet not covered by social protection to help them cope with life’s contingencies. This lack of coverage particularly affects the poorest and most vulnerable populations, including women and children.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Child-sensitive indicators in budgets

Child-sensitive monitoring systems

Simulations

Budget tracking

Budget reviews

Costing

Budget studies/analyses

Low income

Lower-middle income

Upper-middle income

High income

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The challenges associated with closing these gaps have generated a growing demand for UNICEF assistance. In response to these requests, UNICEF supported assessments and analytical work around social protection in a number of countries in 2013.

• In Indonesia, UNICEF, together with the Government and the SMERU Research Institute, supported an international conference on child poverty and social protection. More than 100 participants presented key research from Indonesia and other countries on multidimensional child poverty and discussed how to leverage social protection systems to better address children’s vulnerabilities. The Government has committed to use the recommendations from the conference as inputs to Indonesia's National Medium Term Development Plan for 2015-2019.

• In more than a dozen countries, UNICEF has supported national efforts to carry out rigorous impact evaluations that measure changes in the lives of children and families and to provide feedback to improve policy and programme implementation. For example, the evaluation of the Child Support Grant in Zambia revealed significant impacts: a reduction of the poverty gap by 11 percentage points; an increase in food security (an 8 percentage point increase in the proportion of households having two or more meals per day); and nutrition (t an increase of 22 percentage points in the proportion of children ages 6-24 months receiving minimum feeding requirements).

• In the Middle East and North Africa, UNICEF supported research on subsidy reform that generated new evidence on the potential impact of reforms and policy responses on child poverty, making the case for increased national budget allocations for child-sensitive social protection systems.

• In Namibia, the Government's increasing awareness and understanding of child poverty and vulnerability over the past three years has led to a shift in focus from orphans and vulnerable children to all poor or vulnerable children. The Government has also committed to provide child welfare grants for every child in Namibia as a decisive step in reducing persistently high child poverty rates.

• In Mexico, in collaboration with the National Council for Social Development Policy (CONEVAL), UNICEF published an analysis of child poverty and social rights of children and adolescents. This study laid the technical basis for advocacy by UNICEF to influence the National Development Plan 2013-2018.

• In Colombia, the Government drafted a strategy to reduce child poverty and developed a multidimensional poverty index that will become part of its regular poverty assessment.

• In Cambodia, child poverty is for the first time part of the monitoring and evaluation framework for evaluating the National Strategic Development Plan.

Analysis of specific populations of children Because urbanization is an increasing global trend with significant impacts on the lives of children, UNICEF strengthened its focus on urban children in 2013. With the Global City Indicators Facility, UNICEF launched the U-Kid Index, the Index of Urban Child Development, to address a gap in the availability of standardized data about the situation of children in cities. UNICEF supported the roll-out of the urban index and vulnerability analyses in countries including Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, the Philippines, and Turkey. To ensure that UNICEF focuses on the specific issues facing urban children, urban risk profiles were developed to inform the preparation of new country programme documents in 2014. The organization also worked with WHO on an analysis of acute lower respiratory infections in urban areas using DHS data.

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To respond to the disproportionate share of children affected by migration , UNICEF supported considerable work on this issue during 2013. In February, the CRC issued a report and recommendations stemming from its 2012 day of general discussion on the 'Rights of All Children in the Context of International Migration'. The report and recommendations stress the importance of the Convention on the Rights of the Child as a powerful tool for advancing the rights of children in the context of migration, and represent the culmination of work initiated by UNICEF in 2006. UNICEF is following up on implementation of the recommendations with national stakeholders, country offices and agency partners. UNICEF collaborated with the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs to collect, analyze and disseminate reliable estimates of migrant stocks and flows disaggregated by age and gender and other factors to improve the evidence base for policymaking and provide data resources to field offices. The latest migration data resulting from this collaboration were released and published on Migrantinfo.org in September 2013. UNICEF has participated fully in the World Bank’s Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). UNICEF has been invited to co-chair the KNOMAD thematic working group on migrant rights and social aspects of migration and is co-leading a project on indicators on the human rights of migrants and their families with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Thanks to funding from KNOMAD, UNICEF co-organized an online consultation on 'Youth Migration, Equity and Inequalities in the Post-2015 Development Agenda'. One group of children whose needs have remained unaddressed is adolescents . Systematic collection of data on the situation of adolescents remains a challenge in many countries. In order to effectively fill this gap, UNICEF, in close collaboration with other United Nations agencies, has begun developing a framework of results to measure adolescent development. This will allow future global comparison and monitoring.

KEY RESULT AREA 3: Policy advocacy, dialogue and le veraging

UNICEF used the assessments and analysis generated through KRA 1 and KRA 2 as the foundation for its policy advocacy work in 2013. Over the course of the year, the organization collaborated with its national partners to engage in policy and programmatic action that addressed the deprivations faced by children in virtually every country in which UNICEF works. This work ranged from convening partners and raising awareness to providing technical assistance in policy development, building capacity for better policy formulation, and advocating for increased and better targeted resources. The key topics for UNICEF policy advocacy work were largely the same as those addressed by the assessment and analysis work, spanning both general efforts to ensure that children are prioritized in national planning, and more specific work on topics such as public finance and social protection. The ultimate aim of all this work –was improved and better resourced policies, which in turn contributed to improving the lives of children.

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Broad-based policy advocacy In 2013, nearly three fourths of UNICEF country offices – 109 in total – provided specific advice to Governments on regulatory, legal, institutional or financing reform. This is an increase of over 15 per cent from 2008, when UNICEF advised 94 countries. This trend reflects both the fact that demand for the services of UNICEF – and other United Nations organizations – has shifted increasingly 'upstream', towards policy engagement (and often away from direct service delivery), and the organization’s conscious efforts to strengthen its ability to deliver high-quality policy support.

Country offices providing policy advice to government (% of country offices)

This engagement is an important platform for UNICEF advocacy around the inclusion of key challenges for children and women and gender equality in national development plans and poverty reduction strategies. In both cases, nearly two thirds of the countries in which UNICEF worked had plans that met these expectations. However, progress has not been as rapid as expected in the past several years, with the figures holding steady but not increasing, for reasons that are not yet completely clear. A hallmark of the UNICEF approach to policy advocacy is the use of a human rights-based approach. In 2013, UNICEF worked at both the country and global levels to foster the practical application of a human rights-based approach, not only in its own programming but in development assistance more broadly. In collaboration with the European Union, UNICEF completed and rolled out the 'Child Rights Toolkit: Integrating Child Rights in Development Cooperation', which provides practical guidance for development partners and Governments on how to integrate child rights in development cooperation. In addition, the 11 UNICEF offices in countries under review by the CRC in 2013, participated in the reporting process by submitting reports and participating in pre-sessional working group meetings. Internal benchmarks that enable country offices to assess their progress in implementing the human rights-based approach are strengthening the quality of UNICEF work in this area. Country offices utilize a range of contextualized strategies for applying equity principles and the human rights-based approach in their programming. For example, the issue of discrimination was addressed together with the rights of indigenous children and their communities in Latin America and the Caribbean, and in Central and Eastern Europe particular attention was paid to Roma communities. At the global level, the 'Global Evaluation of the Application of a Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming' was finalized in 2013. The evaluation provided important insights into the way UNICEF is implementing the human rights-based approach. UNICEF also co-chaired the Inter-Agency Support Group on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues, together with the secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, during the period leading up to the 2014 World Conference on Indigenous Peoples.

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

75%

80%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

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Policy advocacy on specific topics of particular im portance for children Building on its analytical work on specific topics of particular importance for children, UNICEF influences policy debates, supports the development of laws and policies, and leverages resources for key specific issues that affect the realization of the rights of children. One of the most important of these topics is public finance. Using the budget analysis and tracking work described earlier, UNICEF supports a large number of countries through advocacy and policy dialogue, as well as capacity development and partnerships. UNICEF works in 97 countries with the aim of leveraging greater, more efficient and more equitable resources for children.

97 countries (in dark blue) engaged in all forms of work around public finance

Note: The boundaries and the names shown and the designations used on these maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations or UNICEF Examples include:

• Establishing informal or interministerial working groups (e.g., in Benin, Indonesia, Kazakhstan);

• Providing technical support for budget debates (e.g., in Armenia, Republic of Congo, Myanmar);

• Developing parliamentary structures (e.g., in Burundi, Lesotho, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey); • Building investment cases on the basis of pilot sectoral interventions (e.g., in China, Lao

People's Democratic Republic); • Developing child-responsive budgeting guidelines and training social sector ministries in

results-based budgeting in partnership with ministries of finance (e.g., in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Peru);

• Analyzing the impact of the public financial management system on children, and supporting multi-year public financial management programming (e.g., India, United Republic of Tanzania);

• Developing the capacities of district health management teams to use bottleneck analysis tools to inform planning and budgeting (e.g., in Uganda).

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Another major area of work in 2013 was child poverty and social protection . UNICEF played an important role in raising awareness and promoting policy dialogue around child poverty, and has engaged increasingly and intensively around social protection in response to growing demand from Governments, with more than 100 countries addressing the issue in 2013. Following the successful launch of the UNICEF Social Protection Strategic Framework in 2012, UNICEF focused its efforts in 2013 on supporting Governments to build and strengthen social protection systems. The specific contributions of UNICEF to enhancing social protection systems vary by country and region, corresponding to contextual needs and priorities. The area of most significant involvement – in 81 countries in 2013 – was the development of social protection policies and strategies. In terms of programmatic assistance, UNICEF supported 66 countries in the design and implementation of social transfer programmes (both cash and in-kind), with the highest demand coming from African countries. UNICEF support to cash transfer programmes alone has benefitted over 12 million households worldwide. UNICEF worked with national partners to ensure social care and support services for children and families within social protection systems in 31 countries, with a strong emphasis in the Central and Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States region. These efforts are contributing to the expansion of programmes that act as a crucial support to children, especially the disadvantaged.

104 countries (in dark blue) engaged in social prot ection

Note: The boundaries and the names shown and the designations used on these maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations or UNICEF

Following the successful launch of UNICEF’s Strategic Framework on Social Protection in 2012, UNICEF has focused its efforts in 2013 on supporting national governments to build and strengthen social

protection systems.

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Specific examples of UNICEF work on social protection include: • In Romania, UNICEF supported the redesign of a minimum package of social assistance

services, including the collection and analysis of data, to support a government planning and programming exercise for 2014-2020.

• UNICEF supported the Government of Viet Nam in the development of a new decree on cash transfers, which expanded the programme to cover a total of 220,000 children throughout the country and approximately doubled the monthly benefit that children receive.

• In Ghana, UNICEF policy advocacy based on research on the removal of fuel subsidies has contributed to an additional $15 million being made available for social protection in 2013 (taken from fuel subsidy savings), extending the reach of a national programme from 75,000 to 150,000 extremely poor households.

• Similarly in Zambia, UNICEF supported the Government to increase the budget allocation to the social cash transfer programme from $3.5 million to $30 million. Although a number of factors influenced this budget decision, UNICEF’ policy advocacy was a contributing factor as a result of the timely release of the findings of a cash transfer impact evaluation. The evaluation demonstrated the programme’s strong impact on poverty in the context of a national debate on enhanced pro-poor spending following the removal of maize and fuel subsidies.

• UNICEF supported the expansion plan for Kenya’s social cash transfer programme and the consolidation of some of its key features, including the targeting methodologies, the registry system and the complaints and grievances mechanisms. The expansion plan will scale up coverage to a total of 260,000 households during 2013-2014.

• In Rwanda, sustained UNICEF policy advocacy and technical support to the Government was successful in revising the social protection strategy and making child poverty and vulnerability a sectoral priority for 2013-2018.

• To support regional learning in Africa, UNICEF and the World Bank co-facilitate an active community of practice on cash transfers, with participation of government representatives working on social protection from 28 African countries. Established for more than two years, the community expanded this year to include a dedicated Francophone group.

• UNICEF has also been supporting countries to develop more comprehensive and coordinated social protection systems. Lesotho is a good example of these efforts: UNICEF has supported the Government to consolidate the reach of social protection in a progressive and coordinated way. This has been achieved thanks to the strengthening of the country’s national registry for social assistance, which progressed from registering 40,000 households in 2012 to more than 100,000 households in 2013, the equivalent of a quarter of the national population. The national registry is laying the foundation for the establishment of an integrated and harmonized social protection system, as this mechanism facilitates the adequate identification of those in need and tracks the support provided across programmes. The expansion of the national registry enabled the increase in the number of beneficiaries of the Child Grants Programme from 9,987 to 20,018 households.

• Globally, UNICEF worked with key development partners such as the World Bank, the International Labour Organisation, the European Commission, the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), the United Kingdom Department for International Development and Finnish International Development Cooperation, to promote more comprehensive and coordinated approaches to assessing social protection systems, in particular through the development of an inter-agency social protection assessment instrument.

In addition to its efforts on social protection in 2013, UNICEF worked to draw attention to the deprivations and vulnerabilities facing poor children through discussions about child poverty and engagement with policymakers around how to address child poverty. UNICEF efforts helped to place child poverty in national and subnational policies in 12 countries and influenced national poverty alleviation programmes to address poor children’s needs in six countries.

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• In Georgia, UNICEF engaged with the Ministry of Finance in developing a long-term inclusive economic growth strategy – 'Georgia 2020' – that highlights the importance of investing in human capital, including investment in early childhood, as an important component of inclusive growth.

• In China, UNICEF is a leading voice in the fight against child poverty. The new 10-year strategy for reducing rural poverty will for the first time specifically mention child poverty as a national priority.

Policy advocacy and accountability to affected populations are also a core part of UNICEF humanitarian action. UNICEF works to maximize the inclusivity and accessibility of its partners’ humanitarian services to children with disabilities and households headed by women and children, amongst other vulnerable groups. In 2013, as part of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Transformative Agenda, UNICEF invested in increasing its accountability to affected populations, not least through the development of country-level plans, minimum standards for the prevention of sexual abuse and exploitation and the 'Communication in Humanitarian Action Toolkit' to increase meaningful two-way communication with crisis-affected communities and people. UNICEF is also investing in its corporate capacity to rely on cash and voucher-based forms of programming where appropriate and efficient, such as in the recent response to Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda in the Philippines. UNICEF has also negotiated for the participation of children in the needs assessments than inform responses to major emergencies, including the response to Typhoon Haiyan. Over the course of 2013, UNICEF engaged in policy advocacy on a number of other issues. To address the needs of urban children , a new global accreditation model was developed for the Child Friendly Cities (CFC) initiative in order to establish a globally accepted definition of a CFC based on quantitative results achieved. UNICEF also co-moderated and coordinated the first global consultation on urban inequalities in the post-2015 development agenda, and supported the development of a policy paper on urbanization for the High-Level Meeting on South-South Cooperation for Child Rights in Asia and the Pacific. The organization strengthened collaborations on urban issues in 2013, including around marginalized urban children with Microsoft, the Ford Foundation’s urban network and the Cities Alliance, and on an inter-agency basis with the United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Human Settlements Programme and UN-Women. Since migration impacts children, UNICEF advocacy helped to ensure that a roundtable that was part of the General Assembly's second High-Level Dialogue on International Migration and Development included a focus on the rights of migrant women and children. UNICEF also made substantial contributions to preparations for the Global Forum on Migration and Development, drawing extensively on the experience of its country offices and showcasing good practices in areas such as rights and empowerment of children in the context of migration, or the impact of migration and remittances on the health and education outcomes of children left behind. Adolescents are another group of children that receive special focus from UNICEF. For example,

• In Brazil, UNICEF supported the participation of adolescents in: the development of national guidelines on the implementation of adolescent-friendly health services; a national pact to address the issue of out-of-school adolescents; and a national working group to discuss policies for indigenous youth. These processes involved several adolescent networks, representing vulnerable groups such as indigenous adolescents, those living in the Amazon, semiarid regions and large urban centres;

• In India, UNICEF successfully advocated for the integration of adolescent health in the national Call to Action on child survival to address maternal and under-five mortality and

22

morbidity among India’s high-risk and vulnerable populations. UNICEF also worked with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to revise strategies for adolescent-friendly reproductive health services.

• In Nepal, UNICEF supported the first round-table debate between religious leaders and adolescent girls on ending child marriage. Religious leaders are now using key events, mass media interventions and preaching to raise public awareness about the need to end child marriage. Religious leaders also launched a collective action plan to address child marriage and violence against children on the occasion of the World Day of Prayer and Action for Children.

• In Ethiopia, a national adolescent development and participation strategy was developed to respond to the needs of 10-19 year olds. The strategy facilitates a multisectoral approach to adolescent development and participation for government and development partners. A total of 841 young people benefited from training in life skills, peer education, voluntary service and youth dialogue. This in turn enabled them to reach out to 31,560 boys and girls to address HIV, violence against girls and boys, sexual and reproductive health, community development and child rights issues.

Climate change is growing in importance in the work of UNICEF as a result of the increased evidence of the current and future impact on the lives of children. In 2013, UNICEF addressed this issue in a number of countries, including:

• In Zimbabwe, UNICEF provided policy support to the Government for the development of the National Climate Change response Strategy, resulting in one of the first national strategies that specifically addresses the needs of children;

• In Zambia, UNICEF supported 825 child 'climate ambassadors' in 10 provinces. They planted 3,000 trees and established environmental clubs in 44 schools in provincial capitals. Seven districts used radio shows to sensitize more than 1.5 million persons on climate change. They also promoted waste management in schools and communities, reaching 33,000 people.

• In a number of countries – including Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Somalia, Togo, Uganda and Zambia – policy advocacy was undertaken to promote clean and renewable energy for communities, schools and health centres;

• In China, an international youth camp was organized for 100 children from 10 countries to learn about climate change and the environment;

• In Azerbaijan, environmental issues were identified and addressed by young people through advocacy and awareness-raising, followed by projects by young people to improve waste management and water quality and to prevent deforestation and air pollution.

To tackle the specific issues related to children with disabilities , UNICEF played a key role in the second Global Partnership on Children with Disabilities (GPcwd) Forum, which convened nearly 280 participants representing 41 countries. During the one-day Forum, partners brainstormed on what can be done to effectively influence the post-2015 development agenda and began to map out strategic resource requirements for the next two years, with a specific focus on establishing national partnerships on children with disabilities. With the direct involvement of UNICEF, the plenary adopted a mission statement and structure for GPcwd and created five new task forces. In 2013, the State of the World’s Children report highlighted children living with disabilities. Additionally, the UNICEF Executive Board held a special focus session on children with disabilities that provided a strategic opportunity to highlight the progress made in the area and reinforces the importance of the continued commitment of UNICEF to further the rights of children with disabilities.

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KEY RESULT AREA 4: Enhanced participation by childr en and young people

In addition to the organization’s work on policy advocacy, UNICEF seeks to improve policies and resource allocations through another important channel – strengthening the participation of children and young people in key processes that influence their lives. Enhanced participation results in better policies by ensuring that the perspectives of those most directly affected by policy shifts have a seat at the decision-making table. The experience of UNICEF has been that this results in policies that are better informed by the realities of children’s lives. Progress was seen in a number of areas related to participation in 2013, with record high levels seen for multiple key indicators, as shown in the graph. For example, in 2013 they were institutionalized mechanisms for the sustained involvement of children and young people in policy processes at the national level in 39 countries, up from only 19 at the start of the medium-term strategic plan (MTSP) period in 2006. Similar mechanisms existed at local level in 30 countries in 2013, up from 20 in 2006. The increases of at least 50 per cent for each category represent important progress, although the absolute numbers of countries that have these mechanisms is still lower than ideal. The number of countries that sought children’s views through tools such as opinion polls, other representative surveys, or focus groups also reached a new high in 2013, but this is another metric that remains at too low a level. The involvement of adolescent girls and boys in State Party reporting to both the CRC and CEDAW has also increased significantly in recent years. Nearly 50 countries now report the meaningful involvement of adolescents in reporting to the CRC, up from only 28 in 2006. Progress in reporting to CEDAW has been even more rapid, albeit from a lower base; more than three times as many countries reported meaningful involvement of adolescents in reporting to CEDAW in 2013 than in 2006, with 20 countries having done so.

Improvements in Child Participation and Results (number of countries)

Are children’s views on development issues systematically sought in the country (e.g. through opinion polls or other representative surveys; focus group discussions with girls, boys and young people)?

Are there institutionalized mechanisms for the sustained involvement of children and young people in policy development, policy review and/or programme implementation at the national level?

Are there institutionalized mechanisms for the sustained involvement of children and young people in policy development, policy review and/or programme implementation at the local level?

Did adolescent girls and boys participate meaningfully in the most recent CRC reporting process?

Did adolescent girls and boys participate meaningfully in the most recent CEDAW reporting process?

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

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UNICEF country offices have become increasingly active in these areas in recent years. In 2013, almost half of all country programmes actively supported countries in developing policies and programmes that facilitate the engagement of children in the policymaking process, and build their capacities to engage in civic action, using a wide array of approaches.

• In Bangladesh, children from the 20 most deprived districts have been gathering and feeding news to a Children’s Online News Service targeting mainstream media. To reach more potential young journalists, in 2013 the programme was expanded to reach children from an additional 44 districts; 38 media professionals and 145 children were trained on programme production and techniques of child participation in the media. Moreover, 66 children received training on anchoring for television. 'Shishuder Chokhe' (eyes of children), a primetime television news segment on a national Bengali language cable channel, aired 41 news items produced and presented by children, reaching 10 million viewers per show. This has encouraged two more television cable stations to introduce similar programmes.

• In Burkina Faso, UNICEF launched a programme for social accountability and citizen control of public spending in education for children in 50 (out of 351) municipalities.

• In Egypt, a total of 6,210 young people (3,174 in the age group 13-17 years and 3,036 in the age group 18-24 years) in 15 governorates gained increased knowledge and skills for active citizenship through the civic education programme implemented in partnership with the Ministry of State for Youth. The programme was implemented through civic education workshops covering rights and responsibilities, participation and active citizenship.

• In Kyrgyzstan, UNICEF supported youth centres and young researchers in conducting surveys to identify vulnerabilities of children, adolescents and youth, which led to over 140 awareness-raising campaigns and meetings with local communities. A network of youth theatres in 15 conflict-affected communities conducted 100 community performances for about 5,000 community members on critical issues concerning children, adolescents and youth. A series of forum-theatre performances have been filmed and aired in the format of talk shows.

• In Mexico, a special effort was made to promote the active participation and voice of indigenous girls in their communities. In partnership with the Ministry of Education and Chihuahua and Oaxaca state governments, forums were organized in both states for 114 indigenous girls.

• In Mozambique, the Participatory Child Rights Media Network has become a sustained platform for children’s voice and participation. The network has expanded over the past 10 years to involve hundreds of young producers, including children with disabilities, based in a range of media organizations including Radio Mozambique, TV Mozambique, the Fórum Nacional de Rádios Comunitárias and Instituto de Comunicação Social, with more than 50 community radios involved in 128 districts. UNICEF has supported partners in establishing an inter-organizational network of trainers, and thematic modules have been produced on child survival; HIV/AIDS (prevention and stigma); violence and child rights violations; children with disabilities; disaster risk reduction; and adolescents living with HIV. A survey conducted in July 2013 showed that most child participants in UNICEF-supported participation interventions were empowered through training, active media programming and discussions to claim their rights and those of their peers, including in the areas of health, nutrition, education, protection, water, sanitation and participation in decision-making forums.

• In Nepal, UNICEF supported the Government to strengthen spaces and mechanisms for the systematic participation of children in local governance. New policy provisions now promote the participation of girls and boys at key levels of local governance processes. For example, some 76,000 child club representatives (half of them girls) have a voice nationwide in the Government’s 38,000 Ward Citizen Forums.

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• In Sierra Leone, UNICEF supported a participatory community monitoring and accountability framework through the use of community scorecards.

• In Turkey, UNICEF continued its longstanding support to the Government’s provincial child rights committees with the facilitation of an assessment of these child participation mechanisms. Six regional meetings were held with 162 child representatives and 81 local officials. Girls and boys from each province analyzed challenges and opportunities and suggested improvements for the committees to be more effective. UNICEF also provided technical expertise to the Office of the Ombudsman in designing an age-appropriate website with information and resources for children.

• In Uganda, UNICEF has continued to support the Government to implement 'U-report', a user-centred social monitoring tool based on simple SMS messages (poll questions, results and useful information) designed for young Ugandans. U-report now reaches 250,000 Ugandan children and young people and is helping to connect them to key national policymaking processes. In 2013, UNICEF trained district-level government officers on U-report to enable them to utilize the U-report website to access feedback from their communities, share key information with U-reporters in their districts and stimulate discussion.

• In Zambia, UNICEF supported the involvement of school children and parents in selected districts in the design of school-level improvement plans.

• In Zimbabwe, a partnership with the Zimbabwe Union of Journalists (ZUJ), 35 editors, and producers from print and electronic media facilitated the publication of content produced by young people. With UNICEF support, ZUJ facilitated training of six prominent Zimbabwean filmmakers and 20 young people in producing short-format videos, which will be channelled through mass-reach platforms.

It is important to acknowledge that there were challenges in supporting partners in implementing programmes that ensure the systematic and meaningful participation of children over the long run, and genuine risks that initiatives can lead to tokenism, manipulation, false representation or politicization. While the establishment of participation mechanisms – such as national or subnational child and youth councils, forums or parliaments – reflect the intention of Governments to strengthen children’s participation in matters that affect them, many have yet to become fully functional and inclusive. In addition, limited efforts to measure the effectiveness and impact of these initiatives, including the extent to which the views communicated by children and young people in these forums are genuinely taken into account, has been a concern. In 2013 UNICEF partnered with Save the Children, Plan International, World Vision, Concerned for Working Children, and other partners in the finalization of a framework and toolkit for monitoring and evaluating children’s participation. Going forward, this framework can be used by Governments, civil society and children to assess the existence of an enabling environment for participation at national and subnational levels, as well as the quality, scope and impact of children’s participation in various arenas, including the community, school and national level.

Resources From 2006 to 2013, several resource partners chose to give flexible funding to thematic pooled funds for the five focus areas of the UNICEF MTSP and humanitarian response. In 2013, UNICEF received $8 million in thematic contributions for policy advocacy and partnerships for children’s rights, amounting to 2 per cent of the total thematic contributions received in 2013 ($359 million) for the five focus areas and humanitarian response.

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What is thematic funding?

Thematic funding was created after the adoption of the UNICEF MTSP 2001-2205 as an opportunity for resource partners to support the goals and objectives of the MTSP and to allow for longer-term planning and sustainability of programmes. While regular resources continue to be UNICEF’s preferred type of funding, thematic contributions are the next best option because they have fewer restrictions on their use than traditional ‘other resources’. From 2006 to 2013, resource partners could allocate thematic funds to the five MTSP focus areas and humanitarian response as follows:

• Focus area 1: Young child survival and development • Focus area 2: Basic education and gender equality • Focus area 3: HIV/AIDS and children • Focus area 4: Child Protection from violence, exploitation and abuse • Focus area 5: Policy advocacy and partnerships for children’s rights • Humanitarian response

Thematic contributions are provided at the global, regional or country level. Contributions from all resource partners to the same focus area are combined into one pooled-fund account with the same duration, which simplifies financial management and reporting for UNICEF offices. As funds are pooled, UNICEF cannot track individual resource partners’ contributions. A single annual consolidated narrative and financial report is provided that is the same for all resource partners. Due to reduced administrative costs, thematic contributions are subject to a lower cost recovery rate: 5 per cent (compared with the standard 7 per cent) during the 2006-2013 MTSP period.

Thematic contributions to MTSP Focus Areas and Huma nitarian Response, 2013: $359 million

Basic Education and Gender Equality $112m — 31%

Child Protection from Violence, Exploitation and Abuse $17m — 5%

Young Child Survival and Development $64m — 18%

Policy, Advocacy and Partnerships for Children's Rights $8m — 2%

HIV/AIDS and Children

$10m — 3%

Humanitarian Response $148m — 41%

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Due to the extraordinary response to the funding appeals for the Syrian crisis, and South Sudan in the latter half of the year, two fifths of thematic funding in 2013 went to humanitarian response, with the majority of contributions made to the new 2014-2017 thematic funding pool which opened on 1 October 2013. Total thematic funding for the five MTSP focus areas in 2013 was $211 million, 6 per cent more than the corresponding funding in 2012. This narrow funding base continues to be a challenge for UNICEF, as resources and efforts have necessarily shifted to preparing project proposals and reporting for earmarked contributions. The thematic funding received for policy advocacy and partnerships for children’s rights in 2013 represented an increase of 22 per cent increase relative to the 2012 contribution of $6 million. The resource partners to thematic funding for this focus area were the Governments of Sweden and Norway, which contributed 51 and 33 per cent respectively; approximately two thirds of the remaining 16 per cent of funds contributed by private sector resource partners were raised by the UNICEF Argentina country office, and the remaining 4 per cent by the Korean Committee for UNICEF. Throughout the 2006-2013 MTSP period and up until 2011, the policy advocacy and partnerships for children’s rights thematic fund was overwhelmingly supported by the Government of Spain, which contributed some $53 million, almost twice the financial support received from all other resource partners combined. Since then, UNICEF has been able to count on consistent funding from Norway and increasing support from Sweden.

Thematic contributions by resource partners to poli cy, advocacy and partnership for children's rights, 2013

Resource Partner Type Resource Partner Amount (in US$)

Government Sweden 3,976,574

Norway 2,564,100

National Committee Korean Committee for UNICEF 300,000

Private Sector Field Office Fundraising UNICEF Argentina 865,111

UNICEF Malaysia 100,000

Grand Total 7,805,785

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Top 15 Resource partners to thematic Focus Area 5: Policy advocacy and partnerships for children's rights, 2006-2013*

Resource Partner 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Total 2006-2013

in US$ thousands

Spain 6,345 14,749 12,953 10,355 8,895 (102) 53,195

Norway 2,425 1,863 2,025 2,097 2,384 2,480 2,564 15,838

Sweden 218 46 660 473 741 748 2,380 3,977 9,243

Korean Committee for UNICEF

300 301 290 300 400 300 655 300 2,846

UNICEF Argentina 149 865 1,014

Dutch Committee for UNICEF

136 166 166 164 632

Goodwill Ambassador

Tetsuko Kuroyanagi

550 550

Japan 500 500

Spanish Committee for UNICEF

189 195 96 480

United States Fund for UNICEF

350 350

Canada 169 169

Czech Committee for UNICEF

149 149

UNICEF Malaysia 100 100

United Kingdom Committee for UNICEF

50 40 90

Alexander Bodini Foundation

5 5

*Change in accounting policy from United Nations System Accounting Standards to International Public Sector Accounting Standards on 1 January 2012 does not allow comparisons between 2012 figures and prior years.

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Top resource partners to thematic Focus Area 5, Pol icy, advocacy and partnerships for children's rights, 2006-2013*

*Change in accounting policy from United Nations System Accounting Standards to International Public Sector Accounting Standards on 1 January 2012 does not allow comparisons between 2012 figures and prior years.

Financial implementation Effective 1 January 2012, UNICEF financial statements are prepared under the full accrual basis of International Public Sector Accounting Standards. Accordingly, the breakdown of expenditures reflects the cost of services and consumable goods received by UNICEF as well as programme supplies delivered to programme partners during 2013. UNICEF programme expenditure (all funding sources) for focus area 5, policy advocacy and partnerships for children’s rights, was $294.6 million in 2013, representing just over 8 per cent of total programme expenditures.

0 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000

Spain

Norway

Sweden

Korea NC

UNICEF-Argentina

Netherlands NC

Tetsuko Kuroyanagi

Japan

Spain NC

United States NC

Canada

Czech Republic NC

UNICEF-Malaysia

United Kingdom NC

Alexander Bodini Foundation

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

In US$ thousands

30

Total expenditure by MTSP focus area, 2013 (all fun ding sources)

MTSP focus area Expenditure (in US $ million)

Expenditure (%)

Young child survival and development 1,991.8 55.5%

Basic education and gender equality 712.6 19.9%

HIV/AIDS and children 111.9 3.1%

Child protection: preventing and responding to violence, exploitation and abuse

399.3 11.1%

Policy advocacy and partnerships for children's rights 294.6 8.2%

Other 77.4 2.2%

Total 3,587.5 100%

Total expenditure by MTSP Focus Area, 2013 (in US$ millions)

In 2013, the Eastern and Southern Africa region received the largest expenditure for focus area 5, followed by the West and Central Africa region. Together, these accounted for 42.3 per cent of total expenditure for policy advocacy and partnerships for children’s rights.

Basic Education and Gender Equality 20%

Child Protection: Preventing and Responding to

Violence, Exploitation and Abuse — 11%

Young Child Survival and Development 56%

Policy, Advocacy and Partnerships for Children's Rights — 8%

HIV/AIDS and Children

3%

Other — 2%

Total expenditure: $3,587.5

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Total expenditure by region and funding source for policy advocacy and partnerships for children’s rights, 2013

Region

Regular resources

Other resources (regular)

Other resources (emergency)

Total expenditure

Total expenditure (%)

(in US$ millions)

Eastern and Southern Africa

32.0 33.6 11.9 77.4 26.3%

West and Central Africa 26.5 15.1 5.6 47.2 16.0%

South Asia 23.7 12.9 4.0 40.6 13.8%

Middle East and North Africa

8.9 10.8 7.7 27.4 9.3%

East Asia and the Pacific 13.2 16.1 3.4 32.7 11.1%

UNICEF headquarters 6.0 13.1 .5 19.6 6.7%

Latin America and the Caribbean

8.9 20.1 3.4 32.4 11.0%

Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States

8.7 8.2 .5 17.3 5.9%

All regions 127.9 129.8 37.0 294.6 100.0%

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Expenditure by region and funding source for policy advocacy and partnerships for children’s rights, 2013

Within focus area 5, the greatest expenditure went to KRA 1, which accounted for 36.6 per cent of the total. Expenditures on KRAs 2 and 3 accounted for a combined total of 47.4 per cent. KRA 4 accounted for 14.5 per cent of expenditures.

Expenditure by key result area for policy advocacy and partnerships for children’s rights, 2013

Key result area Expenditure (in US $ million)

% of focus area expenditure

KRA1 - Support national capacity to collect, analyze and disseminate strategic information on the situation of children and women

108.0 36.6%

KRA2 - Research and policy analysis on economic/social policies supporting governance for implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child/Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

63.4 21.5%

KRA3 - Policy advocacy, dialogue and leveraging 76.2 25.9%

KRA4 - Institutionalized participation of children and young people in civic life

42.9 14.5%

Cross-cutting* 4.2 1.4%

Total 294.6 100%

*Figure includes funds used in a cross-thematic manner or to cover operational costs. Without such cross-thematic and operational usage, outcome area results would often be compromised or not achieved

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

ESAR WCAR ROSA MENA EAPR HQ TACR CEE/CIS

Regular resources Other resources (regular) Other resources (emergency)

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Future workplan Building on lessons learned in the implementation of focus area 5 as well as the organization’s increased emphasis on equity, the UNICEF Strategic Plan 2014-2017 has social inclusion as a stand-alone outcome that contributes directly to specific results around reducing child poverty and discrimination. Social inclusion will build the increasingly concrete and results-oriented approach of UNICEF work on child poverty, social protection, improving social policies, legislation and budgets in line with human rights commitments, and addressing discrimination at all levels. UNICEF work on social inclusion will aim to:

• Enhance support for disadvantaged and marginalized children and families to use social protection systems and participate in decision-making processes affecting them;

• Increased national capacities to provide access to inclusive systems that protect children and adolescents from poverty and promote social inclusion;

• Strengthen political commitment, accountability and national capacities to legislate, plan and budget for inclusive social policies and social protection measures, including in risk-prone and fragile contexts;

• Improve country capacities and national systems to strengthen resilience and response to humanitarian situations;

• Increase the capacities of Governments and partners, as duty-bearers, to identify and respond to key human rights and gender equality dimensions of social inclusion; and

• Enhance global and regional capacities to accelerate progress towards social inclusion. With regard to data and analysis, 2014 will be a critical year for final assessment of the Millennium Development Goals both in terms of supporting countries to collect relevant data through MICS, and by working with other survey programmes to ensure that these data are available. The year 2014 will involve the compilation and analysis of data for the Secretary- General’s final report on the Goals. Work during the year will focus on conducting analyses of progress in reducing disparities across a wide range of key indicators. An important area of work also includes developing feasible targets and indicators for the post-2015 agenda for children. The commendable efforts of focus area 5 in strengthening data collection, analysis and dissemination, policy advocacy and work on emerging trends, including climate change and environmental sustainability, urbanization and migration, will continue as implementation strategies under the new Strategic Plan, and be mainstreamed through the outcome areas to enhance and maximize results for children.

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Expression of thanks UNICEF expresses its sincere appreciation to all those resource partners that have supported its work in policy advocacy and partnerships for children’s rights throughout the 2006-2013 MTSP period through this thematic funding window. Thematic funding has allowed for greater flexibility and longer-term planning for the delivery of sustainable programmes. It is because of thematic funding that UNICEF has been able to provide technical and programming support to achieve the results described in this report. Special thanks go to the Governments of Spain, Norway and Sweden, as well as the Korean Committee for UNICEF, for their partnership over the years, and for their consistent and generous contributions to deliver policy advocacy and partnerships for children’s rights.

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ACRONYMS

CDC United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CEDAW Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women CRC Committee on the Rights of the Child DHS Demographic and Health Survey GPcwd Global Partnership on Children with Disabilities KNOMAD Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development MERG Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group MICS Multiple indicator cluster survey MODA Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis MoRES Monitoring Results for Equity System MTSP Medium-term strategic plan NSO National statistics office UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees USAID United States Agency for International Development

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Annex MTSP Specific Monitoring Questions and Management I ndicators Global Summary - 2005 (baseline) to 2013 Basic data - Number of countries

No. (2013)

Focus Area

Specific Monitoring Question / Management Indicator

Year Total responses

Net Total responses (not counting "n/a" or "Not Known")

Yes No Partially Not Applicable

Not Known / No Data

Percentage 'yes' of Net Total responses

FA5.1 POLADV Does the Country Office have a functional knowledge management system for use by staff to access databases, journals, reports and key documents?

2013 157 132 67 8 57 25 0 51%

2012 155 130 62 14 54 25 0 48%

2011 156 132 61 18 53 24 0 46%

2010 130 130 52 20 58 0 25 40%

2009 141 141 50 43 48 0 14 35%

2008

2007

2006

2005

FA5.2 POLADV Did UNICEF provide significant support to the most recent national CRC reporting process?

2013 157 151 137 3 11 6 0 91%

2012 155 151 133 5 13 4 0 88%

2011 156 151 137 4 10 5 0 91%

2010 147 141 124 10 7 6 8 88%

2009 148 141 124 9 8 7 7 88%

2008 146 137 121 10 6 9 9 88%

2007 140 126 108 9 9 14 15 86%

2006 137 115 94 11 10 22 17 82%

2005 130 109 80 17 12 21 24 73%

FA5.3 POLADV Did UNICEF provide significant support to the most recent national CEDAW reporting process?

2013 157 140 61 42 37 15 2 44%

2012 155 141 55 45 41 14 0 39%

2011 156 138 48 52 38 18 0 35%

2010 147 131 47 60 24 16 8 36%

2009 148 133 48 69 16 15 7 36%

2008 146 127 38 70 19 19 9 30%

2007 140 125 41 66 18 15 15 33%

2006 136 114 22 79 13 22 18 19%

2005 131 111 24 78 9 20 23 22%

FA5.4 POLADV When was the last situation analysis of children’s and women’s rights (“SITAN” or equivalent) carried out or substantially updated? (state year)

2013 157 156 1 0

2012 155 154 1 0

2011 156 154 2 0

2010 145 145 0 10

2009 139 139 0 16

2008 145 145 0 10

2007 106 106 0 49

2006 115 115 0 39

2005 112 112 0 42

FA5.5 POLADV Did the country/Country Office produce a major thematic study or analysis relating to children and women in the reporting year (apart from any comprehensive SITAN)? If yes, give the title of the study in the 'remarks' column.

2013 157 155 99 50 6 2 0 64%

2012 155 154 103 42 9 1 0 67%

2011 156 155 97 46 12 1 0 63%

2010 147 147 81 60 6 0 8 55%

2009 148 148 96 48 4 0 7 65%

2008 147 147 76 57 14 0 8 52%

2007 141 139 80 54 5 2 14 58%

2006 116 111 59 49 3 5 38 53%

2005 127 127 69 54 4 0 27 54%

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FA5.5a POLADV If yes, did the study explicitly use a human rights framework?

2013 157 102 74 7 21 55 0 73%

2012 155 106 70 11 25 49 0 66%

2011 156 103 70 5 28 53 0 68%

2010 132 89 65 8 16 43 23 73%

2009 146 95 62 6 27 51 9 65%

2008 145 84 57 5 22 61 10 68%

2007

2006

2005

FA5.5b POLADV Did the study explicitly use a gender analysis framework?

2013 157 101 58 12 31 56 0 57%

2012 155 105 55 9 41 50 0 52%

2011 156 104 51 16 37 52 0 49%

2010 131 88 49 11 28 43 24 56%

2009 146 96 43 13 40 50 9 45%

2008 142 83 46 17 20 59 13 55%

2007

2006

2005

FA5.6 POLADV Does the National Development Plan or Poverty Reduction Strategy or Transition Plan (or equivalent) address key challenges for children?

2013 157 147 95 1 51 7 3 65%

2012 155 150 97 5 48 4 1 65%

2011 156 152 97 4 51 4 0 64%

2010 146 140 92 4 44 6 9 66%

2009 131 128 82 5 41 3 24 64%

2008

2007

2006

2005

FA5.7 POLADV Does the National Development Plan or Poverty Reduction Strategy or Transition Plan (or equivalent) address key challenges for women and gender equality?

2013 157 148 95 8 45 6 3 64%

2012 155 149 96 8 45 5 1 64%

2011 156 151 96 10 45 5 0 64%

2010 146 140 86 10 44 6 9 61%

2009 132 129 71 15 43 3 23 55%

2008

2007

2006

2005

FA5.8 POLADV Is there a Government/ Civil Society joint system that monitors and analyzes the national budget as a way of promoting improved resource allocations specifically for children and women?

2013 157 156 23 98 35 1 0 15%

2012 155 153 22 97 34 2 0 14%

2011 156 155 16 99 40 1 0 10%

2010 146 145 17 88 40 1 9 12%

2009 146 146 20 88 38 0 9 14%

2008 146 146 18 97 31 0 9 12%

2007 142 142 15 93 34 0 13 11%

2006 137 136 17 92 27 1 17 13%

2005 134 133 14 99 20 1 20 11%

FA5.9 POLADV Was specific advice given by UNICEF to government in the current year on regulatory, legal, institutional or financing reform? (If yes, indicate the subject or title of the reform in the 'remarks' column)

2013 157 149 109 29 11 0 8 73%

2012 155 153 110 31 12 2 0 72%

2011 156 156 117 29 10 0 0 75%

2010 147 147 100 29 18 0 8 68%

2009 148 148 93 36 19 0 7 63%

2008 146 146 94 38 14 0 9 64%

2007

2006

2005

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FA5.10 POLADV Are children’s views on development issues systematically sought in the country (e.g. through opinion polls or other representative surveys; focus group discussions with girls, boys and young people) ?

2013 157 155 34 33 88 2 0 22%

2012 155 153 30 36 87 2 0 20%

2011 156 154 28 44 82 1 1 18%

2010 146 146 32 35 79 0 9 22%

2009 148 148 31 39 78 0 7 21%

2008 147 147 25 46 76 0 8 17%

2007 143 143 17 54 72 0 12 12%

2006 138 138 20 59 59 0 16 14%

2005 137 137 17 62 58 0 17 12%

FA5.10a POLADV If yes, are the views and opinions been disseminated in child-friendly form?

2013 157 107 28 32 47 48 2 26%

2012 155 102 24 33 45 51 2 24%

2011 156 96 27 30 39 58 2 28%

2010 86 74 28 24 22 12 69 38%

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

FA5.11 POLADV Are there institutionalized mechanisms for the sustained involvement of children and young people in policy development, policy review and/or programme implementation at the national level?

2013 157 155 39 67 49 2 0 25%

2012 155 152 34 63 55 3 0 22%

2011 156 156 30 68 58 0 0 19%

2010 146 146 33 58 55 0 9 23%

2009 148 148 32 63 53 0 7 22%

2008 147 147 33 57 57 0 8 22%

2007 143 143 32 61 50 0 12 22%

2006 137 137 25 69 43 0 17 18%

2005 137 137 19 82 36 0 17 14%

FA5.12 POLADV Are there institutionalized mechanisms for the sustained involvement of children and young people in policy development, policy review and/or programme implementation at the local level?

2013 157 154 30 64 60 2 1 19%

2012 155 152 27 59 66 3 0 18%

2011 156 154 26 59 69 2 0 17%

2010 146 146 24 51 71 0 9 16%

2009 148 148 28 54 66 0 7 19%

2008 147 147 21 59 67 0 8 14%

2007 140 140 21 62 57 0 15 15%

2006 137 137 20 64 53 0 17 15%

2005 138 138 18 71 49 0 16 13%

FA5.13 POLADV Did adolescent girls and boys participate meaningfully in the most recent CRC reporting process?

2013 157 139 47 62 30 15 3 34%

2012 155 141 43 62 36 13 1 30%

2011 156 147 41 72 34 9 0 28%

2010 146 136 37 73 26 10 9 27%

2009 147 140 39 70 31 7 8 28%

2008 146 132 34 67 31 14 9 26%

2007 143 129 34 71 24 14 12 26%

2006 135 112 28 69 15 23 19 25%

2005 131 113 29 71 13 18 23 26%

FA5.14 POLADV Did adolescent girls and boys participate meaningfully in the most recent CEDAW reporting process?

2013 157 117 20 83 14 28 12 17%

2012 155 117 20 84 13 28 10 17%

2011 156 121 15 93 13 34 1 12%

2010 146 124 9 104 11 22 9 7%

2009 146 120 10 101 9 26 9 8%

2008 146 118 11 98 9 28 9 9%

2007 139 116 8 102 6 23 16 7%

2006 134 106 6 93 7 28 20 6%

2005 129 104 5 90 9 25 25 5%

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FA5.15 POLADV Does the country have a programme to promote positive adolescent development during transition to adulthood?

2013 157 154 57 39 58 2 1 37%

2012 155 152 62 31 59 2 1 41%

2011 156 154 59 32 63 2 0 38%

2010 147 146 54 37 55 1 8 37%

2009 148 148 50 48 50 0 7 34%

2008 144 144 42 50 52 0 11 29%

2007

2006

2005

FA5.16 POLADV Does the country carry out systematic data collection, analysis and dissemination on the situation of adolescents and young people? [Placeholder field starting in 2012, data field for previous year(s)]

2013

2012

2011 156 155 47 39 69 1 0 30%

2010 146 146 53 37 56 0 9 36%

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

FA5.16a POLADV Does the country carry out systematic data collection on the situation of adolescents and young people?

2013 157 155 41 48 66 1 1 26%

2012 155 151 44 49 58 3 1 29%

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

FA5.16b POLADV Does the country carry out systematic data analysis on the situation of adolescents and young people on a regular basis?

2013 157 154 28 72 54 2 1 18%

2012 155 149 26 75 48 4 2 17%

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

FA5.16c POLADV Does the country carry out systematic dissemination on the situation of adolescents and young people in annual statistical bulletins?

2013 157 153 20 89 44 2 2 13%

2012 155 151 20 85 46 3 1 13%

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

FA5.17 POLADV Does the country have policies or programmes that build the capacity of children and of adolescents to engage in civic action (e.g., volunteerism, community development and peaceful resolution of conflict)?

2013 157 155 69 26 60 1 1 45%

2012 155 152 61 27 64 2 1 40%

2011 156 156 74 28 54 0 0 47%

2010 147 147 68 30 49 0 8 46%

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

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FA5.18 POLADV Does the country office have a presence in social media? (If yes, please indicate in the 'remarks' column which of the following: Facebook, Twitter, or both.)

2013 156 153 116 35 2 1 2 76%

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

FA5.19 POLADV Has the country during the reporting year supported or implemented an innovative method for application of MoRES? (If yes, please note the title of the method and sector in the 'remarks' column.)

2013 156 153 60 68 25 1 2 39%

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

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