Policies and Measures to Mitigate Potential Environmental Impacts of Cross Border Infrastructure Projects in Asia

8/8/2019 Policies and Measures to Mitigate Potential Environmental Impacts of Cross Border Infrastructure Projects in Asia

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ldvh`vb n vnulb}| hf }bacdlan` ubgr`n}hu| ldq}l}r}lhdn` ndm `bgn` fna}huq$ Gb}}ldg }cbqb fna}huqulgc} n} }cb dn}lhdn` `bvb` ndm(hu wcbubvbu dbabqqnu| n} }cb ubglhdn` `bvb` lq auraln` }hgb}}ldg qrac puhiba}q hff }cb guhrdm ld }cb fluq} ldq}ndab ndm }cbd }h bdqruldg }cn} puhiba}qhpbun}b puhpbu`| ndm ub`lne`| wcl`b kndngldg ndm kldlklyldg }cblu bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q$

]cb dbs} qba}lhd hf }clq pnpbu wl`` fharq hd lmbd}lf|ldg }cb ph}bd}ln``| dbgn}lvb bdvluhdkbd}n`lkpna}q hf auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q ld Nqln `hhjldg pubmhkldnd}`| n} }cb bdbug|qba}hu er} n`qh n} }cb }undqphu} qba}hu$ ]cbqb lkpna}q wl`` eb lmbd}lflbm n} }cb puhiba} `bvb`ndm wcbubvbu dbabqqnu| eb|hdm }cb puhiba} `bvb`$ Qba}lhd 1 }cbd `hhjq n} chw }cb nmvbuqblkpna}q lmbd}lflbm ld Qba}lhd 5 and eb ubmrabm }h n kldlkrk hu naabp}ne`b `bvb` mruldg }cbpuhiba}“q p`nddldg mbqlgd ndm ahdq}ura}lhd q}ngbq$ Glvbd }cb fna} }cn} auhqq+ehumbu puhiba}qfnab qpbalfla nmml}lhdn` acn``bdgbq ub`n}lvb }h dn}lhdn` puhiba}q ndm glvbd }cn} }bacdlan`

ubgr`n}hu| ldq}l}r}lhdn` ndm `bgn` heq}na`bq and ahdq}unld }cb mbvb`hpkbd} hf auhqq+ehumbuldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q }cb pnpbu nugrbq }cn} puhpbu }bacdlan` qpbalflan}lhdq ndm wb``+frda}lhdldg ubgr`n}hu| ldq}l}r}lhdn` ndm `bglq`n}lvb(`bgn` funkbwhujq wl}c a`bnu `ldbq hfubqphdqlel`l}| fhu hvbuqlgc} ldq}l}r}lhdq nub auraln` }h }cb mbvb`hpkbd} hf auhqq+ehumbuldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q$ L} wl`` eb qbbd }cn} knd| lqqrbq ld }cbqb nubnq dbbm }h eb nmmubqqbmn} }cb dn}lhdn` `bvb`$ Qrac mhkbq}la bffhu}q ahrp`bm wl}c ubglhdn` funkbwhujq ndmnuundgbkbd}q wcbubvbu dbabqqnu| wl`` puhkh}b }cb fru}cbu mbvb`hpkbd} hf auhqq+ehumbuldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q$ Fldn``| }cb pnpbu an``q fhu n q}ubdg}cbdbm uh`b fhu kr`}l`n}bun`mbvb`hpkbd} endjq `ljb }cb Nqlnd Mbvb`hpkbd} Endj ld qrpphu}ldg phql}lvb bdvluhdkbd}n`hr}ahkbq ld auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q$

5$ ND]LAL_N]BM BDVLUHDKBD]N@ LK_NA]Q MRULDG_UHIBA] _UB_NUN]LHD

]cb ahdq}ura}lhd hf nd| puhiba} wl`` mluba}`| lkpna} }cb qruuhrdmldg bdvluhdkbd} nq wb`` nqcnvb ph}bd}ln` a`lkn}la lkpna}q$ Fru}cbukhub qhkb hf }cb bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q wl`` hd`|ebahkb jdhwd nf}bu n puhiba} ebahkbq hpbun}lhdn`$ _uhiba} kndngbuq }cbubfhub dbbm }hnd}lalpn}b }cb puhiba}“q bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q ld }cb pubpnun}hu| q}ngb nq wb`` nq eb ubnm|}h ubqphdm }h bdvluhdkbd}n` bffba}q mruldg }cb puhiba}“q hpbun}lhd$ Mbpbdmldg hd l}q qan`b}|pb ndm `han}lhd n auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba} and cnvb bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q }cn}bs}bdm eb|hdm }cb puhiba} `bvb` ndm ld}h }cb dn}lhdn` qreubglhdn` hu bvbd g`hen` `bvb`$ ]clqqba}lhd wl`` `hhj n} fhru auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q }cn} cnvb ebbd puhphqbm fhu hu

rdmbu}njbd ld Nqln”}cubb bdbug|+enqbm ndm hdb }undqphu}+enqbm”ndm mlqarqq eh}cpuhiba}+`bvb` lkpna}q ndm nd}lalpn}bm lkpna}q eb|hdm }cb puhiba} `bvb` enqbm hd }cb aruubd}nvnl`ne`b ldfhukn}lhd$

1




5$> Bdvluhdkbd}n` Lkpna}q n} }cb _uhiba} @bvb`

]cb }|pb ndm bs}bd} hf n puhiba}“q ph}bd}ln` bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q nub clgc`| ahd}bs}+qpbalflandm mbpbdm hd fna}huq qrac nq }hphgunpc| `ndm rqb vbgb}n}lhd ahvbu ndm qb}}`bkbd}pn}}budq$

5$>$> ]cb Dnk ]cbrd 5 C|muhb`ba}ula _uhiba} ld }cb @nh _bhp`b“q Mbkhaun}laUbpre`la #@nh _MU,

]cb Dnk ]cbrd 5 C|muhb`ba}ula _uhiba} ld }cb @nh _MU wl`` mnk }cb Dnk ]cbrd Ulvbuaubn}ldg n ubqbuvhlu ndm gbdbun}ldg phwbu$ ]cb jb| bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q fuhk }clq puhiba}wl`` eb rphd }cb pc|qlan` ndm elh`hglan` bdvluhdkbd}q ndm wl`` nffba} c|muh`hg| wn}bu ~rn`l}|buhqlhd un}bq a`lkn}b guhrdmwn}bu n~rn}la ndm }buubq}uln` cnel}n}q qpbalbq mlvbuql}|puh}ba}bm nubnq ndm `han` bdmndgbubm qpbalbq$ C|muh`hg| lkpna}q lda`rmb }cb lkphrdmkbd}hf }cb Dnk ]cbrd Ulvbu }cb mlvbuqlhd hf wn}bu ndm acndgbq ld ulvbu f`hw$ Wn}bu ~rn`l}|lkpna}q lda`rmb `hw mlqqh`vbm hs|gbd ahdabd}un}lhdq ldaubnqbm dr}ulbd} ahdabd}un}lhdq ld}cb ldl}ln` |bnuq wnq}bwn}bu mlqacnugbq fuhk ahdq}ura}lhd ql}bq ndm whuj ankpq ndmqbmlkbd}n}lhd fuhk ahdq}ura}lhd ql}bq$ Buhqlhd ndm qbmlkbd}n}lhd lkpna}q lda`rmb acndgbqld qbmlkbd}n}lhd eh}c ld }cb ubqbuvhlu ndm mhwdq}ubnk ndm acndgbq ld ulvbuendj buhqlhd$Lkpna}q hd n~rn}la qpbalbq lda`rmb n`}bun}lhd hf cnel}n}q ndm }cb nqqhaln}bm mlqfnvhuldg hfabu}nld qpbalbq lkphqbm enuulbuq }h klgun}lhd n`}bun}lhdq ld qpbalbq ahkphql}lhd ndmpuhmra}lvl}| hf }cb ulvbu ndm mnkngb mrb }h qbmlkbd}n}lhd$ ]buubq}uln` elhmlvbuql}| lkpna}qlda`rmb bffba}q hd `ndm ndm vbgb}n}lhd lda`rmldg `hqq hf `ndm }h }cb ubqbuvhlu ndm ldaubnqbmcrknd naabqq }h nubn lda`rmldg cnel}n}lhd$ H}cbu lkpna}q lda`rmb }cb gbdbun}lhd hf kldhuklauh+a`lkn}la acndgbq hd }cb p`n}bnr ndm bffba}q hd bdmndgbubm qpbalbq$ Kl}lgn}lhdkbnqrubq fhu }cbqb vnulhrq lkpna}q cnvb ebbd fhukr`n}bm #Dhup`nd 5??=,$

]cb Dnk ]cbrd 5 _uhiba} n`qh ldvh`vbq }cb ahdq}ura}lhd ndm hpbun}lhd hf n >13 jl`hkb}bu#jk, `hdg 2?? jl`hvh`} #jV, mhre`b aluarl} }undqklqqlhd `ldb }h }undqkl} phwbu fuhk }cb @nh_MU }h ]cnl`ndm$ ]cb pulknu| lkpna}q nqqhaln}bm wl}c }clq ahkphdbd} hf }cb puhiba} nub

`ndm rqb acndgb ndm vbgb}n}lhd `hqq$ ]cb }undqklqqlhd `ldb wl`` ub~rlub n 6? kb}bu #k, wlmbulgc} hf wn| #UHW, n`hdg l}q >62 jk `bdg}c nkhrd}ldg }h <$7 q~rnub jl`hkb}buq #jk5, hf`ndm$ Fru}cbu }cb ahdq}ura}lhd hf nuhrdm 1?? }undqklqqlhd `ldb }hwbuq wl`` ub~rlub }cbpbukndbd} na~rlql}lhd hf >5 cba}nubq #cn, hf }cb UHW `ndm #Nqlnd Mbvb`hpkbd} Endj ZNME[5??=,$ Wcl`b hd`| }cb `ndm rdmbu }hwbuq lq pbukndbd}`| na~rlubm `ndm rqb ubq}ula}lhdq wl`` ebp`nabm hd n`` `ndm wl}cld }cb UHW$ Vbgb}n}lhd wl`` eb ubq}ula}bm }h n 1 k cblgc} wcl`b dhq}ura}rub hvbu 1 k ld cblgc} wl`` eb pbukl}}bm }h eb ahdq}ura}bm wl}cld }cb bnqbkbd}$ ]clq wl`ùbmrab }cb ngular`}run` anpnal}| hf }cb `ndm ld urun` nubnq e| puhclel}ldg }cb ar`}lvn}lhd hfkhq} }ubbq ld }cb UHW ndm ubq}ula} ahdq}ura}lhd phqqlel`l}lbq hd ruend hu ldmrq}uln` `ndmq$Ubq}ula}lhdq }h }ubb cblgc} wl`` n`qh eb npp`lbm lkkbmln}b`| hr}qlmb }cb UHW$

5$>$5 ]undqklqqlhd @ldb _uhiba} fuhk ]nl Dldc Vlb} Dnk }h Jnkphdg Acnk

Ankehmln

]cb puhphqbm >>2 jV }undqklqqlhd `ldbq fuhk }cb Vlb} Dnk ehumbu }h Jnkphdg AcnkAnkehmln wl`` cnvb qlkl`nu bffba}q hd `ndm rqb ndm vbgb}n}lhd nq }chqb hr}`ldbm fhu }cb Dnk]cbrd 5 puhiba} n`}chrgc }h n `bqqbu bs}bd} nq hd`| >$7= cn hf `ndm dbbmq }h eb na~rlubm }hahdq}ura} }cb }undqklqqlhd `ldb }hwbuq ndm ph`bq ndm }cubb qreq}n}lhdq #Jhubn B`ba}ula_hwbu Ahuphun}lhd 5??7,$

5$>$1 _cdhk _bdc }h Ch Acl Kldc Al}| Clgcwn| _uhiba}

]clq clgcwn| puhiba} ahddba}q _cdhk _bdc ndm Ch Acl Kldc Al}| ndm lq pnu} hf n `hdgbuahuulmhu eb}wbbd Endgjhj ]cnl`ndm ndm }cb qhr}cbud Vlb}dnkbqb phu} al}| hf Vrdg ]nr$]cb 5=? jk uhnm wl}c >6? jk ld Ankehmln ndm 3? jk ld Vlb} Dnk wnq ubahdq}ura}bm }hkbb} }cb bspba}bm ldaubnqb ld }unffla f`hwq nq }unmb eb}wbbd }cb }wh ahrd}ulbq ldaubnqbq$ Nq

=




}cb fluq} uhnm puhiba} rdmbu l}q Gubn}bu Kbjhdg Qreubglhd >#GKQ, ldl}ln}lvb NME puhvlmbmRQ-=? kl``lhd fhu }cb Ankehmlnd phu}lhd #NME @hnd Dh$ >62<+ANK, ndm RQ->?? kl``lhd fhu}cb Vlb} Dnk qba}lhd #NME @hnd Dh$ >66?+VLB, #NME ><<3,$ ]cb puhiba} ldvh`vbm }cbubcnel`l}n}lhd hf nd bslq}ldg uhnm ndm }cb puhiba} uhnm n`lgdq wl}c }cb pub+bslq}ldg uhnm fhukhq} hf l}q `bdg}c wl}c kldhu ubn`lgdkbd}q knmb n} qhkb `han}lhdq }h lkpuhvb qnfb}| ndm }hkldlklyb }cb dbbm fhu `ndm na~rlql}lhd ndm ubqb}}`bkbd}$ Ld Ankehmln hdb qba}lhd wnqubn`lgdbm }h e|pnqq n erl`}+rp nubn ndm }cb q}n}r}hu| UHW wnq ubmrabm fuhk }cb >3 k fuhk}cb uhnm abd}bu`ldb lmbd}lflbm n} }cb puhiba} nppunlqn` q}ngb }h >?‑>2 k ubqr`}ldg ld nubmra}lhd ld }cb drkebu hf puhiba}+nffba}bm chrqbch`mq fuhk >>3= }h >?36 #NME 5??7e,$]cbub wbub dh bdvluhdkbd}n``| qbdql}lvb nubnq n`hdg }cb `bdg}c hf }cb puhiba} uhnm$ ]cbldl}ln` bdvluhdkbd}n` nqqbqqkbd}q rdmbu}njbd ahda`rmbm }cn} }cb ph}bd}ln` bdvluhdkbd}n`lkpna}q mruldg }cb ahdq}ura}lhd ndm hpbun}lhd hf }cb puhiba} whr`m eb kldhu #NME ><<3:NME 5??7e,$ N`}chrgc dh qpbalfla `bvb` hf ubmra}lhd ld vbcla`b hpbun}ldg ahq}q wnq qb} l} cnqebbd ahdqbuvn}lvb`| bq}lkn}bm }cn} }cb rpgunmbm uhnm cnq ubmrabm hpbun}ldg ahq}q e| >?"fhu pnqqbdgbu anuq ndm e| >2" fhu }urajq ndm erqbq #NME 5??7e,$

5$5 Bdvluhdkbd}n` Lkpna}q Eb|hdm }cb Lkkbmln}b _uhiba} Q}rm|

Nubn

N puhiba} and cnvb lkpna}q eb|hdm l}q lkkbmln}b puhiba} q}rm| nubn er} }cbqb lkpna}q andhd`| eb ubvbn`bm lf }cb qahpb hf q}rm| lq bs}bdmbm naahumldg`|$ ]cbubfhub n arkr`n}lvblkpna} nqqbqqkbd} #ALN, dbbmq }h eb rdmbu}njbd }h q}rm| }cb ahkeldbm lkpna}q hf }cbpuhiba} rdmbu q}rm| ndm h}cbu mbvb`hpkbd} puhiba}q wcb}cbu }cb| nub }h eb lkp`bkbd}bm}hgb}cbu hu qb~rbd}ln``|$ ]clq lq n rdl~rb nqpba} hf }cb bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna} nqqbqqkbd}#BLN, hf auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q$ ]cb ALN q}rmlbq9

nmmbm lkpna}q”}cb lkpna}q }cn} h}cbu #ahdaruubd} hu fr}rub, mbvb`hpkbd} puhiba}q cnvb hd}cb }|pb ndm kngdl}rmb hf }cb puhphqbm puhiba}: ndm

ldmrabm lkpna}q”}cb lkpna}q hf mbvb`hpkbd}q ld h}cbu qba}huq }cn} cnvb ebbd ldmrabm e|}cb puhphqbm puhiba}$

5$5$> ]cb Dnk ]cbrd 5 C|muhb`ba}ula _uhiba} ld }cb @nh _MU

N ALN wnq rdmbu}njbd ld ub`n}lhd }h }cb Dnk ]cbrd 5 C|muhb`ba}ula _uhiba} }h ndn`|yb }cbahkeldbm lkpna}q hf n unf} hf puhiba}q eh}c ahdaruubd} ndm qb~rbd}ln` ndm hf fr}rubmbvb`hpkbd}q ndm p`ndq$ ]cb gbhgunpcla ahvbungb hf }cb ALN lda`rmbm }cb Kbjhdg UlvbuEnqld: }cb Dnk ]cbrd(Dnk Jnmldg Sb Endg Fnl ndm Cldehrd enqldq: ndm }cb `ldbnumbvb`hpkbd} yhdb hf }undqklqqlhd `ldbq ndm uhnmq$ Ld nmml}lhd ehumbu nubnq wbub nqqbqqbmld }bukq hf qhaln` mbvb`hpkbd} }undqphu} ndm elhmlvbuql}|$ ]wh mbvb`hpkbd} qabdnulhq wbubnqqbqqbm enqbm hd flvb+|bnu ndm }wbd}|+|bnu p`nddldg chulyhdq$ ]cbqb qabdnulhq ahvbubmqbvbun` qba}huq ndm bsnkldbm }cb pubqbd} ql}rn}lhd bslq}ldg p`ndq ndm mbvb`hpkbd} }ubdmq$

]cb b`bkbd}q ahvbubm wbub9 c|muhphwbu }undqphu} luulgn}lhd wn}bu qrpp`| ndm qndl}n}lhdruend mbvb`hpkbd} flqcbulbq fhubq}u| ldmrq}u| qhaln` mbvb`hpkbd} #lda`rmldg b}cdlakldhul}lbq cbn`}c bmran}lhd ndm qhaln` ldb~rn`l}|, ndm ahdqbuvn}lhd #elhmlvbuql}| lqqrbq,$Hf n`` }cbqb b`bkbd}q c|muhphwbu lq }cb khq} p`nddbm ndm cnq }cb gubn}bq} ph}bd}ln` }hnffba} }cb wch`b Kbjhdg Enqld ld }bukq hf na}lvb #qbnqhdn`, q}hungb hf wn}bu$ ]clq wl`` ubqr`}ld ldaubnqbm mu|+qbnqhd ndm mbaubnqbm wb}+qbnqhd f`hwq$ ]ne`b > pubqbd}q n pub`lkldnu|qrkknu| hf }cb nd}lalpn}bm arkr`n}lvb lkpna}q hf }cb Dnk ]cbrd 5 _uhiba} hd }cb Dnjnlp`n}bnr #}cb puhiba} nubn, ndm }cb Kbjhdg Ulvbu Enqld wcbd ahkeldbm wl}c }cb nd}lalpn}bmmbvb`hpkbd}q ld }cb h}cbu qba}huq `lq}bm nehvb hvbu flvb+|bnu ndm }wbd}|+|bnu p`nddldgchulyhdq$

>

]cb Gubn}bu Kbjhdg Qreubglhd #GKQ, ahkpulqbq Ankehmln }cb _UA }cb @nh _MU K|ndknu ]cnl`ndm ndmVlb} Dnk$

2




]ne`b >9 Arkr`n}lvb Lkpna}q hf Nd}lalpn}bm Ubglhdn` Mbvb`hpkbd}q lda`rmldg }cb Dnk]cbrd 5 _uhiba}

Lkpna} Yhdb Flvb+\bnu Qabdnulh ]wbd}|+\bnu Qabdnulh

Dnjnl p`n}bnr

Kbjhdg UlvbuEnqld#qabdnulhqlda`rmb n``c|muhphwbumbvb`hpkbd}qld }cb enqldlda`rmldg\rddnd,

Lkpna}q nub mhkldn}bm e| Dnk ]cbrd 5 puhiba}na}lvl}lbq$ Qhkb nmml}lhdn` lkpna}q nub

bdvlqngbm mrb }h lkpuhvbm naabqq fh``hwldg}cb ahdq}ura}lhd pcnqb ndm }bkphunu|phpr`n}lhd ldaubnqb$

Jb| lkpna}q wl`` eb9 ldaubnqbm pubqqrub hdwl`m`lfb #b$g$ fuhk crd}ldg ndm `hggldg mrb }h}cb ldf`rs hf pbhp`b fuhk lkpuhvldg naabqq }h}cb nubn, ldaubnqbm cbn`}c ulqjq #qbsrn``|}undqkl}}bm mlqbnqbq lda`rmldg CLV(NLMQ, ndmldaubnqldg fub~rbda| ndm qbvbul}| hf kh}huvbcla`b naalmbd}q$

]cb mhkldnd} fna}hu wl`` eb qhkb nmml}lhdn`mbvb`hpkbd} hf c|muhphwbu ld \rddnd #_UA,ndm }cb @nh _MU$ ]cb lkpna}q nub anàr`n}bm}h eb9#l, mu|+qbnqhd mlqacnugb n} Qnvnddnjcb} kn|

ldaubnqb e| =2"$ Mruldg f`hhmq mlqacnugbubmrabm e| 7":

#ll, wn}bu `bvb`q n} _cdhk _bdc wl`` eb ̀ hwbumruldg f`hhmq ndm ldaubnqbm mruldg }cb mu|qbnqhd$ Nvbungb nddrn` knslkrk `bvb` hf}cb ]hd`b Qnp `njb ndm ulvbu q|q}bk wl``n`qh eb ubmrabm:

#lll, acndgbq ld f`hw pn}}bud wl`` cnvb ndldqlgdlfland} dbgn}lvb lkpna} hd f`hhmp`nld

ndm ]hd`b Qnp flqcbulbq nq }cbqb nubfnvhubm e| clgc wb}+qbnqhd wn}bu `bvb`q:#lv, acndgbq ld f`hw pn}}bud wl`` chwbvbu cnvb

n qkn`` phql}lvb lkpna} e| mnkpldgmnkngldg f`hhm ldalmbd}q ndm e|ldaubnqldg mu|+qbnqhd wn}bu `bvb` wclacwl`` qrpphu} luulgn}lhd ndm ubmrab qn`}ld}urqlhd ld}h }cb Kbjhdg mb`}n$

]cb ql}rn}lhd lq q}nel`lybm er} qlgdlfland}`|acndgbm fuhk }cb aruubd} enqb`ldb$ ]undqphu}

ndm ahkkrdlan}lhdq wl`` eb qlgdlfland}`|lkpuhvbm ndm dbw na}lvl}lbq wl`` cnvb ebbdn}}una}bm }h }cb ubqbuvhlu nubn #b$g$ ahkkbualn`flqcbulbq ndm }hrulqk,$ ]cb nd}lalpn}bm ql}rn}lhdlq9

#l, qndl}n}lhd ndm wn}bu qrpp`| lkpuhvbm:#ll, Hrmhkqhrj phpr`n}lhd clgcbu }cnd mruldg

}cb puhiba} ahdq}ura}lhd pbulhm e| qhkb>=?‑>2?":

#lll, ahkkbualn` flqcbulbq bq}ne`lqcbm:#lv, cbn`}c ahdml}lhdq lkpuhvbm wl}c ubmrabm

ldalmbdab hf kn`nuln ndm fhhm+ ndm wn}bu+ehudb mlqbnqbq ndm qclf} fuhkahkkrdlane`b }hwnum dhd+ahkkrdlane`bmlqbnqbq:

#v, cbn}c ndm bmran}lhd qbuvlabq lkpuhvbmer} q}urgg`ldg }h jbbp rp wl}c mbkndm mrb}h phpr`n}lhd ldaubnqb:

#vl, ldaubnqbm bkp`h|kbd} ld qbuvlab qba}hulda`rmldg }hrulqk: ndm

#vll, ldaubnqbm ar`}run` ld}bgun}lhd hd }cbp`n}bnr wl}c e`ruuldg hf b}cdla lmbd}l}lbq$

]cb mhkldnd} lkpna} wl`` eb fru}cbumbvb`hpkbd} hf c|muhphwbu ld \rddnd #_UA,ndm }cb @nh _MU$ Lkpna}q nub anàr`n}bm }h eb9

#l, mu|+qbnqhd mlqacnugb n} Qnvnddnjcb}kn| ldaubnqb e| >12"$ Mruldg f`hhmqmlqacnugbq kn| ubmrab e| 55"$

#ll, wn}bu `bvb`q n} _cdhk _bdc wl`` eb`hwbubm fru}cbu mruldg f`hhmq ndmldaubnqbm fru}cbu mruldg }cb mu| qbnqhd$Nvbungb nddrn` knslkrk `bvb` hf ]hd`bQnp wl`` eb fru}cbu ubmrabm:

#lll, acndgbq ld f`hw pn}}bud wl`` cnvb nqlgdlfland} dbgn}lvb lkpna} hd }cbf`hhmp`nld ndm ]hd`b Qnp flqcbulbq: ndm

#lv, acndgbq ld f`hw pn}}budq wl`` chwbvbucnvb n qlgdlfland} phql}lvb lkpna} e|mnkpldg mnkngldg f`hhm ldalmbd}q ndm e|ldaubnqldg mu|+qbnqhd wn}bu `bvb`q }cn}wl`` qrpphu} luulgn}lhd ndm ubmrab qn`}ld}urqlhd ld}h }cb Kbjhdg mb`}n$

Dh}bq9 CLV(NLMQ ; crknd lkkrdhmbflalbda| vlurq(na~rlubm lkkrdhmbflalbda| q|dmuhkb

Qhruab9 Dnk ]cbrd 5 _hwbu Ahkpnd| Arkr`n}lvb Lkpna} Ndn`|qlq ndm Dnk ]cbrd 5 Ahd}uler}lhd Fldn` Ubphu}Dhvbkebu 5??= #al}bm ld NME 5??=,$

]cb ALN n`qh bsnkldbm }cb qpbalfla ahd}uler}lhd hf }cb Dnk ]cbrd 5 _uhiba} }h }cb

mhwdq}ubnk acndgbq ld }cb Kbjhdg Ulvbu$ ]cb Dnk ]cbrd 5 _uhiba} n`hdb lq pubmla}bm }hubqr`} ld nd ldaubnqb hf nehr} 3" ld mu|+qbnqhd mlqacnugb n} Qnvnddnjcb} wcl`b ubmraldg

6




f`hhm mlqacnugbq e| 5"$ ]cb Dnk ]cbrd 5 ubqbuvhlu lq n`qh bspba}bm }h anrqb hd`| nkldlkrk ub}bd}lhd hf qbmlkbd}q$ ]cb ALN ahda`rmbm }cn} }cb Dnk ]cbrd 5 _uhiba} n`hdb wl``cnvb nd ldqlgdlfland}5 dbgn}lvb lkpna} hd }cb Kbjhdg f`hhmp`nld ndm hd n`` nqpba}q hf }cb]hd`b Qnp `njb ndm ulvbu q|q}bk lda`rmldg flqc puhmra}lhd #NME 5??=,$

5$5$5 ]cb _nprn Dbw Grldbn Gnq _uhiba}1

]cb _nprn Dbw Grldbn #_DG, Gnq _uhiba} wnq puhphqbm }h mbvb`hp bslq}ldg hl` ndm gnqpuhmra}lhd flb`mq ld }cb _DG Clgc`ndmq }h puhmrab dn}run` gnq fhu bsphu} }h Nrq}un`ln e|plpb`ldb$ Hf }cb undgb hf bslq}ldg ndm phqqle`b fr}rub na}lvl}lbq nulqldg fuhk }clq puhiba} }chqbwl}c }cb gubn}bq} ph}bd}ln` fhu arkr`n}lvb bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q wbub ahkkbualn` fhubq}u|bdcndabm phpr`n}lhd khel`l}| ndm }cb crd}ldg hf fnrdn ndm ah``ba}lhd hf f`hun$ Ngular`}run`mbvb`hpkbd} wnq ahdq}unldbm e| vnulhrq fna}huq ndm h}cbu fhukq hf mbvb`hpkbd} #qrac nqflqcbulbq }hrulqk ndm kldldg, qbbkbm rd`ljb`| }h eb bs}bdqlvb ld qahpb$ Hd }cb crd}ldg hffnrdn ndm ah``ba}lhd hf f`hun }cb lkpuhvbm pre`la uhnm q|q}bk nqqhaln}bm wl}c }cb puhiba}whr`m bdne`b phnacbuq }h rqb vbcla`bq }h }unvb` fru}cbu nflb`m }h phnac wl`m`lfb$ A`hqbqrpbuvlqlhd e| nd| ub`n}bm ghvbudkbd} ngbda| wl`` eb mlfflar`} ebanrqb hf }cb ubkh}bdbqq hf}cb nubn$ ]crq kl}lgn}lhd kbnqrubq }cn} and ubqphdm }h }clq puhe`bk dbbmbm }h eb bsp`hubm$

Kbnqrubq whr`m n`qh eb lkp`bkbd}bm #mruldg puhiba} hpbun}lhdq, }h `lkl} }cb lkpna} hdelhmlvbuql}| anrqbm e| puhiba} whujbuq ld puhiba}+kndngbm nubnq fhu bsnkp`b }cb ldq}l}r}lhdhf ph`lalbq ndm puhclel}lhdq ub`n}bm }h wl`m`lfb mlq}ruendab ndm cnunqqkbd} crd}ldg ndmvbgb}n}lhd gnumbdldg b}a$ Ldvh`vldg `ndmhwdbuq ld }cb qrpbuvlqlhd hf uhnm qba}lhdq wnq hdbphqqle`b nppuhnac }h kndngldg }clq lqqrb$ Ubq}ula}lhdq hd anuu|ldg grdq fhu crd}ldg n`qhdbbmbm }h eb ahdqlmbubm #Bqqh Clgc`ndmq @}m$ 5??6,$

5$1 Qba}hu+Wlmb ndm Bahdhk|+Wlmb Bdvluhdkbd}n` Lkpna}q

N puhiba} and eb vbu| `nugb ub`n}lvb }h n qba}hu ndm(hu bahdhk|$ Ld }cb anqb hf n qkn``bahdhk| lkp`bkbd}n}lhd hf n `nugb puhiba} kn| cnvb qba}hu+wlmb ndm(hu bahdhk|+wlmb

lkp`lan}lhdq$ ]cbubfhub n q}un}bgla lkpna} nqqbqqkbd} #QLN, dbbmq }h eb rdmbu}njbd }hlmbd}lf| ph}bd}ln` lkpna}q n} }cb qba}hu+ ndm(hu bahdhk|+wlmb `bvb` nq wb`` nq }cb hp}lhdqnvnl`ne`b }h nvhlm }cb lkpna}q lmbd}lflbm$ Nd QLN ld}bgun}bq bdvluhdkbd}n` lqqrbq wl}cbahdhkla ndm qba}hun` ph`lalbq n} }cb p`nddldg q}ngb un}cbu }cnd n} }cb lkp`bkbd}n}lhdq}ngb ndm lq }crq n rqbfr` }hh` }h eulmgb }cb ph`la| mlvlmb }cn} qbpnun}bq }cb ghvbudkbd}ldq}l}r}lhdq ubqphdqle`b fhu bahdhkla p`nddldg fuhk }cb `ldb ldmrq}ulbq ld acnugb hfbdvluhdkbd}n` puh}ba}lhd n} }cb p`nddldg q}ngb hf nd| mbvb`hpkbd} na}lvl}| #Ycndg 5??3,$

5$1$> ]cb Dnk ]cbrd 5 C|muhb`ba}ula _uhiba} ld }cb @nh _MU

Ld ubahgdl}lhd hf }cb fna} }cn} }clq lq n `nugb puhiba} wclac kn| cnvb qba}hu+wlmb lkp`lan}lhdqnd QLN wnq rdmbu}njbd }h bsnkldb }cb euhnmbu lqqrbq fnabm e| c|muhphwbu mbvb`hpkbd} ld}cb @nh _MU ndm }h mbvb`hp q}un}bgla pulhul}lbq fhu rqb e| ghvbudkbd} ldq}l}r}lhdq mhdhuq

pulvn}b ldvbq}huq ndm h}cbu q}njbch`mbuq }h lkpuhvb }cb kndngbkbd} hf bdvluhdkbd}n` ndmqhaln` lqqrbq wl}cld }cb qba}hu$ Qpbalflan``| }cb QLN ubvlbwbm }cb p`nddldg `bgn` ubgr`n}hu|ndm ldq}l}r}lhdn` funkbwhujq ld }cb @nh _MU bq}lkn}bm }cb bdvluhdkbd}n` ndm qhaln`

5Qlgdlflandab lq enqbm hd wcb}cbu hu dh} }cb ldmrabm lkpna}q hf Dnk ]cbrd 5 nub wl}cld }cb undgb hf dhukn`f`ra}rn}lhd$1 BsshdKhel` ndm l}q pnu}dbuq cnvb nendmhdbm }cb ahdabp} hf n plpb`ldb fhu bsphu}ldg dn}run` gnq }h Nrq}un`ln

mrb }h `hw ub`n}lvb ebdbfl}q ndm qcnup`| clgcbu ahdq}ura}lhd ahq}q$ ]cb| nub dhw pruqrldg }cb ahdabp} hfpuhmraldg @DG }h bsphu} dn}run` gnq ld}budn}lhdn``| }nugb}bm puldalpn``| }h Nqlnd knujb}q$ Ld ahkpnulqhd wl}c }cb}h}n` vn`rb hf hr}pr} bq}lkn}bm n} RQ->= el``lhd‑RQ-51 el``lhd #ld 5??6 RQ-, n}}uler}bm }h }cb _nprn Dbw GrldbnGnq _uhiba} #Bqqh Clgc`ndmq @}m$ 5??6, }cb }h}n` vn`rb hf hr}pr} fhu }cb @DG puhiba} lq bq}lkn}bm n} RQ-22el``lhd‑RQ->51 el``lhd #ld 5??7 RQ-, wl}c RQ-<2 el``lhd ld }cb q}rm| anqb #NAL@ ]nqknd @}m$ 5??3,$ Mbqpl}b }clq

}cb _nprn Dbw Grldbn Gnq _uhiba} lq q}l`` al}bm ld }clq pnpbu ebanrqb l} bsbkp`lflbq chw n vnulb}| hf lqqrbq dbbm}h eb nmmubqqbm ld }cb puhiba} mbqlgd q}ngb$ ]cb nr}chu hf }cb pnpbu lq gun}bfr` }h Enuu| Ublm wch puhvlmbm }cbubphu}q fhu }cb }wh puhiba}q$

7




lkpna}q hf }cb h}cbu 5> c|muhphwbu puhiba}q }cn} enqbm hd p`ndq nub }cb khq} `ljb`| }h eberl`} ld }cb dbs} >2 |bnuq ndm lmbd}lflbm n} }cb qba}hu `bvb` }cb drkbuhrq q}un}bglahpphu}rdl}lbq nvnl`ne`b }h nvhlm lkpna}q ndm lkpuhvb bdvluhdkbd}n` ndm qhaln` kndngbkbd}#Dhup`nd 5??=: NME 5??=,$

5$= A`lkn}b Nmnp}n}lhd ndm Kl}lgn}lhdAuhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q kn| `bnm }h acndgbq ld `ndm rqb fhubq} ndm vbgb}n}lhdahvbungb bahq|q}bkq ndm elhmlvbuql}| qph}q ndm ub`han}lhd hf crknd qb}}`bkbd}q b}a$]cbqb acndgbq kn| pr} }cb nffba}bm ubglhdq ld pnu}lar`nu }chqb nùbnm| vr`dbune`b }ha`lkn}b acndgb n} gubn} ulqj ndm nffba} }cblu nel`l}lbq }h nmnp} }h a`lkn}b acndgb ndmknld}nld anuehd qldjq$ Hd }cb phql}lvb qlmb qhkb auhqq+ehumbu bdbug| puhiba}q wl`` bdne`bbslq}ldg bdbug| ahdqrkbuq }h rqb c|muhphwbu ndm(hu dn}run` gnq ld p`nab hf ahn` ndm(hu hl`$]clq wl`` ebdbfl} }cb bdvluhdkbd} eh}c `han``| ndm g`hen``| e| ubmraldg `han` ph``r}nd}q #b$g$bklqqlhdq hf qr`fru mlhslmb ZQH5[ ndm dl}uhgbd hslmb ZDHs[, ndm g`hen` ph``r}nd}q #b$g$bklqqlhdq hf anuehd mlhslmb ZAH5[ ndm h}cbu gubbdchrqb gnqbq ZGCGq[,$ Chwbvbu ebanrqba`lkn}b lqqrbq cnvb dh} ebbd n} }cb }hp hf }cb ngbdmn ld }clq ubglhd vbu| fbw auhqq+ehumbu

ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q cnvb }h mn}b fna}hubm a`lkn}b nmnp}n}lhd ndm kl}lgn}lhd ld}h hvbun`àhdqlmbun}lhdq$ Wcbd }cbqb lqqrbq cnvb ebbd ahdqlmbubm }cb| cnvb dh} ebbd mhdb qh ldmb}nl`$

Ebanrqb aruubd} mbvb`hpkbd}q wl`` qb} }cb pn}}budq fhu bdbug| ndm }undqphu} rqb ld }clqubglhd ndm wl`` cnvb n `nq}ldg bffba} hd a`lkn}b acndgb }cbub lq n gubn} dbbm }h }chuhrgc`|mharkbd} eh}c }cb dbgn}lvb lkp`lan}lhdq fhu a`lkn}b acndgb }cn} nulqb fuhk auhqq+ehumbuldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q ndm }cb ph}bd}ln` a`lkn}b ebdbfl}q }cn} }cbqb puhiba}q and euldg ld}bukq hf ubmrabm GCGq ndm }cb knld}bdndab hf anuehd qldjq #fhu bsnkp`b }cuhrgc }cbpubqbuvn}lhd hf `ndm ndm fhubq} ahvbungb,$ Chwbvbu l} qchr`m eb phld}bm hr} }cn} wcl`b l} lqub`n}lvb`| bnq| }h anàr`n}b }cb ubmrabm GCG bklqqlhdq }cn} wl`` ubqr`} fuhk ubp`naldg }cbbslq}ldg rqb hf ahn` ndm(hu hl` wl}c auhqq+ehumbu c|muhphwbu ndm(hu dn}run` gnq l} lq vbu|

mlfflar`} }h bq}lkn}b h}cbu a`lkn}b lkpna}q qrac nq }cb lkpna} hd anuehd qldjq pnu}lar`nu`|wcbd n puhiba} ldvh`vbq crgb acndgbq ld `ndm rqb fhubq} ndm vbgb}n}lhd ahvbungbbahq|q}bkq ndm elhmlvbuql}| qph}q ndm ub`han}lhd hf crknd qb}}`bkbd}q b}a$

5$=$> ]cb _nprn Dbw Grldbn Gnq _uhiba}

]cb gnq qrpp`lbm e| }clq puhiba} }h ahdqrkbuq ld Nrq}un`ln whr`m bdne`b bslq}ldg bdbug|rqbuq }h }undqfbu }h a`bnd+erudldg dn}run` gnq ndm nwn| fuhk anuehd+ld}bdqlvb frb`q qrac nqahn`$ ]cb qlgdlfland} GCGq }cn} wbub ub`bnqbm mruldg }cb ahkerq}lhd hf dn}run` gnq wbubAH5 ndm dl}uhgbd mlhslmb #DH5,$ L} cnm ebbd bq}lkn}bm }cn} }cb GCG bklqqlhdq nvhlmbmwhr`m eb nuhrdm > kl``lhd }hdq hf AH5 #K} AH5, b~rlvn`bd}= pbu |bnu fhu }cb fluq} }wh |bnuq hfgnq qrpp`|$ ]cb nvhlmbm GCG bklqqlhdq whr`m pbnj n} = K} AH5 b~rlvn`bd} ld 5?>2 ndmubknldbm n} nuhrdm 5 K} AH5 b~rlvn`bd} }cuhrgchr} }cb ubknldmbu hf }cb `lfb hf }cb puhiba}$

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1$ KL]LGN]LHD KBNQRUBQ

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3




hp}lhdq }h mb}bukldb wcb}cbu }cb puhphqbm hp}lhd lq ldmbbm }cb khq} n}}una}lvb: anubfr``|qb`ba}ldg puhiba} ql}bq ndm uhr}bq: ubmraldg }cb drkebu hf ankp fh``hwbuq: mbvb`hpldg ndmlkp`bkbd}ldg puhpbu ahd}una} nwnumldg q|q}bkq: qpbalf|ldg }cb gubbd aubmbd}ln`q ub~rlubm hfcbnm ahdq}ura}lhd ahd}una}huq: ndm bdgngldg puhiba}+nffba}bm pbhp`b ndm ahkkrdl}lbq ndmh}cbu ahdabudbm q}njbch`mbuq ld pre`la ahdqr`}n}lhd ndm mlqa`hqrub puhabqqbq mruldg }cbpuhiba} mbqlgd q}ngb$ Enqbm hd }cb ldfhukn}lhd nvnl`ne`b fhu }cubb puhphqbm ndm ahkp`b}bmauhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q }clq qba}lhd wl`` mlqarqq }h }cb bs}bd} phqqle`b wcb}cbu}cbqb puhiba}q cnvb }njbd }cb nvnl`ne`b kl}lgn}lhd hp}lhdq ld}h naahrd} mruldg }cb puhiba}mbqlgd q}ngb$

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>5




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>1




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Nd n`}budn}lvb fhu }cb qn`bq gnq plpb`ldb uhr}b whr`m cnvb ebbd }h erl`m nd bd}lub`| dbwUHW }h ahvbu }cb qchu}bq} mlq}ndab hvbu `ndm }h }cb qchu}bq} qbn auhqqldg hf }cb ]huubqQ}unl}$ ]clq whr`m cnvb ldvh`vbm n ahuulmhu urddldg uhrgc`| qhr}cwbq} fuhk }cb Jr}rerAbd}un` _uhmra}lhd Fnal`l}|: pnqqldg }h }cb qhr}c hf K}$ Ehqnvl: urddldg nauhqq }cbf`hhmp`nldq hf }cb Q}ulaj`ndm Enkr ndm Nunknln ulvbuq }h auhqq }cb F`| Ulvbu: }cbd }unajldgqhr}c nauhqq qwnkpq qnvnddnc ndm f`hhmbm gunqq`ndm }h n `ndmfn`` hd ]huubq Q}unl}$ Nqn`bq gnq plpb`ldb urddldg n`hdg }clq gbdbun` ahuulmhu klgc} cnvb ldvh`vbm rp }h 1?? jk `bqqhffqchub plpb`ldb ndm ahr`m cnvb ebbd qhkb >6? jk qchu}bu hvbun``$ Chwbvbu }cb knihul}|hf }cb dbw ahuulmhu whr`m cnvb pnqqbm }cuhrgc `nugb`| rdmlq}ruebm fhubq}bm nubnq qwnkpqndm h}cbu wb}`ndmq anrqldg gubn}bu nmvbuqb bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q }cnd whr`m }cb rqb hf}cb bslq}ldg Jr}rer+Jhpl+Hkn}l UHW fhu }cb qn`bq gnq plpb`ldb uhr}b$ ]cb dbw UHW whr`mn`qh cnvb ebbd }bacdlan``| khub acn``bdgldg }cnd }cb Jr}rer+Jhpl+Hkn}l UHW qldab l}whr`m cnvb pnqqbm }cuhrgc eh}c khrd}nldhrq ndm f`hhmp`nld nubnq knjldg eh}cahdq}ura}lhd ndm `hglq}laq khub ahq}`|$ ]cb achlab hf }cb bslq}ldg Jr}rer+Jhpl+Hkn}l UHWwnq fhrdm }h eb khub nmvnd}ngbhrq ld }bukq hf bdgldbbuldg bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna} ndm ahq}#Bqqh Clgc`ndmq @}m$ 5??6,$

Bvbd lf ql}bq ndm uhr}bq nub dh} `han}bm ld qbdql}lvb nubnq }cb ubqlmbd}q dbnu }h ndm n`hdg

uhr}bq kn| ubna} dbgn}lvb`| }h }cb ahdq}ura}lhd hf `nugb puhiba}q mrb }h bdvluhdkbd}nàhdabudq$ ]cb ph}bd}ln` lkpna} hf `han` pre`la ubqlq}ndab qchr`m dh} eb rdmbubq}lkn}bm$ ]cbdh}+ld+k|+enaj|num #DLKE\, q|dmuhkb lq dh} rdlfhuk bvbu|wcbub er} l} and mb`n| n puhiba}hu bvbd anrqb l} }h eb andab``bm bvbd lf }cb bs}bd} hf }cb q|dmuhkb lq khmbq} #\bugld ndmYlff 5??=,$ Mrjbu} #5??2, qchwq }cn} bvbd wcbub }cb DLKE\ hpphql}lhd wnq ub`n}lvb`| qkn``ld qahpb l} qraabqqfr``| e`hajbm plpb`ldb uhr}bq fuhk Andnmn“q Knul}lkb puhvldabq }h DbwBdg`ndm ndm Dbw \huj nq wb`` nq puhphqbm @DG ldq}n``n}lhdq ld }cb Rdl}bm Q}n}bq$ ]clqa`bnu`| qrggbq}q }cn} }cbub lq gubn} dbbm fhu puhiba} puhphdbd}q }h mbvlqb ndm lkp`bkbd}hr}ubnac ndm ahkkrdlan}lhd q}un}bglbq nlkbm n} bmran}ldg }cb gbdbun` pre`la ld humbu }hldaubnqb pre`la qrpphu}$

1$1 Whuj Ankpq ndm Fh``hwbuq]cb lkpna}q hf whuj ankpq and eb kldlklybm }cuhrgc anubfr` `han}lhd }cn} cb`pq }h kldlklyb}cb nqqhaln}bm vbgb}n}lhd a`bnundab ndm }cb mbq}ura}lhd hf bdmndgbubm qpbalbq“ ndm wl`m`lfbcnel}n}q$ Enqbm hd }cb bspbulbdab hf }cb ]cbrd Cldehrd C|muhb`ba}ula _uhiba} ld }cb @nh_MU whuj ankpq and n}}una} rp }h fhru }lkbq nq knd| ankp fh``hwbuq #dnkb`| fnkl`lbq hfwhujbuq ndm qbuvlab puhvlmbuq, #NME 5??=,$ ]cb whujfhuab ndm }cb ankp fh``hwbuq pr}pubqqrub hd `ndm ndm dn}run` ubqhruabq gbdbun}b qh`lm ndm `l~rlm wnq}bq ndm ldaubnqbpre`la cbn`}c ulqjq$ Nd nqqbqqkbd} hf }cb BLNq rdmbu}njbd fhu }cubb ahkp`b}bm puhiba}q ld}cb @nh _MU #]cbrd Cldehrd Chrn| Ch ndm Dnk @brj, fhrdm }cn} }cb dbgn}lvb lkpna}qahddba}bm wl}c }cb ldf`rs hf whujbuq ndm ankp fh``hwbuq wbub ld gbdbun` ldnmb~rn}b`|nmmubqqbm ndm p`nddbm fhu #Dhup`nd 5??=,$ Kl}lgn}lhd kbnqrubq dbbm }h eb wb`` mbvb`hpbm

ld humbu }h ubmrab }cbqb ph}bd}ln` lkpna}q$ H}cbuwlqb ldnppuhpuln}b qh`lm wnq}b mlqphqnàhr`m `bnm }h }cb ahd}nkldn}lhd hf qhl` guhrdmwn}bu ndm ulvbuq ndm }cb qpubnm hf pbq}q ndm

>2




ahkkrdlane`b mlqbnqbq wcl`b ldnmb~rn}b }ubn}kbd} hf wnq}bwn}bu ahr`m anrqb wn}bu~rn`l}| puhe`bkq ld nminabd} wn}bu ehmlbq$ Ld nmml}lhd puhiba} mbvb`hpbuq dbbm }h ldvbq}lgn}bchw }cb lkpna} hf whuj ankpq ahr`m eb fru}cbu ubmrabm e| kldlklyldg }cb drkebu hffh``hwbuq }cuhrgc b$g$ knslklyldg }cb bkp`h|kbd} hf pbhp`b fuhk ndm(hu a`hqb }h }cbpuhiba} nubn$

1$= Nwnumq hf Kbkhundmn hf Rdmbuq}ndmldg #KHRq, ndm @labdqbqfhu _uhqpba}lvb _uhiba} Mbvb`hpbuq

Mbvb`hpldg ndm lkp`bkbd}ldg n puhpbu ahd}una} nwnumldg q|q}bk and cb`p }h nvhlm hukldlklyb }cb ph}bd}ln``| dbgn}lvb bdvluhdkbd}n` ndm qhaln` lkpna}q hf p`nddbm puhiba}q$ ]hbdqrub gubn}bu }undqpnubda| ndm }cb eb}}bu ld}bgun}lhd hf BLN fldmldgq wl}c }bacdlan`p`nddldg l} lq pubfbune`b }cn} n ahkpb}l}lvb elmmldg q|q}bk eb ld}uhmrabm }h ubp`nab }cb KHRdbgh}ln}lhd+enqbm nwnumldg q|q}bk$ N`}budn}lvb`| }cb ahd}bd} hf KHRq qchr`m ebq}ndmnumlybm }h lda`rmb bdvluhdkbd}n` ndm qhaln` ub~rlubkbd}q$ N} n kldlkrk ahd}una}+nwnumldg nr}chul}lbq dbbm }h mbvb`hp n ahkpubcbdqlvb mharkbd} fhu rp+fuhd} pubqbd}n}lhd}h puhqpba}lvb mbvb`hpbuq wclac hr}`ldbq }cb bdvluhdkbd}n` ndm qhaln` ub~rlubkbd}q

ahd}nldbm ld `nwq ndm ubgr`n}lhdq$ ]cbub lq n`qh n dbbm }h q}ndmnumlyb ahdabqqlhd `labdqbq}h lda`rmb bdvluhdkbd}n` ndm qhaln` puhvlqlhdq qh nq }h bdqrub }cn} }cbqb ub~rlubkbd}q nubknmb `bgn``| eldmldg #Dhup`nd 5??=,$

1$2 Bdvluhdkbd}n` hu Gubbd Aubmbd}ln`q hf }cb Cbnm Ahdq}ura}lhdAhd}una}hu

]cb cbnm ahdq}ura}lhd ahd}una}hu #CAA, lq ubqphdqle`b fhu lkp`bkbd}ldg kbnqrubq }h nvhlmhu kldlklyb bdvluhdkbd}n` qhaln` ndm cbn`}c lkpna}q mruldg ahdq}ura}lhd$ ]cb CAA“qbdvluhdkbd}n` aubmbd}ln`q ld nmml}lhd }h l}q h}cbu }bacdlan` ndm fldndaln` aubmbd}ln`q nubauraln` ndm abu}nld q}ndmnumq hf aubmbd}ln` qchr`m eb ahdqlmbubm n pubub~rlql}b fhu ~rn`lf|ldg

nq n ahd}una}hu$ ]clq kbndq }cn} }cb CAA qchr`m npp`| ld}budn}lhdn` q}ndmnum ~rn`l}|nqqrundab puhabmrubq ndm nd bdvluhdkbd}n` kndngbkbd} q|q}bk ld fr`` ahkp`lndab wl}cbl}cbu Ld}budn}lhdn` Hugndlyn}lhd hf Q}ndmnumlyn}lhd #LQH, >=??> hu }cb Bruhpbnd Rdlhd Bah+Nrml} ndm Kndngbkbd} Qacbkb #BKNQ,$ ]h nvhlm }cb ph}bd}ln``| `lkl}ldg bffba}q hf }clqqpbalflan}lhd ghvbudkbd}q kn| ubfbu }h hu mbkndm nmcbubdab }h }cb qpbalflbmbdvluhdkbd}n` kndngbkbd} q}ndmnumq ‐hu b~rlvn`bd}‛ #Ycndg ndm Nqqrdçáh 5??=,$ ]clq wl``n``hw }chqb ahd}una}huq ld fr`` ahkp`lndab wl}c ahkpnune`b hu qlkl`nu bdvluhdkbd}n`kndngbkbd} q|q}bkq }h eb b`lgle`b }h pnu}lalpn}b ld elmmldg fhu ahdq}ura}lhd ahd}una}q$

1$6 _re`la Ahdqr`}n}lhd ndm Mlqa`hqrub _uhabqqbq

N `naj hf eh}c }undqpnubda| ndm alvl` qhalb}| pnu}lalpn}lhd mruldg }cb puhiba} mbqlgd q}ngb lq

hf}bd al}bm nq n pnu}lar`nu puhe`bk hf auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q$ ]h kldlklyb npuhiba}“q ph}bd}ln` dbgn}lvb lkpna}q puhiba}+nffba}bm pbhp`b ndm ahkkrdl}lbq ndm h}cbuahdabudbm q}njbch`mbuq dbbm }h eb bdgngbm ld n pre`la ahdqr`}n}lhd ndm mlqa`hqrub puhabqqmruldg puhiba} mbqlgd$ ]clq dh} hd`| bdne`bq puhiba}+nffba}bm pbhp`b ndm ahkkrdl}lbq }hqpbnj fubb`| nehr} }cblu ahdabudq$ Khub lkphu}nd}`| }clq puhabqq bdqrubq }cn} ahdabudq nubnmmubqqbm ndm wcbubvbu dbabqqnu| ldahuphun}bm ld}h puhiba} p`nddldg ndm mbqlgd }cbqb`ba}lhd hf ubqb}}`bkbd} ql}bq ndm }cb fhukr`n}lhd hf nppuhpuln}b ubkbmln` kbnqrubq$ ]cbnffba}bm pnu}lbq“ a`hqb ldvh`vbkbd} ld ndm rdmbuq}ndmldg hf }clq puhabqq wl`` ld }rud cb`p }hkldlklyb }cb `ljb`lchhm hf nmvbuqb hr}ahkbq wl}c ubgnum }h }cb ubqb}}`bkbd} ahkpbdqn}lhdndm ubcnel`l}n}lhd p`ndq$ Nd nqqbqqkbd} hf }cb BLNq fhu }cubb ahkp`b}bm puhiba}q ld }cb @nh_MU #]cbrd Cldehrd Chrn| Ch ndm Dnk @brj, fhrdm }cn} ahkpbdqn}lhd ndm ubqb}}`bkbd}dbbmq wbub rdmbubq}lkn}bm ndm ldqrfflalbd}`| p`nddbm ndm ermgb}bm fhu #Dhup`nd 5??=,$

>6




Fhu dbw puhiba}q }cbub lq n`qh n gbdbun` }bdmbda| }h rdmbubq}lkn}b ubqb}}`bkbd} dbbmq ld}cb ldl}ln` pcnqbq hf puhiba} pubpnun}lhd pnu}`| }h jbbp }cb hvbun`` ahq}q mhwd ld humbu }hknjb }cb puhphqbm puhiba}q nppbnu bahdhklan``| qhrdm ndm pnu}`| }h nvhlm }ulggbuldg nmbkndm fhu n ubqb}}`bkbd} na}lhd p`nd nq ub~rlubm e| }cb kr`}l`n}bun` mbvb`hpkbd} endjqndm dn}lhdn` ubgr`n}lhdq$6 Nq n ubqr`} }cuhrgchr} }clq ubglhd puhiba} mbvb`hpbuq ndm puhiba}+nffba}bm pbhp`b ndm ahkkrdl}lbq nub fub~rbd}`| ld ahdf`la} wl}c hdb ndh}cbu ubgnumldgahkpbdqn}lhd ndm ubqb}}`bkbd} qb}}`bkbd}q$ Ld }cb anqb hf }cb _cdhk _bdc }h Ch Acl KldcAl}| Clgcwn| _uhiba} ahkp`nld}q wbub fl`bm a`nlkldg }cn} }cb `bvb` hf ahkpbdqn}lhd pnlm wnqdh} nmb~rn}b }h ubq}hub }cb bahdhkla ndm qhaln` enqbq hf }cb pbhp`b nffba}bm e| }cbAnkehmlnd ahkphdbd}$ Hf }cb }h}n` hf >3 ubvlbw klqqlhdq rdmbu}njbd e| NME nf}bu }cblu`hnd ebankb bffba}lvb 7 wbub ubqb}}`bkbd} ubvlbw klqqlhdq ld ubqphdqb }h }cb puhe`bkq }cn}cnm haaruubm$ NME rdmbu}hhj }cbqb ubvlbw klqqlhdq ndm }cb qreqb~rbd} ubqb}}`bkbd} nrml}q}h mb}bukldb }cb vn`lml}| hf }cb ahkp`nld}q ndm whuj wl}c }cb ghvbudkbd} }h ubqh`vb }cbk#NME 5??7e,$ A`bnu`| cnvldg puhiba}+nffba}bm pbhp`b ndm ahkkrdl}lbq ldvh`vbm ld n puhabqqhf pre`la ahdqr`}n}lhd ndm mlqa`hqrub qchr`m cb`p }h mb}bukldb }cb puhpbu ahkpbdqn}lhd ndmubqb}}`bkbd} nuundgbkbd}q ld nmvndab hf puhiba} lkp`bkbd}n}lhd$

1$7 Nmvlqhu| Guhrpq

Nd nmvlqhu| guhrp hu pndb` hf bspbu}q dbbmq }h eb bq}ne`lqcbm fhu bvbu| puhiba}$ ]clq guhrpqchr`m cnvb n kndmn}b }h rdmbu}njb nd ldmbpbdmbd} ubvlbw hf ndm puhvlmb grlmndab hd }cbhvbun`` nqpba}q hf }cb puhiba} lda`rmldg bdvluhdkbd}n` ndm qhaln` lqqrbq$ Nkhdgq} h}cbumr}lbq }cb guhrp qchr`m puhmrab ldmbpbdmbd} ubphu}q ahdabudldg }cb puhiba}“q ahkp`lndabwl}c bdvluhdkbd}n` ndm qhaln` qnfbgrnumq ndm frdmldg ngbda| grlmb`ldbq ndm l} qchr`mubahkkbdm ubkbmln` kbnqrubq }h eb npp`lbm ld }cb bvbd} hf dhd+ahkp`lndab wl}c qnlmqnfbgrnumq ndm grlmb`ldbq$ N ahhumldn}hu qchr`m eb npphld}bm n} }cb ub~rbq} hf }cbahrd}ulbq ahdabudbm ld anqbq wcbub puhiba}q bdahrd}bu lkp`bkbd}n}lhd mlfflar`}lbq$

=$ JB\ LQQRBQ HF AUHQQ+EHUMBU LDFUNQ]URA]RUB_UHIBA]Q

Ld nmml}lhd }h }cb lqqrbq hr}`ldbm ld }cb pubvlhrq }wh qba}lhdq hf }clq pnpbu lqqrbq wclac nubqcnubm e| n`` ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q ubgnum`bqq hf }cblu `han}lhd auhqq+ehumbu puhiba}q fnabnmml}lhdn` acn``bdgbq ub`n}lvb }h dn}lhdn` puhiba}q$ ]cb bslq}bdab hf }bacdlan` ubgr`n}hu|ldq}l}r}lhdn` ndm `bgn` heq}na`bq ahdq}unld }cb mbvb`hpkbd} hf auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rubpuhiba}q$ Naclbvldg n ph`la| funkbwhuj”n} }cb dn}lhdn` `bvb` ndm(hu wcbubvbu dbabqqnu| n}}cb ubglhdn` `bvb`”}cn} and qrpphu} }cb mbvb`hpkbd} hf qrac puhiba}q ndm bdqrub }cn} }cb|hpbun}b puhpbu`| ndm ub`lne`| wcl`b n`qh kndngldg ndm kldlklyldg }cblu bdvluhdkbd}n`lkpna}q ub~rlubq puhpbu }bacdlan` qpbalflan}lhdq ndm wb``+frda}lhdldg ubgr`n}hu| ldq}l}r}lhdn`

ndm ̀ bglq`n}lvb(`bgn` funkbwhujq wl}c a`bnu ̀ ldbq hf hvbuqlgc}$

=$> ]bacdlan` Qpbalflan}lhdq

Hdb hf }cb acn``bdgbq fhu auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q lq }cn} bnac pnu}lalpn}ldgahrd}u| kn| cnvb mlffbubd} q}ndmnumq grlmb`ldbq ndm puhabmrubq fhu }bacdlan` kn}}buq$Ebanrqb }cbqb q}ndmnumq ndm puhabmrubq b}a$ and vnu| ld eh}c ahd}bd} ndm phld} hflkp`bkbd}n}lhd }cb bs}bd} }h wclac }cb| lkpbmb }cb mbvb`hpkbd} hf auhqq+ehumbu puhiba}qmlffbuq mbpbdmldg hd }cb puhiba} }|pb$ Fhu bsnkp`b }bacdlan` qpbalflan}lhdq qpbalfla }h nauhqq+ehumbu uhnm puhiba} wl`` hd`| ldvh`vb uhnm ndm eulmgb mbqlgd ndm qlgdngb q}ndmnumq n}}cb ahdq}ura}lhd q}ngb wcbubnq }bacdlan` q}ndmnumq nub bqqbd}ln` }cuhrgchr} eh}c }cb

6 Fhu bsnkp`b Whu`m Endj ndm @nh _MU grlmb`ldbq ub~rlub n ubqb}}`bkbd} na}lhd p`nd eb puhmrabm hdab }cb

drkebu hf nd}lalpn}bm ubqb}}`bkbd}q nulqldg fuhk nd| hdb puhiba} bsabbmq 5?? pbhp`b #Dhup`nd 5??=,$

>7




ahdq}ura}lhd ndm hpbun}lhd hf n auhqq+ehumbu phwbu puhiba} lf l} lq }h knld}nld l}q hpbun}lhdn`ld}bgul}|$ ]h ubkbm| }clq hdab ql}bq ndm uhr}bq cnvb ebbd qb} }cb ldvh`vbm ahrd}ulbq dbbm}h ngubb }h mb}nl`bm }bacdlan` qpbalflan}lhdq ndm mbvb`hp cnukhdlybm q}ndmnumq fhu mbqlgdahdq}ura}lhd hpbun}lhd knld}bdndab cbn`}c qnfb}| ndm bdvluhdkbd} ndm kbnqrubkbd} ldhumbu }h kl}lgn}b ph}bd}ln` ulqjq ndm bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q$ Mlffbubdabq ld q}ndmnumq ndmpuhabmrubq b}a$ kn| n`qh ahd}uler}b }h }cb pubvlhrq`| kbd}lhdbm ahdabudq nehr} }cbub`lnel`l}| hf ld}buahddba}bm phwbu gulmq$

=$5 Ubgr`n}hu| Funkbwhujq

Ubgr`n}hu| lqqrbq lda`rmb pulaldg }nulffq }undql} ndm rqbu fbbq naabqq ndm rqb }undqklqqlhdubgr`n}lhd kb}buldg `hnm qpbalflan}lhdq ldqrundab q}ndmnumq cbn`}c ndm qnfb}| qbarul}| hfqrpp`| ndm bkbugbda| qrpp`| nuundgbkbd}q$ Nuundgbkbd}q fhu pulaldg }nulffq ndm naabqqndm rqb nub bqpbaln``| aul}lan` ebanrqb rdmbu+pulaldg ld }cb ubablvldg knujb}q bsabqqlvb}undql} ndm rqbu fbbq ubq}ula}lhdq hd hu rdfnvhune`b }undqklqqlhd hf }undql} naabqq rda`bnuld}buahddba}lhd ub~rlubkbd}q ndm bsabqqlvb `lnel`l}| ldqrundab ub~rlubkbd}q n`` cnkpbu }cbmbvb`hpkbd} hf auhqq+ehumbu puhiba}q$ Ld }clq qba}lhd }cb fharq wl`` eb hd }cbqb jb|

ubgr`n}hu| lqqrbq$ Qpbaln` n}}bd}lhd lq mbvh}bm }h }cb wn|q ld wclac puhe`bkq nqqhaln}bmwl}c }cbqb jb| ubgr`n}hu| lqqrbq and eb }naj`bm$

=$5$> _ulaldg ndm ]nulffq

‐Bdbug| qbarul}|‛ lq hf}bd n ubnml`| rqbm mbfbdqb fhu n ahrd}u|“q ub`ra}ndab }h eb mbpbdmbd}hd ndh}cbu ahrd}u| fhu l}q bdbug| qrpp`| hu }h bsphu} wcn} lq vlbwbm nq n q}un}bgla dn}lhdn`nqqb}$ ]clq ph`l}lan` ahdqlmbun}lhd ahkeldbm wl}c rdmbu+pulaldg hf dn}run` gnq ndm phwbu ldubablvldg knujb}q fru}cbu cnkpbuq }cb mbvb`hpkbd} hf auhqq+ehumbu phwbu ndm dn}run` gnqpuhiba}q$ Fhu bsnkp`b ld n ubablvldg ahrd}u| wcbub mlbqb` lq cbnvl`| qreqlmlybm mlbqb`+flubmr}l`l}lbq nub n`qh ld bffba} cbnvl`| qreqlmlybm rd`bqq }nulffq lda`rmb n} `bnq} }cb nkhrd} hfqreqlmlbq }h mlbqb` ldpr}q$ R}l`l}lbq qrac nq }cbqb wl`` ubqlq} }cb hpbdldg hf }cb mhkbq}la

knujb} ld }cb fluq} p`nab$ Bvbd lf mhkbq}la knujb}q nub hpbd fhu ahkpb}l}lhd plpbm dn}run`gnq+flubm r}l`l}lbq wl`` dh} eb ne`b }h ahkpb}b hd pulab rd}l` mlbqb` ndm h}cbu fhqql` frb`qreqlmlbq nub ubkhvbm ld }cb ubablvldg knujb}q$ ]clq qrggbq}q }cn} mhkbq}la ubgr`n}lhdqkrq} ahd}nld }cb ahuuba} bahdhkla ldabd}lvbq n} }cb hr}qb} ld humbu }h bdahrungb }cberl`mldg hf auhqq+ehumbu puhiba}q$ Ldmlvlmrn` ghvbudkbd}q dbbm }h khvb }hwnumq knujb}+enqbm pulaldg q|q}bkq ndm nwn| fuhk puna}labq qrac nq pulab ld}buvbd}lhdq ndm }nsmlq}hu}lhdq wclac `bnm }h }cb ldbfflalbd} pulaldg hf dn}run` gnq hu phwbu$

Qlkl`nu`| phwbu }nulffq nub auraln` ld mb}bukldldg wcb}cbu b`ba}ula phwbu gulm ld}buahddba}lhd}njbq hff ebanrqb nvbungb gbdbun}lhd ahq}q ndm pulab `bvb`q ld ubablvldg knujb}q wl`` qbuvbnq ebdacknujq fhu lkphu}bm phwbu$ ]njb }cb puhphqbm phwbu gulm ld}buahddba}lhd eb}wbbd}cb Urqqlnd Fnu Bnq} ndm Jhubn$ Nq hf 5??1 }cb nvbungb gbdbun}lhd ahq} ndm b`ba}ulal}|pulab wbub ubqpba}lvb`| =$> ndm 6$5 abd}q pbu JWc ld Jhubn wcbubnq }cb nvbungb phwbu

}nulff ld Bruhpbnd Urqqln wnq ubphu}bm }h eb nuhrdm >$? abd} pbu jWc nq n} `n}b 5??> #Jhubn_hwbu Bsacndgb 5??=: Eb`|nbv Knuacbdjh ndm _hmjhvn`dljhv 5??1,$ ]clq qreq}nd}ln`mlffbubd}ln` ld b`ba}ulal}| pulabq qrggbq}q }cn} qreq}nd}ln` ahq} qnvldgq ahr`m eb naclbvbm}cuhrgc gulm ld}buahddba}lhd ndm phwbu }unmb eb}wbbd }cb }wh ahrd}ulbq$ Chwbvbu b`ba}ulal}|pulabq ld Urqqln cnvb clq}hulan``| ebbd mb}bukldbm ld `nugb pnu} e| q}n}b+hwdbm bd}bupulqbqndm cnvb dh} fr``| ubf`ba}bm }cb ahq}q hf gbdbun}ldg ndm mb`lvbuldg phwbu$ Nq }cb Urqqlndghvbudkbd} cnq p`nddbm }h eh}c ub`ld~rlqc qreqlmlbq fhu b`ba}ulal}| e| `lf}ldg pulab ahd}uh`q hdgbdbun}lhd frb`q dn}run` gnq ld pnu}lar`nu ndm ld}uhmrab n elmmldg kbacndlqk fhu qrpp`|ahd}una}q ahkpb}l}lhd nkhdg qrpp`lbuq ld }cb phwbu knujb} and eb bspba}bm }h ld}bdqlf| ndmpulabq and eb bspba}bm }h ulqb }hwnumq knujb} `bvb`q$ Ahdqb~rbd}`| }cb mlffbubd}ln` ldb`ba}ulal}| pulab nq aruubd}`| heqbuvbm eb}wbbd Jhubn ndm Urqqln wl`` mlkldlqc ld }cb fr}rub$

]clq pla}rub kn| acndgb hu n} `bnq} pulabq kn| dh} ahdvbugb }cn} ~rlaj`| lf b`ba}ulal}| }nulffqlda`rmb bs}budn`l}| ahq}q qrac nq bdvluhdkbd}n` ahq}q nqqhaln}bm wl}c }cb gbdbun}lhd ndm

>3




}undqklqqlhd hf phwbu$ ]clq lq ebanrqb hf }cb ldaubnqbm qcnub hf c|muhphwbu ld }cb }h}n`gbdbun}ldg anpnal}| ld }cb Urqqlnd Fnu Bnq}$ Aruubd}`| c|muhphwbu naahrd}q fhu nehr} 5?"hf }cb }h}n`$ Nq }cb Urqqlnd ghvbudkbd} cnq knmb c|muhphwbu gbdbun}lhd n pulhul}|pnu}lar`nu`| ld }cb Urqqlnd Fnu Bnq} #Bdbug| Ldfhukn}lhd Nmkldlq}un}lhd 5??=, }clq qcnub lqbq}lkn}bm }h ulqb }h khub }cnd 12" ld 5?52 #_hmjhvn`dljhv 5??5,$ Qh lf }cb bdvluhdkbd}n`ndm qhaln` ahq}q wbub }h eb ld}budn`lybm ld}h b`ba}ulal}| }nulffq }clq whr`m ahuuba} mlq}hu}bmahkpb}l}lhd ndm ldaubnqb }cb ahkpb}l}lvbdbqq hf a`bndbu phwbu qrpp`| qrac nq c|muhphwbub`ba}ula phwbu gulm ld}buahddba}lhd ndm phwbu bsphu} fuhk }cb Urqqlnd Fnu Bnq} #\rd ndmYcndg 5??6,$

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]cb ubphu} hd }cb bdvluhdkbd}n` ndm qhaln` lkpna}q hf }cb Dnk ]cbrd 5 _uhiba} #NME 5??=,mhbq dh} glvb }cb anuehd pulab }cn} wnq rqbm ld anàr`n}ldg }cb nfhubkbd}lhdbm g`hen`

ebdbfl}q er} l} and eb nqqrkbm }cn} }cb pulab rqbm ld }clq anàr`n}lhd mlm dh} bsabbm RQ-2pbu }hd hf AH5 b~rlvn`bd}$ ]cb un}lhdn`b fhu }clq nqqrkp}lhd lq nq fh``hwq$ Ld }cb bnu`| q}ngbqhf }cb anuehd knujb} }cb Whu`m Endj ndm }cb Mr}ac ghvbudkbd} wbub }cb }wh khq} na}lvber|buq hf anuehd aubml}q ld puhiba}+enqbm }undqna}lhdq$ Ld }bukq hf vh`rkb }cbqb }wh p`n|buqubpubqbd}bm hvbu cn`f hf }cb whu`m“q knujb} fhu anuehd n} }cn} }lkb$ ]cb Whu`m Endj“q_uh}h}|pb Anuehd Frdm }cb fluq} g`hen` anuehd frdm pnlm }cb clgcbq} pruacnqb pulab hfRQ-=$52 pbu }hd hf AH5 b~rlvn`bd} fhu ABUq rd}l` }cb bdm hf 5??=$ ]cb Mr}ac ABU rdl}puharubkbd} }bdmbu #ABUR_], puhgunk wnq nlkldg n} pulab `bvb`q hf nehr} RQ-2 pbu }hd hfAH5 b~rlvn`bd} n} }cn} }lkb$ ]cb hffbuldg pulabq hf }cb _AF ndm ABUR_] wbub dh} ld}bdmbm}h qbuvb nq knujb} pulabq$ Chwbvbu glvbd }cblu mhkldnd} uh`bq hd }cb er|buq“ qlmb ld }cbbnu`| q}ngbq hf }cb anuehd knujb} ld puna}lab }cb| na}bm nq q}ndmnum+qb}}buq fhu }clq knujb}$Glvbd }cb fna} }cn} }cb pre`la`| mlqa`hqbm hffbuldg pulabq hf _AF ndm ABUR_] puhiba}q

puhvlmbm ldfhukn}lhd hd nen}bkbd} ahq}q7 eh}c ld bahdhklbq ld }undql}lhd ndm mbvb`hpldgahrd}ulbq l} lq ahdablvne`b }cn} pulvn}b p`n|buq wbub rdwl``ldg }h gh eb|hdm }cbqb pulabehrdmnulbq #Ycndg 5??6e,$ Qldab }cbd }cb anuehd knujb} cnq bspndmbm unplm`|$ ]cb AMKknujb} ldaubnqbm fuhk 261 kl``lhd }hdq hf ABUq ndm ₠1$< el``lhd ld 5??6 }h <=7 kl``lhd }hdqhf ABUq ndm ₠>5 el``lhd ld 5??7 #_hld} Anuehd 5??3,$ ]cb bspndqlhd hf }cb anuehd knujb}cnq ebbd naahkpndlbm e| n qlgdlfland} ldaubnqb ld }cb pulab hf ABUq nulqldg fuhk }cb AMKpuhiba}q$ Aruubd}`| }cb pulab hf ABUq undgbq fuhk RQ->5 }h RQ-55 pbu }hd hf AH 5 b~rlvn`bd} ld fhuwnum pruacnqb ngubbkbd}q ndm ABUq nub }unmbm n} nuhrdm }cb RQ-56 knujpbu }hd hf AH5 b~rlvn`bd} ld }cb qbahdmnu| lqqrb knujb}$ Lf }cb pubvnl`ldg pulab hf ABUq wbubrqbm }clq whr`m qlgdlfland}`| ldaubnqb }cb nfhubkbd}lhdbm g`hen` ebdbfl}q nulqldg fuhk }cb

7Nd nen}bkbd} ahq} lq n ahq} ehudb e| knd| erqldbqqbq fhu }cb ubkhvn` ndm(hu ubmra}lhd hf nd rdmbqlune`b l}bk}cn} }cb| cnvb aubn}bm nq n e|puhmra} hf puhmra}lhd$

><




Dnk ]cbrd 5 _uhiba}$ ]clq anqb a`bnu`| ldmlan}bq chw auraln` }cb vn`rb hf anuehd aubml}q lq}h ubdmbuldg n auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba} vlne`b$

]ne`b =9 _ub`lkldnu| Bahdhkla Nqqbqqkbd} hf Bdvluhdkbd}n` ndm Qhaln` Lkpna}q fhu}cb Dnk ]cbrd 5 _uhiba}

#pubqbd} vn`rb }bukq rqldg >?" mlqahrd} un}b,

Nubnq @han` G`hen` Ubknujq#RQ- kl``lhd, #RQ- kl``lhd,

Ahq} Ebdbfl} Ahq} Ebdbfl}Dnk ]cbrd · Ahq}q ubqr`} fuhk ph}bd}ln` ̀ hqq hf flqcbulbqmhwdq}ubnk D$L$ D$L$ D$L$ D$L$ · Ubqr`}q fuhk n ulpnulnd ub`bnqb q}rm|hf }cb DnjnlMnkDnjnl Dnk]cbrdDn}lhdn`_uh}ba}bm

D$L$ >7$?+16$?

D$L$ 2? · @han` ebdbfl}q ubqr`} fuhk lkpuhvbm ndmknld}nldbm ldahkb `bvb`q mrb }h eb}}buubqhruab kndngbkbd} ndm mbvb`hpkbd}qhf dbw bahdhkla na}lvl}lbq #b$g$bah}hrulqk,

Nubn · G`hen` ebdbfl}q nulqb fuhk knld}bdndabhf }cb anuehd qldj vn`rb hf }cb D_N$

Dnjnl p`n}bnr =$=+2$= 3$2+>>$2

? 12 · @han` ahq}q ubqr`} fuhk ̀ hqq hf bslq}ldgbahdhkla na}lvl}lbq hd }cb p`n}bnr$

+ @han` ebdbfl}q ubqr`} fuhk }cb clgcbu`bvb`q hf ldahkb bspba}bm fuhk }cb`lvb`lchhm puhgunkq$· G`hen` ebdbfl}q ubqr`} fuhk ubmrabmbklqqlhdq hf gubbdchrqb gnqbq fuhk

}cb _uhiba} ahkpnubm }h }cb ebq}n`}budn}lvb bdbug| qhruab #gnqahkeldbm a|a`b,$

Sb Endg Fnl 6$3+<$= ?$52 ? ? · @han` ahq}q knld`| mbulvb fuhk }cb

bq}lkn}bm ̀ hqq hf flqcbulbq$ Ubqr`}q hfc|muh`hg| q}rm| nub q}l`` }h ebldahuphun}bm$

· Ebdbfl}q mh dh} lda`rmb ph}bd}ln` fhuqlgdlfland} ldaubnqb ld luulgn}lhd ndmngular`}run` puhmra}lhd$ ]h eb ubn`lybm}cbqb ebdbfl}q ub~rlub nmml}lhdn`

ldvbq}kbd}q dh} qrpphu}bm e| }cb _uhiba}$Kbjhdg Ulvbu D$L$ D$L$ D$L$ D$L$ · Ndn`|qlq wl`` ldahuphun}b }cb fldmldgq hf

}cb ALN q}rm|$]h}n` >>$5+>=$3 56+=3 D$L$ 32

Dh}bq9 D$L$ ; dhdb lmbd}lflbm hu ~rnd}lflbm n} }cb }lkb hf ubphu} pubpnun}lhd D_N ; dn}lhdn` puh}ba}bm nubn$

Qhruabq9 Dnk ]cbrd 5 _hwbu Ahkpnd| Bdvluhdkbd}n` Nqqbqqkbd} ndm Kndngbkbd} _`nd Dhvbkebu 5??=: Qhaln`Mbvb`hpkbd} _`nd Dhvbkebu 5??=: Qhaln` ndm Bdvluhdkbd} Kndngbkbd} Funkbwhuj ndm Fluq} Hpbun}lhdn` _`ndHa}hebu 5??= #al}bm ld NME 5??=,$

=$5$5 Naabqq ndm Rqb

Fhu auhqq+ehumbu puhiba}q ldvh`vldg }wh ahrd}ulbq ubgr`n}hu| lqqrbq and eb ubqh`vbm e| }cbghvbudkbd}q$ Ldmbbm auhqq+ehumbu gnq plpb`ldb ld}buahddba}lhdq ld NQBND nub aruubd}`|enqbm hd el`n}bun` nuundgbkbd}q eb}wbbd }cb }wh ahrd}ulbq ahdabudbm$ Chwbvbu fhu wlmbuphwbu gulm hu plpb`ldb ld}buahddba}lhdq khub fhukn` nuundgbkbd}q nub dbabqqnu| }h puhvlmbpnu}lalpnd}q wl}c qrfflalbd} nqqrundabq wl}c ubgnum }h q|q}bk hpbun}lhd pulaldg hu }nulffq}undqklqqlhd hu }undql} naabqq ndm fbbq$ Rd`ljb }cb gnq knujb} ld Bruhpb wclac lq wb``mbvb`hpbm auhqq+ehumbu gnq plpb`ldb ld}buahddba}lhdq ld NQBND nub q}l`` ld nd bnu`| q}ngb hfmbvb`hpkbd}$ Dbvbu}cb`bqq auhqq+ehumbu lqqrbq qrac nq }undql} nauhqq }clum ahrd}ulbq wl`èbahkb ldaubnqldg`| lkphu}nd} nq }cb lkp`bkbd}n}lhd hf }cb ]NG_ bvh`vbq$ ]cb bspbulbdab

5?




hf Urqqln }cb Rjunldb ndm }cb Nqlnd ubpre`laq hf }cb fhukbu Qhvlb} Rdlhd qchwq }cn} }cbqb}}ldg hf }nulffq fhu bdbug| f`hwq ld }undql} `naj hf }undqpnubda| ld ahdml}lhdq fhu gnldldgnaabqq }h bsphu} anpnal}| ld gnq plpb`ldbq ndm }cb l``bgn` }njldg hf gnq ld }undql} cnvb ebbd}cb knld puhe`bkq nqqhaln}bm wl}c auhqq+ehumbu bdbug| f`hwq$ ]cbqb puhe`bkq cnvb n`qhebbd bspbulbdabm hvbu }cb `nq} >2 |bnuq ld Brunqln$3 A`bnu`| }cbqb lqqrbq nub dh} bnq| }hngubb hd hu ubqh`vb er} dbvbu}cb`bqq }cb| wl`` dbbm }h eb nmmubqqbm }cuhrgc khub fhukn`nuundgbkbd}q ebfhub n khub ld}bgun}bm auhqq+ehumbu ]NG_ ldfunq}ura}rub and eb ubn`lybm$

Hdb nvbdrb whr`m eb }h }njb }cb ub`bvnd} nu}la`b rdmbu }cb Bdbug| Acnu}bu ]ubn}| #BA], nqn ubfbubdab ld qb}}ldg }undql} }nulffq$ ]clq lq fbnqle`b glvbd }cn} n`` DBN ahrd}ulbq bsabp} fhuDhu}c Jhubn cnvb qlgdbm naabmbm }h hu he}nldbm heqbuvbu q}n}rq wl}c #}cb _UA ndmJhubn, }cb BA] ndm NQBND nq n qldg`b bd}l}| cnq cnm n qbn} nq nd heqbuvbu qldab 5??1$Nu}la`b 7$1 rdmbu }cb BA] ub~rlubq }cn} }undql} }nulffq eb dh `bqq fnvhune`b }cnd bsphu} ndm(hulkphu} }nulffq$ ]clq kbndq }cn} ld }cb anqb hf }undql} hf gnq fuhk hdb NQBND ahrd}u| }hndh}cbu vln }cb kbmlrk hf n khub ld}bgun}bm auhqq+ehumbu ]NG_ db}whuj }cb }undql} }nulffqld }cb fluq} ahrd}u| krq} eb dh `bqq fnvhune`b }cnd }cb bsphu} ndm(hu lkphu} }nulffq hd gnqld}h(fuhk }cb qbahdm$ Chwbvbu l} lq dh} ld vlh`n}lhd hf }cb BA] puhvlqlhdq lf }undql} }nulffq nubclgcbu }cnd }nulffq hd mhkbq}la }undqphu}n}lhd #Jhdhp`|ndlj 5??2,$

Ndh}cbu nvbdrb whr`m eb vln }cb bq}ne`lqckbd} hf n q}ura}rubm ubglhdn` ubgr`n}hu| ubglkb$ Ld}cb GKQ fhu bsnkp`b phwbu f`hwq nub aruubd}`| khq}`| hdb+wn| er} }cb ghn` hf }cb GKQdn}lhdq lq }h aubn}b n ubglhdn` phwbu }unmb$ N} }cb fluq} GKQ qrkkl} ld 5??5 }cb `bnmbuq hf}cb qls ahrd}ulbq qlgdbm }cb Ld}bu+Ghvbudkbd}n` Ngubbkbd} hd Ubglhdn` _hwbu ]unmb ldqrpphu} hf }clq ahdabp}$ ]clq ngubbkbd} ubf`ba}q }cb clgcbq} ph`l}lan` ahkkl}kbd} }h puhkh}bn ubglhdn` phwbu }unmb$ ]cb fluq} q}bp ld bq}ne`lqcldg n GKQ phwbu knujb} wl`` eb }h erl`m huq}ubdg}cbd }cb dbabqqnu| ldq}l}r}lhdn` q}ura}rubq wl}cld }cb GKQ ahrd}ulbq }cbkqb`vbq$]undqklqqlhd `ldbq krq} eb p`nddbm ndm erl`} ld bnac ahrd}u| }h n``hw fhu nd ldaubnqb ldauhqq+ehumbu phwbu }undqfbuq #NME 5??7n,$ Fh``hwldg }clq }cbub wl`` eb n dbbm fhu n ubglhdnùbgr`n}hu| ubglkb fhu phwbu ld}buahddba}lhdq ndm }cblu hpbun}lhd$ Ld }clq ubgnum }cb Ubglhdn`B`ba}ulal}| Ubgr`n}hu| Nr}chul}| #UBUN, ld Qhr}cbud Nfulan puhvlmbq nd ld}bubq}ldg bsnkp`b$

]cb UBUN wnq bq}ne`lqcbm ld 5??> nq n fhukn` nqqhaln}lhd wl}c qbpnun}b `bgn` q}n}rq$ Bnachf }cb kbkebu bahdhklbq hf }cb Qhr}cbud Nfulan Mbvb`hpkbd} Ahkkrdl}| lq bd}l}`bm}cuhrgc l}q bdbug| ubgr`n}hu| nuk }h n qldg`b kbkebuqclp$ ]cb UBUN anddh} ld}bufbub wl}cdn}lhdn` kndmn}bq er} whujq }hwnum bq}ne`lqcldg ahkkhd ubglhdn` ur`bq ub`n}bm }h lqqrbqqrac nq q|q}bk hpbun}lhd }undqklqqlhd naabqq }undqklqqlhd pulaldg ndm auhqq+ehumbu}unmldg ndm }hwnumq }cb bq}ne`lqckbd} hf n ubglhdn` ubgr`n}hu| funkbwhuj fhu knujb}`lebun`lyn}lhd #Q}nffhum 5??2,$

Nppuhpuln}b kbnqrubq }h bdqrub qbarul}| hf qrpp`| ndm bkbugbda| qrpp`| nuundgbkbd}q nubn`qh bqqbd}ln`$ Fru}cbu cnvldg n funkbwhuj hf ahhpbun}lhd cb`pq ld }cb bvbd} hf n qbulhrqmlqurp}lhd hf phwbu hu dn}run` gnq qrpp`|$ ]cb q}ubdg}cbdldg hf qnfb}| ndm qbarul}| q}ndmnumqlq dbabqqnu| }h bdqrub }cb qnfb ndm qbarub hpbun}lhd hf auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q

ndm }cb `naj hf ahkkhd q}ndmnumq cnq ldmbbm ebbd n puhe`bk fhu }cbqb puhiba}q$ ]cbubfhubldabd}lvbq fhu ldvbq}kbd}q ld qnfb}| ndm qbarul}| qchr`m eb puhvlmbm$ ]cb| qchr`m eb knujb}+enqbm ndm }cb `bvb` hf ldabd}lvbq qchr`m eb ahkkbdqrun}b wl}c ldfunq}ura}rub ulqjnqqbqqkbd}q #Ehuacbu} ndm Fhuq}bu 5??7,$

=$1 Ldq}l}r}lhdn` Funkbwhujq

Ldq}l}r}lhdn` nuundgbkbd}q bl}cbu fhukn` hu ldfhukn` nub auraln` }h }cb qraabqq hf auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q$ Chwbvbu }cb qpbalflaq hf ldq}l}r}lhdn` ub~rlubkbd}q wl`` mlffbunaahumldg }h puhiba} }|pb$ ]cb `bvb` hf ldq}l}r}lhdn` nuundgbkbd}q ub~rlubm wl`` n`qh vnu| ndm

3]cb ]undql} _uh}hah` }h }cb Bdbug| Acnu}bu ]ubn}| wclac lq aruubd}`| ebldg dbgh}ln}bm nlkq }h nmmubqq }cbqb

puhe`bkq$ N`}chrgc n wlmb mbgubb hf ngubbkbd} cnq ebbd naclbvbm hd dbnu`| n`` qreq}nd}lvb nqpba}q hf }cb munf}}bs} }cb ]undql} _uh}hah` ubknldq rdfldlqcbm ebanrqb hf mlffbubdabq ld phql}lhd eb}wbbd }cb Bruhpbnd Rdlhd ndmUrqqln ubgnumldg }cb nfhubkbd}lhdbm }cubb lqqrbq$

5>




and bs}bdm fuhk }cb puhiba} `bvb` }h }cb dn}lhdn` hu bvbd clgcbu `bvb` nuundgbkbd}q$ Wl}cubgnum }h BLNq mb}nl`bm ldq}l}r}lhdn` nuundgbkbd}q nub dbbmbm }h puhvlmb }cb ub~rlubm `bgn`funkbwhuj puhkh}b ahhumldn}lhd nkhdg ngbdalbq ndm bdqrub }cb ubqphdqlel`l}| ndmnaahrd}nel`l}| hf bnac pnu}| ldvh`vbm ld }cb bd}lub puhabqq$

Hd }cb }hpla hf puhiba}+qpbalfla ldq}l}r}lhdn` nuundgbkbd}q hdb puhiba}+qpbalfla lqqrb lq }cb

nq|kkb}ula mlq}uler}lhd hf ahq}q ndm ebdbfl}q eb}wbbd ldvh`vbm pnu}lbq$ Wcl`b qhkb auhqq+ehumbu puhiba}q nub kr}rn``| ebdbflaln` }h pnu}lbq ld khq} anqbq }cbub lq nd rdb~rn` qcnuldghf }cb ebdbfl}q$ ]clq lqqrb dbbmq }h eb nmmubqqbm n} }cb puhiba} p`nddldg ndm mbqlgd q}ngbq$]cb fldndaldg ndm rpgunmldg hf n uhnm ld }cb @nh _MU }cn} fhukq pnu} hf }cb GKQ Dhu}c+Qhr}c Ahuulmhu puhvlmbq nd ld}bubq}ldg bsnkp`b hf nd nuundgbkbd} }cn} ubahgdlybq }cbmlffbubd} ebdbfl}q }h }cb mlffbubd} pnu}lbq$ ]clq 553 jk uhnm nlkq }h ahkp`b}b }cb klqqldgqba}lhd ld nd n``+wbn}cbu uhnm `ldj eb}wbbd Jrdkldg _uhvldab ld }cb _UA ndm Endgjhj ld]cnl`ndm ndm nq ngubbm lq fldndabm b~rn``| }cuhrgc `hndq fuhk NME ndm }cb Ghvbudkbd}qhf }cb _UA ndm ]cnl`ndm$ ]cb @nh _MU lq hd`| fldndaldg qhkb hf }cb `han` ahq}q mbqpl}b }cbpuhiba} ebldg wch``| wl}cld l}q ehrdmnulbq$ ]clq bsnkp`b l``rq}un}bq }cb phqqlel`l}| }cn} wcl`b}cb ahrd}u| }cuhrgc wclac }cb uhnm pnqqbq kn| dh} gnld }cb `nugbq} ebdbfl} fuhk l} n wld+wldnuundgbkbd} and eb knmb }h n`lgd }cb ahq}q wl}c }cb ebdbfl}q hf }cb knld pnu}lbq$

Ndh}cbu lqqrb lq }cb hvbun`` qrq}nldnel`l}| hf n auhqq+ehumbu puhiba}$ Nq }cb puhiba} kn| cnvbqbvbun` ahrd}u| ahkphdbd}q }cb lqqrb hf }cb qrq}nldnel`l}| hf bnac ahrd}u|“q ahkphdbd}hvbu }lkb lq hf gubn} ahdabud$ Ld }cb anqb hf }cb _cdhk _bdc }h Ch Acl Kldc Al}| Clgcwn|_uhiba} bspbdml}rub hd }cb knld}bdndab hf }cb Ankehmlnd ahkphdbd} cnq ebbd wb`` eb`hw}cb ub~rlubm `bvb`$ ]cb uhnmq nub aruubd}`| ld ghhm ahdml}lhd wl}c `l}}`b qlgd hf mnkngb er}nq }cb `bvb` hf hvbu`hnmbm }uraj }unffla hd }cb puhiba} uhnmq ldaubnqbq ld q}bp wl}c guhwldg}unmb khvbkbd} eb}wbbd Ankehmln ndm Vlb} Dnk }cb dbbm fhu ubgr`nu pbulhmlaknld}bdndab wl`` ld}bdqlf| #NME 5??7e,$ ]cb `bqq q}ula} nmcbubdab }h `hnm `lkl}q ndmldnmb~rn}b `bvb`q hf bspbdml}rub fhu uhnm knld}bdndab unlqbq }cb ~rbq}lhd hf }cbqrq}nldnel`l}| hf }cb Ankehmlnd ahkphdbd}$ A`bnu`| lf }cb Ankehmlnd ahkphdbd} lq dh}qrq}nldne`b }cb hvbun`` puhiba} lq dh} qrq}nldne`b bvbd lf }cb Vlb}dnkbqb ahkphdbd} lq

ulghuhrq`| knld}nldbm$ ]clq anqb a`bnu`| l``rq}un}bq }cb dbbm fhu ahhumldn}bm nuundgbkbd}qnkhdg }cb ldvh`vbm pnu}lbq }h bdqrub }cb hvbun`` qrq}nldnel`l}| hf n auhqq+ehumbu puhiba}$

N`qh n} }cb puhiba} `bvb` nd bdvluhdkbd}n` kndngbkbd} hfflab #BKH, dbbmq }h ebbq}ne`lqcbm$ ]cb BKH lq nqqlgdbm }cb ubqphdqlel`l}| fhu }bacdlan` p`nddldg lkp`bkbd}n}lhdndm ld}budn` khdl}huldg hf n`` }cb bdvluhdkbd}n` kl}lgn}lhd ndm ahkpbdqn}lhd kbnqrubqrdmbu }cb puhiba} mbvb`hpbu“q ubqphdqlel`l}|$ L} lq n`qh ubqphdqle`b fhu bdqruldg }cn} }cb CAAfr``| kbb}q l}q ahd}una}rn` ndm bdvluhdkbd}n` kndngbkbd} he`lgn}lhdq$ ]cb BKH dbbmq }hubgr`nu`| ubvlbw }cb q}n}rq hf puhiba} lkpna}q ndm knjb ubahkkbdmn}lhdq }h }cb puhiba}mbvb`hpbu }cn} wl`` bdne`b l} }h uba}lf| nd| fnl`rub }h kbb} l}q bdvluhdkbd}n` he`lgn}lhdq nqqpbalflbm rdmbu }cb ngubbkbd} wl}c }cb abd}un` ghvbudkbd}$ ]cb BKH n`qh dbbmq }h ubphu}ubgr`nu`| }h nd bdvluhdkbd} kndngbkbd} rdl} nq wl`` eb mlqarqqbm eb`hw$

Q}uhdg dn}lhdn` ldq}l}r}lhdq nub n`qh auraln` }h ubmrab }cb dbgn}lvb lkpna}q hf auhqq+ehumbupuhiba}q$ N} }cb dn}lhdn` `bvb` ldq}l}r}lhdq nub hf}bd dh} b~rlppbm wl}c }cb dbabqqnu|ubqhruabq q}nff qjl``q ndm bspbulbdab }h bl}cbu bdfhuab bslq}ldg ubgr`n}lhdq hu }h mbqlgdlkp`bkbd} khdl}hu ldqpba} ndm bdfhuab dbw ndm bffba}lvb bdvluhdkbd}n` ph`labq$ ]njb nqnd bsnkp`b }cb ubqphdqlel`l}| }h eh}c rdmbu}njb ndm lkp`bkbd} nd BLN$ Cnvldg n kndmn}hu|BLN ndm n ghhm BLN ubphu} nub irq} }cb fluq} q}bpq$ L} lq khub lkphu}nd} }cn} }cb kbnqrubq }hkl}lgn}b }cb bdvluhdkbd}n` bffba}q hf ahdq}ura}lhd puhiba}q hr}`ldbm ld }cb BLN nublkp`bkbd}bm ndm khdl}hubm$ L} lq ahkkhd }h }clq ubglhd }cn} }cbub lq n wbnj mb`ldbn}lhd hfubqphdqlel`l}| ndm naahrd}nel`l}| wcbd l} ahkbq }h }cb p`nddldg ndm lkp`bkbd}n}lhd hf BLNq$]cb ubqpba}lvb uh`bq hf }cb ngbdalbq ubqphdqle`b fhu rdmbu}njldg BLNq ndm }chqb nr}chul}lbqubqphdqle`b fhu nppuhvldg ndm khdl}huldg BLNq #fhu b$g$ bdvluhdkbd}n` kldlq}ulbq hub~rlvn`bd} ngbdalbq, nub rda`bnu ndm l``+mbfldbm rdmbu pubqbd} BLN puhabqqbq$ Khubhvbu }cbld}buub`n}lhdqclpq eb}wbbd }cb rdmbu}njldg nppuhvldg ndm khdl}huldg nr}chul}lbq ndm }cbpnu}lbq #ahd}una}huq, puhphqldg }cb kbnqrubq }h kbb} ndm bsbar}b BLN ub~rlubkbd}q nub

55




rqrn``| ldfhukn` ndm dh} wb`` qb} hr}$ Ahdqb~rbd}`| ahhumldn}lhd nauhqq }cb kldlq}ulbq ndmnr}chul}lbq ahdabudbm lq wbnj ldbffba}lvb ndm qhkb}lkbq }h}n``| neqbd}$ ]clq cnq glvbd ulqb}h wbnj bdfhuabkbd} neqbdab hf khdl}huldg ndm `naj hf ahkkl}kbd} fuhk }cb vnulhrqngbdalbq ld acnugb hf rdmbu}njldg nppuhvldg lkp`bkbd}ldg khdl}huldg ndm bvn`rn}ldgBLNq$ Nq n ubqr`} bvbd lf }cb ~rn`l}| hf BLN ubphu}q `hhjq ghhm hd pnpbu #ld h}cbu whumq }cbBLN ubphu}q cnvb gbdrldb`| nqqlq}bm ld p`nddldg eb}}bu puhiba}q ndm lmbd}lf|ldg dbbmq fhukl}lgn}lhd kbnqrubq ndm ahkpbdqn}lhd, n `naj hf ahhumldn}lhd ndm ahkkl}kbd} fuhkubqphdqle`b ngbdalbq and }cwnu} mbqlune`b hr}ahkbq$

A`bnu`| }cbub lq n dbbm }h a`bnu`| mbfldb }cb uh`bq ndm ubqphdqlel`l}lbq hf }cb ngbdalbqldvh`vbm }h bdqrub }cn} bdvluhdkbd}n` ndm ubqb}}`bkbd} p`ndq nub bffba}lvb`| lkp`bkbd}bm$]h }cn} bdm nd bdvluhdkbd} kndngbkbd} rdl} #BKR, qchr`m eb bq}ne`lqcbm rdmbu }cbmluba}lhd hf }cb ub`bvnd} ghvbudkbd} mbpnu}kbd}$ ]clq rdl} qchr`m ahdqlq} hf ubpubqbd}n}lvbqfuhk }cb ahdabudbm mbpnu}kbd}q n} }cb `bvb` hf abd}un` ghvbudkbd} ndm n`qh fuhk }cbnffba}bm puhvldaln` ndm `han` ghvbudkbd}q$ ]cb BKR lq qpbalflan``| mbqlgdbm }h lkp`bkbd}ndm kndngb }cb bdvluhdkbd}n` ahkphdbd}q hf }cb ngubbkbd} qlgdbm wl}c }cb puhiba}mbvb`hpbu ndm l} lq n`qh ubqphdqle`b fhu bdqruldg ghhm bdvluhdkbd}n` kndngbkbd} n}qphd}ndbhrq qb}}`bkbd}q$ ]cb rdl} n`qh ubvlbwq }cb BKH“q ubphu}q hd }cb khdl}huldg

pbufhukndab hf eh}c }cb CAA ndm puhiba} mbvb`hpbu mruldg puhiba} ahdq}ura}lhd ndmhpbun}lhd ndm qchr`m }cbd knjb }cb ahuubqphdmldg ubahkkbdmn}lhdq }h }cb ghvbudkbd} hdnd| ubkbmln` q}bpq }cn} dbbm }h eb }njbd }h uba}lf| puhe`bkq$ Bkphwbubm e| }cb abd}un`ghvbudkbd} }cb BKR ld ahdqr`}n}lhd wl}c }cb puhiba} mbvb`hpbu qchr`m bdgngb ndldmbpbdmbd} khdl}huldg ngbda| }h bs}budn``| khdl}hu ndm bvn`rn}b }cb bdvluhdkbd}n`kbnqrubq lkp`bkbd}bm$ ]clq ngbda| }cbd ubphu}q l}q fldmldgq }h }cb BKR ndm }cb puhiba}mbvb`hpbu$

Ndh}cbu ubf`ba}lhd hf wbnj ldq}l}r}lhdq n} }cb dn}lhdn` `bvb` lq }cb fnl`rub }h ld}bgun}b ubglhdn`ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q wl}c dn}lhdn` p`ndq ndm pulhul}lbq$ Ubglhdn` ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}qub~rlub ahkkl}kbd}q fuhk n`` hf }cb ahrd}ulbq ldvh`vbm$ Lf n ahrd}u|“q mhkbq}la ldfunq}ura}rublq qreq}nd}ln``| rdmbumbvb`hpbm l}q ghvbudkbd} kn| rdmbuq}ndmne`| glvb pulhul}| }h

mhkbq}la ldfunq}ura}rub mbvb`hpkbd} ebfhub bkenujldg hd n ubglhdn` puhiba} }cn} kn| ebpbuablvbm nq glvldg n `nugb phu}lhd hf }cb ebdbfl}q }h hr}qlmbuq$ A`bnu`| dn}lhdn` ldq}l}r}lhdnànpnal}| dbbmq }h eb q}ubdg}cbdbm ld humbu }h cnvb n eb}}bu rdmbuq}ndmldg hf mhkbq}laldfunq}ura}rub puhgunkq pulhul}lbq ndm ubqhruabq ndm }cb ph}bd}ln` mhkbq}la ebdbfl}q hfauhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q$ ]cbub lq dh phld} ld cnvldg nkel}lhrq ubglhdn`ldfunq}ura}rub ghn`q lf dn}lhdn` ldq}l}r}lhdq nub rdne`b }h ld}bgun}b ubglhdn` ldfunq}ura}rubpuhiba}q wl}c dn}lhdn` p`ndq ndm pulhul}lbq ndm }h n`lgd ubglhdn` nkel}lhdq wl}c n ubn`lq}lanqqbqqkbd} hf mhkbq}la lkp`bkbd}n}lhd anpnal}lbq$

Ubglhdn` ldq}l}r}lhdn` funkbwhujq hu nuundgbkbd}q nub n`qh auraln` }h bffba}lvb ahhpbun}lhdhd auhqq+ehumbu bdbug| puhiba}q$ Ldmbbm }cb `naj hf n ubglhdn` ldq}l}r}lhdn` funkbwhuj cnqebbd hdb hf }cb knihu heq}na`bq lkpbmldg b`ba}ulal}| qba}hu ahhpbun}lhd nkhdg }cb DBN

ahrd}ulbq$ Ld }clq qreubglhd }cbub lq dh hvbun`` }unmb ngubbkbd} hu ahdvbd}lhd qrac nq }cbGbdbun` Ngubbkbd} hd ]nulffq ndm ]unmb #GN]], wclac eldmq }cb qls ahrd}ulbq ldvh`vbm$ Ldnmml}lhd }cbub lq dh }unmb hu bahdhkla+fharqbm hugndlyn}lhd qrac nq }cb Nqln+_nalflaBahdhkla Ahhpbun}lhd #N_BA, hu }cb Whu`m ]unmb Hugndlyn}lhd #W]H, wclac lda`rmbq n``qls ahrd}ulbq nq l}q kbkebuq$ ]cbubfhub }cb aubn}lhd hf n ubglhdn` ldq}l}r}lhdn` funkbwhuj lqlkphu}nd} fhu bdbug| ahhpbun}lhd nkhdg }cb DBN ahrd}ulbq$ ]cb clgc`| ah``nehun}lvbp`nddldg puhabqq }cn} qrpphu}q }cb NQBND _hwbu Gulm _uhiba} ndm wclac lq a`bnu`| enajbme| ghvbudkbd}q ndm qrpphu}bm e| phwbu q|q}bk bspbu}q lq n vn`rne`b khmb`$ Lf }cbpuhphqbm phwbu gulm ld}buahddba}lhd ld DBN lq }h naclbvb qrfflalbd} qrpphu} ndm khkbd}rk}h eb ubn`lybm n qlkl`nu puhabqq wl}c ph`l}lan` enajldg kn| eb dbbmbm #N_BUA 5??=,$

]h knjb bdbug| ahhpbun}lhd khub bffba}lvb }cb ghvbudkbd}q hf }cb DBN ahr`m gh fru}cbu e|bq}ne`lqcldg n ubglhdn` ldq}l}r}lhdn` funkbwhuj qpbalflan``| fhu bdbug| ahhpbun}lhd$ ]clqfunkbwhuj whr`m qb} rp }cb ahkkhd ur`bq hf }cb gnkb ndm }cb ahrd}ulbq ldvh`vbm whr`m ebhe`lgbm }h heqbuvb }cbqb ur`bq ld puna}lab$ Chwbvbu vlbwq mh mlffbu ubgnumldg }cb qpbalfla

51




fhuk hf qrac n funkbwhuj$ Qhkb fnvhu }cb hp}lhd }cn} n`` qls DBN ahrd}ulbq ebahkbkbkebuq hf }cb BA] wcbubnq h}cbuq qrpphu} }cb bq}ne`lqckbd} hf nd DBN BA] #\rd ndmYcndg 5??6,$ N} }clq q}ngb l} lq rdabu}nld wclac hp}lhd wl`` pubvnl` er} l} lq qnfb }h qn| }cn}bvbd lf }cb qls DBN ahrd}ulbq mbalmb }h bq}ne`lqc nd DBN BA] }h puhkh}b bvbd a`hqbubdbug| ahhpbun}lhd nkhdg kbkebu ahrd}ulbq }cb bspbulbdab hf }cb Bdbug| Acnu}bu puhabqqwl`` puhvlmb n ubfbubdab fhu ubglhdn` ahhpbun}lhd ld }cb DBN ubglhd$ ]njbd }hgb}cbu }cbqbvnulhrq ldq}urkbd}q qchr`m eb qbbd nq ahkp`bkbd}nu| pnu}q hf ld}bgun}bm ld}budn}lhdn`bffhu}q }h q}ubdg}cbd hvbun`` g`hen` bdbug| ahhpbun}lhd ndm qbarul}|$

]cb ldq}l}r}lhdn` nuundgbkbd}q ld p`nab n} ahrd}u| ehumbuq nub n`qh lkphu}nd}$ Mbqpl}bpuhgubqq ld Kn`n|qln‑]cnl`ndm unl`wn| ah``nehun}lhd ahd}nldbu }urajq ndm }cblu mulvbuq nubq}l`` dh} pbukl}}bm }h auhqq }cb ehumbu ld bl}cbu mluba}lhd ndm ehsbq krq} eb }undqphu}bm fuhkhdb qb} hf b~rlpkbd} }h ndh}cbu #Q}nffhum 5??2,$ N ahkklqqlhd dbbmq }h eb bq}ne`lqcbm hunqqlgdbm }h ubgr`n}b }cb auhqq+ehumbu f`hw hf ghhmq ndm }unmldg$

=$= Bdvluhdkbd}n` @bglq`n}lhd

]cb knihul}| hf Nqlnd ahrd}ulbq cnvb ahkpubcbdqlvb ndm khmbud bdvluhdkbd}n` nqqbqqkbd}`bglq`n}lhd ld p`nab$ Chwbvbu }cb lkp`bkbd}n}lhd hf `bglq`n}lhd cnq ebbd n elg lqqrb fhu }cbubglhd ndm cnq mbpbdmbm rphd }cb anpnal}lbq phwbu ndm ubqhruabq hf }cb ubgr`n}hu|ngbdalbq nq wb`` nq }cb hvbun`` bdvluhdkbd}n` nwnubdbqq hf puhiba} mbvb`hpbuq$ Fhu bsnkp`b}cb _UA“q BLN `nw wclac }hhj bffba} hd > Qbp}bkebu 5??1 kndmn}bq }cn} n`` ahdq}ura}lhdpuhiba}q krq} cnvb rdmbughdb n puhpbu BLN pulhu }h ahdq}ura}lhd ahkkbdaldg$ Ld Indrnu|5??2 }cb _UA“q Q}n}b Bdvluhdkbd}n` _uh}ba}lhd Ngbda| #QB_N, an``bm fhu n cn`} }h 1?ldmrq}uln` puhiba}q #}cb knihul}| hf wclac wbub phwbu+gbdbun}ldg puhiba}q, whu}c AD\>><$7el``lhd hd }cb guhrdmq }cn} }cb| cnm dh} rdmbughdb puhpbu BLNq$ Knd| hf }cbqb e`naj`lq}bmpuhiba}q wbub qh+an``bm ‐dn}lhdn` jb| puhiba}q‛ nppuhvbm e| }cb phwbufr` Dn}lhdn`Mbvb`hpkbd} ndm Ubfhuk Ahkklqqlhd }cb _UA“q }hp bahdhkla p`nddldg ngbda| ndm }cbpuhiba}q }cbkqb`vbq wbub dh} dbabqqnul`| clgc`| ph``r}ldg$ ]clq rdpubabmbd}bm khvb e| }cb

QB_N qbuvbm nq n pre`la bmran}lhd ankpnlgd }h ldaubnqb nwnubdbqq hf }cb BLN `nw #Ycndg5??7n: Ycndg 5??7e,$

Bvbd wcbub BLNq cnvb ebbd rdmbu}njbd enqbm hd nd nqqbqqkbd} hf }cb BLNq fhu }cubbahkpb}bm puhiba}q ld }cb @nh _MU }cb| cnvb ld gbdbun` }bdmbm }h rdmbubq}lkn}b eh}c }cbbdvluhdkbd}n` ndm qhaln` lkpna}q hf }cblu puhiba}q ndm }cb kl}lgn}lhd ahq}q #Dhup`nd 5??=,$]clq kn| `nugb`| eb ebanrqb }cuhrgchr} }clq ubglhd BLNq cnvb hf}bd ebbd }njbd nq nqrpp`bkbd}nu| ub~rlubkbd} }cn} lq qbahdmnu| }h hvbun`` bahdhkla lqqrbq #Rdl}bm Dn}lhdqBahdhkla ndm Qhaln` Ahkklqqlhd fhu Nqln ndm }cb _nalfla ZRDBQAN_[ 5??>,$Rdmbuq}ndmne`| rdmbubq}lkn}ldg bdvluhdkbd}n` ndm qhaln` lkpna}q ndm }cblu nqqhaln}bmahq}q wl`` knjb }cb puhphqbm puhiba} `hhj ghhm hd pnpbu ndm }crq ldaubnqb l}q acndab hfebldg lkp`bkbd}bm ld pnu}lar`nu lf }chqb puhiba}q nub fnvhubm hu pr} fhuwnum e| }cbnmkldlq}un}lvb nr}chul}lbq$

Nq fnu nq }cb `bglq`n}lhd l}qb`f lq ahdabudbm l} qrffbuq fuhk ahkkhd wbnjdbqqbq dnkb`|ldnmb~rnalbq ld9 qb}}ldg hr} ldq}l}r}lhdn` ubqphdqlel`l}lbq n} mlffbubd} q}ngbq hf }cb puhabqq:ahvbungb: ub~rlubkbd}q ndm grlmb`ldbq fhu lkpna} nqqbqqkbd}q fhu puhiba}q hf mlffbubd}qan`bq: ndm bdfhuabkbd} puhabmrubq$ Lf puhiba} mbvb`hpbuq nub }h fh``hw grlmb`ldbq ndmpuhabmrubq `bglq`n}lhd dbbmq }h eb ahdalqb a`bnu ndm }undqpnubd}$ N`` puhiba}q krq} }cbd ebub~rlubm }h ahdmra} BLNq ld naahumndab wl}c `bglq`n}lvb ub~rlubkbd}q$ BLNq lmbd}lf| }|pbq ndmqhruabq hf bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q ndm mbvb`hp bdvluhdkbd}n` kndngbkbd} p`ndq mb}nl`ldgkl}lgn}lhd ndm ahkpbdqn}lhd kbnqrubq ndm p`ndq fhu khdl}huldg puhiba} ahdq}ura}lhd ndmhpbun}lhd$

Hdab BLN grlmb`ldbq ndm puhabmrubq cnvb ebbd a`bnu`| mbfldbm }cb ~rn`l}| hf BLN ubphu}q

}cbd mbpbdmq hd }cb aubmbd}ln`q hf }cb ngbdalbq anuu|ldg hr} }cb nqqbqqkbd}q$Rdfhu}rdn}b`| BLN `nwq nub hf}bd vngrb hd }cb ubahkkbdmbm aubmbd}ln`q ndm qahpbq hf}cbqb jldmq hf ngbdalbq$ ]cbub lq n dbbm }h bq}ne`lqc nmml}lhdn` kbndq fhu mbfldldg }cb

5=




aubmbd}ln`q ub~rlubm hf ngbdalbq }cn} wlqc }h rdmbu}njb BLNq hf ahdq}ura}lhd puhiba}q$ Fhubsnkp`b }cb _UA ld}uhmrabm dbw ur`bq bffba}lvb fuhk > Indrnu| 5??6$ Rdmbu }cbqb ur`bq}cbub nub }wh gunmbq hf aubmbd}ln`q9 Gunmb N ndm Gunmb E$ ]cb ub~rlubm ~rn`lflan}lhdq fhubnac gunmb ndm }cb ahuubqphdmldg qahpb hf BLN whuj nub a`bnu`| qpbalflbm$ Nd ngbda| wl}cGunmb N aubmbd}ln`q lq n``hwbm }h rdmbu}njb nd BLN hd nd| ahdq}ura}lhd puhiba} wcbubnqngbdalbq wl}c Gunmb E aubmbd}ln`q nub hd`| n``hwbm }h anuu| hr} nd BLN hd n ahdq}ura}lhdpuhiba} }cn} ub~rlubq nppuhvn` e| }cb bdvluhdkbd}n` ubgr`n}hu| ngbda| eb`hw }cb puhvldaln``bvb` #QB_N 5??2,$ ]cbubfhub }cb BLNq hf ahdq}ura}lhd puhiba}q }cn} undgb nauhqq puhvldabqndm ulvbu enqldq and hd`| eb mhdb e| Gunmb N ngbdalbq$ Nq auhqq+ehumbu puhiba}q wl`` e|mbfldl}lhd auhqq puhvldaln` ehumbuq }clq lkp`lal}`| kbndq }cn} hd`| Gunmb N ngbdalbq nubb`lgle`b }h pbufhuk }cb BLNq hd }cbqb puhiba}q$ ]h knld}nld }cb ~rn`l}| hf BLNq }cb _UA n`qh`lkl}q }cb }h}n` drkebu hf ngbdalbq nwnumbm Gunmb N aubmbd}ln`q< ndm puhvlmbq }cn} n``ngbdalbq wl}c bl}cbu Gunmb N hu Gunmb E aubmbd}ln`q wl`` eb cb`m naahrd}ne`b fhu }cblu BLNq$]chqb fhrdm vlh`n}ldg }cb ub`bvnd} puhvlqlhdq wl`` eb mhwdgunmbm hu }cblu aubmbd}ln`q“abu}lflan}b fhufbl}bm ndm n pbdn`}| hf hdb }h }cubb }lkbq }cblu BLN qbuvlab acnugb wl`` eblkphqbm #QB_N 5??2,$>?

N`` BLN grlmb`ldbq q}ubqq }cb lkphu}ndab hf }cb pre`la ahdqr`}n}lhd ndm mlqa`hqrub puhabqq$

Chwbvbu nd nqqbqqkbd} hf }cb BLNq fhu }cubb ahkpb}bm puhiba}q ld }cb @nh _MU #]cbrdCldehrd Chrn| Ch ndm Dnk @brj, fhrdm }cn} ahdqr`}n}lhd ndm pre`la ldvh`vbkbd}puhabqqbq cnvb fhu }cb khq} pnu} ebbd ldnmb~rn}b ld ub`n}lhd }h ld}budn}lhdn``|+naabp}bmqnfbgrnum puhabmrubq #Dhup`nd 5??=,$ ]clq kn| eb pulknul`| ebanrqb BLN grlmb`ldbq nubrda`bnu nq }h }cb bs}bd} }h wclac }cb pre`la qchr`m eb bdgngbm ld }cbqb puhabqqbq$ L} lq hf}bd}cb anqb }cn} }cb puhiba} mbvb`hpbu q}nu}q bdgngldg }cb pre`la hd`| nf}bu }cb puhiba} cnqubablvbm nppuhvn` fuhk }cb nmkldlq}un}lvb nr}chul}lbq$ N} }clq q}ngb }cb pre`la lq dh} ld nphql}lhd fnvhune`b }h }cb bffba}lvb vhlaldg hf ahdabudq ndm qrggbq}lhdq$ ]cbubfhub }cb BLNgrlmb`ldbq dbbm }h a`bnu`| qpbalf| }cn} pre`la ahdqr`}n}lhd dbbmq }h eb rdmbu}njbd n} }cbbnu`lbq} phqqle`b q}ngb nèbl} ahdml}lhdn` rphd }cb pre`la“q ulgc} }h jdhw$ N} pubqbd} }cbub nubcnum`| nd| puhvlqlhdq rdmbu }cb BLN `nwq }cuhrgchr} }cb ubglhd }cn} q}lpr`n}b }h wchk chwndm ld wcn} fhukn} puhiba} ldfhukn}lhd krq} eb mlqa`hqbm$ ]clq cnkpbuq pre`la pnu}lalpn}lhdld }cb BLN puhabqq$

Wcbd pubpnuldg BLNq h}cbu ub`bvnd} `bglq`n}lhd fhu bsnkp`b hd bdmndgbubm qpbalbq ndmbdvluhdkbd}n` ~rn`l}| b}a$ n`qh dbbmq }h eb ahdqlmbubm ebanrqb qrac `bglq`n}lhd kn| cnvbl}q hwd BLN puhvlqlhdq wclac nub ub`bvnd} }h n`` hu pnu} hf }cb puhiba}$ Fhu bsnkp`b }cb ]cnlDn}lhdn` Bdvluhdkbd}n` ^rn`l}| Na} ub~rlubq nd BLN eb rdmbu}njbd fhu }undqklqqlhd `ldbq }cn}pnqq }cuhrgc n wn}buqcbm nubn hf n qpbalflbm a`nqq ndm nd ldl}ln` bdvluhdkbd}n` bsnkldn}lhdeb pubpnubm lf }cb `ldb pnqqbq }cuhrgc n fhubq} ubqbuvb #NME 5??=,$

Nq mlqarqqbm bnu`lbu fhu n `nugb puhiba} }cn} kn| cnvb qba}hu+wlmb ndm(hu bahdhk|+wlmblkp`lan}lhdq n q}un}bgla lkpna} nqqbqqkbd} #QLN, dbbmq }h eb rdmbu}njbd ld humbu }h lmbd}lf|eh}c }cb ph}bd}ln` lkpna}q n} }cbqb euhnmbu `bvb`q ndm }cb hp}lhdq nvnl`ne`b }h nvhlm }cbk$

Chwbvbu }cb aruubd} bdvluhdkbd}n` nqqbqqkbd} `bglq`n}lhd ld knd| Nqlnd ahrd}ulbq mhbqdh} ahd}nld QLN puhvlqlhdq$ ]clq kbndq }cn} bvbd lf bs}budn``|+frdmbm puhiba}q cnvbrdmbughdb n puhpbu QLN }cb ghvbudkbd}q hf abu}nld ahrd}ulbq mh dh} cnvb }h ahkkl} }h l}qlkp`bkbd}n}lhd ebanrqb l} lq dh} kndmn}bm rdmbu }cblu mhkbq}la `bglq`n}lhd$ Khubhvbu fhu}chqb ahrd}ulbq }cn} mh cnvb QLN puhvlqlhdq ld }cblu bdvluhdkbd}n` nqqbqqkbd} `bglq`n}lhd}cb puhvlqlhdq nub }hh gbdbun` }h eb hf krac puna}lan` rqb$ Fhu bsnkp`b }cb| mh dh} qpbalf|wclac jldmq hf puhiba}q ub~rlub kndmn}hu| QLN ubphu}q dhu }cb nppuhvn` puhabmrubq fhu QLNubphu}q hdab pubpnubm$ ]crq mb}nl`bm ubgr`n}lhdq dbbm }h eb bq}ne`lqcbm }h pr} QLNpuhvlqlhdq ld}h bffba}lvb hpbun}lhd$ ]clq wl`` dh} eb nd bnq| kn}}bu nq bsbkp`lflbm ld }cb _UA

<]cb _UA cnq 5?> ngbdalbq wl}c Gunmb N aubmbd}ln`q ndm 775 ngbdalbq wl}c Gunmb E aubmbd}ln`q #AcldnBdvluhdkbd}n` Mnl`| 5??2,$

>? ]cb _UA“q Kldlq}u| hf Bdvluhdkbd}n` _uh}ba}lhd aluar`n}bm n dh}lab hf aul}lalqk ubgnumldg }cubb BLN+rdmbu}njldgngbdalbq clgc`lgc}ldg }cblu `hw ~rn`l}| whuj ndm humbuldg }cb }cubb+khd}c qrqpbdqlhd hf hdb jb| BLN bdgldbbuwch }hhj knld ubqphdqlel`l}| fhu hdb hf }cb nfhubkbd}lhdbm `hw ~rn`l}| BLNq #Qldn Db} 5??<,$

52




wchqb q}n}b bdvluhdkbd}n` ubgr`n}hu| ngbda| munf}bm }cb `bglq`n}lhd hd QLNq ld 5??2 ldhumbu }h khvb }cb BLNq kndmn}bm n} }cb puhiba} `bvb` }h n mbbpbu `bvb` hf p`nddldg wl}c }cbbspba}n}lhd }cn} l} whr`m eb nmhp}bm ld }cb fluq} cn`f hf 5??7$ Chwbvbu nq hf dhw }clq`bglq`n}lhd lq q}l`` rdmbu ubvlbw e| }cb `bgn` hfflab hf }cb Q}n}b Ahrdal` #}cb _UA“q Aneldb},$]cb knld ubnqhd fhu mb`n| lq }cn} }cb QLN“q fharq hd `hdg+}buk gbdbun` ld}bubq}q lq ld ahdf`la}wl}c `han` ghvbudkbd}q“ fharq hd prqcldg fhu clgc bahdhkla guhw}c ld }cblu ubglhdq e|pruqrldg puhiba}q }cn} and naclbvb ~rlaj qchu}+}buk ubqr`}q nq wb`` nq }cb qba}hun` fharq hdbsnkldn}lhd ndm nppuhvn` ulgc}q hvbu p`nddldg$>> Khubhvbu enqbm hd }cb _UA“q }bd}n}lvb`bglq`n}lhd }cb `bgl}lkn}bm p`nddldg bsnkldn}lhd ndm nppuhvn` ngbdalbq wl`` eb }cb hdbqbkphwbubm }h nppuhvb QLN ubphu}q un}cbu }cnd }cb _UA“q bdvluhdkbd}n` ubgr`n}hu| ngbda|$Nq n ubqr`} bdvluhdkbd}n` ubgr`n}hu| ngbdalbq ld acnugb hf bdvluhdkbd}n` puh}ba}lhd wl``p`n| khub hf nd nmvlqhu| uh`b ndm wl`` dh} eb ne`b }h mb}bukldb }cb ahd}bd}q hf dhu ubiba} }cbQLN ubphu}q$

=$2 @bgn` Funkbwhujq fhu Ldvbq}kbd}

Auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub ldvbq}kbd}q nub clgc`| anpl}n` ld}bdqlvb ndm ldvh`vb flsbm

ldfunq}ura}rub fhukn}lhd ndm `hdg puhiba} a|a`bq wl}c `hdg pn|enaj pbulhmq$ ]cbqbacnuna}bulq}laq knjb n q}ne`b `bgn` funkbwhuj bqpbaln``| lkphu}nd} fhu }cbqb jldmq hfldfunq}ura}rub ldvbq}kbd}q$ L} lq }cb `naj hf `bgn` funkbwhujq }cn} cnkpbuq auhqq+ehumbupuhiba}q$ ]cbubfhub }clq qba}lhd lq mbmlan}bm }h n mlqarqqlhd hf erqldbqq ndm ldvbq}kbd}`bglq`n}lhd$ Wcl`b }cb bdvluhdkbd}n` `bglq`n}lhd mlqarqqbm ld }cb pubvlhrq qba}lhd lq bqqbd}ln`}h bdqruldg }cn} }cb lkpna}q hf nd nppuhvbm auhqq+ehumbu puhiba} nub jbp} }h n kldlkrk hunaabp}ne`b `bvb` }cb erqldbqq ndm ldvbq}kbd} `bglq`n}lhd wl`` eb }cb mbalqlvb fna}hu }cn}mb}bukldbq wcb}cbu qrac n puhiba} wl`` gb} hff }cb guhrdm ld }cb fluq} p`nab$

]cb knihu qreiba}q }cn} dbbm }h eb a`bnu`| mbfldbm ld `bgn` funkbwhujq lda`rmb9

ulgc}q hf pnqqngb fhu ghhmq pbhp`b ndm vbcla`bq:

kbnqrubq }h fnal`l}n}b }undql} ulgc}q #b$g$ pbukl}q `labdqbq ahdqbd}q hu h}cbunr}chulyn}lhdq, ndm nuundgbkbd}q fhu ahkpbdqn}lhd }h }undql} q}n}bq fhu }cb ulgc}q }cn}}cb| gund} nq wb`` nq fhu puhpbu}| ndm ulqj:

puhvlqlhd hf mlqpr}b ubqh`r}lhd kbacndlqkq }h mbn` wl}c ahdqr`}n}lhd ndm qb}}`bkbd} hfmlqpr}bq: ndm

mb}bukldn}lhd hf irulqmla}lhd ndm ubqphdqlel`l}| hvbu hu }l}`b ndm hwdbuqclp hf }cbhffqchub qbgkbd}q hf n plpb`ldb pnu}lar`nu`| }chqb hr}qlmb n q}n}b“q hwd }buul}huln`wn}buq$

L} lq hf}bd n }bmlhrq puhabqq }h he}nld }cb ub~rlubm pbukl}q$ Kbndwcl`b `bgn` rdabu}nld}lbqubqr`}ldg fuhk hvbu`nppldg dn}lhdn` ubglhdn` ndm krdlalpn` irulqmla}lhdq hd`| ahkphrdm }cbpuhe`bk$ Ld }cb anqb hf n puhiba} }cn} fnabq hvbu`nppldg irulqmla}lhdq }cbub lq dh nqqrundab

nq }h wcbd }cb puhiba} and q}nu} bvbd lf l} he}nldq abd}un` nr}chulyn}lhd ebanrqb knd| h}cbu`han` nr}chulyn}lhdq krq} eb he}nldbm n puhabqq hvbu wclac }cb abd}un` ghvbudkbd} cnq dhahd}uh`$ Fhu bsnkp`b ld }cb anqb hf }cb nfhubkbd}lhdbm DLKE\ q|dmuhkb DLKE\ puh}bq}qand q}bk dh} hd`| fuhk `han` pre`laq er} n`qh fuhk ubqlq}ndab hd }cb pnu} hf `han` nr}chul}lbqwch hpbun}b ld nubnq }cn} qn| plpb`ldbq krq} auhqq }h qbuvb knujb}q eb|hdm }cblu vlaldl}|$]crq l} lq lkpbun}lvb dh} hd`| }h cnvb `bgn` funkbwhujq ld p`nab er} n`qh }h cnvbq}ubnk`ldbm ndm }undqpnubd} puhabmrubq ndm qhrdm ghvbudndab ndm a`bnubu `ldbq hfubqphdqlel`l}| ndm frda}lhd n} vnulhrq `bvb`q hf ghvbudkbd}$ A`bnu`| }cbub lq krac qahpb fhughvbudkbd}q n} n`` `bvb`q }h lkpuhvb ld }cbqb nubnq$

>> Qbb Ycndg #5??3, fhu fru}cbu mlqarqqlhd hd ahhumldn}lhd eb}wbbd abd}un` ndm `han` ghvbudkbd}q hd

bdvluhdkbd}n` lqqrbq$

56




Wcbd l} ahkbq }h ldvbq}kbd} puh}ba}lhd }cb BA] lq }cb hd`| kr`}l`n}bun` ldvbq}kbd} }ubn}| ld}cb bdbug| qba}hu }cn} puhvlmbq n clgc `bvb` hf ldvbq}kbd} puh}ba}lhd$ L} qb}q hr} mlqpr}bubqh`r}lhd puhabmrubq }cn} n``hw fhu eldmldg ld}budn}lhdn` nuel}un}lhd ld }cb bvbd} hf mlqpr}bqeb}wbbd q}n}bq hu eb}wbbd q}n}bq ndm ldmlvlmrn` ahkpndlbq$ Ld }cb bvbd} hf ldvbq}hu+q}n}bmlqpr}bq }cb BA] kndmn}bq ahdal`ln}lhd nq n fluq} q}bp er} lf }cn} fnl`q }cb ldvbq}hu andachhqb }cb fhurk fhu mlqpr}b ubqh`r}lhd”bl}cbu n mhkbq}la ahru} hu ld}budn}lhdn` nuel}un}lhd$Lf }cb ldvbq}hu achhqbq ld}budn}lhdn` nuel}un}lhd l} and qrekl} }cb mlqpr}b }h }cb Ld}budn}lhdnÀbd}bu fhu }cb Qb}}`bkbd} hf Ldvbq}kbd} Mlqpr}bq #LAQLM, lf hdb hu eh}c pnu}lbq nub pnu}| }h}cb LAQLM Ahdvbd}lhd hu }cb Rdl}bm Dn}lhdq Ahkklqqlhd hd Ld}budn}lhdn` ]unmb @nw hu }cbNuel}un}lhd Ldq}l}r}b hf }cb Q}hajch`k Ld}budn}lhdn` Acnkebu hf Ahkkbuab$ Nwnumq hf qracldq}l}r}lhdq nub eldmldg hd }cb pnu}lbq ndm bdfhuabne`b$

=$6 ]cb Uh`b hf }cb Nqlnd Mbvb`hpkbd} Endj

NME“q uh`b nq nd bs}budn` qphdqhu qbuvldg nq n mlqld}bubq}bm chdbq} euhjbu an}n`|q} qhruabhf nqqlq}ndab #eh}c }bacdlan` ndm fldndaln`, ndm khel`lybu hf bs}budn` ubqhruabq cnq ebbd ndlkphu}nd} fna}hu ahd}uler}ldg }h }cb qraabqq hf }cb Gubn}bu Kbjhdg Qreubglhd #GKQ,

ahhpbun}lhd hd auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub p`nddldg ndm mbvb`hpkbd}$ ]cb kr`}l`n}bun`mbvb`hpkbd} endjq `ljb NME dbbm }h ahd}ldrb }h p`n| }cbqb kr`}lp`b uh`bq$

Ld }cb ahd}bs} hf BLNq NME cnq p`n|bm ndm dbbmq }h ahd}ldrb }h p`n| n uh`b ld erl`mldganpnal}lbq fhu }cb fhukr`n}lhd lkp`bkbd}n}lhd ndm khdl}huldg hf BLNq arkr`n}lvb lkpna}nqqbqqkbd}q #ALNq, QLNq ndm bdvluhdkbd}n` kndngbkbd} p`ndq #BK_q,$ Wb``+frda}lhdldgnqqbqqkbd} ldq}l}r}lhdq lkp`lal}`| ub~rlub ~rn`lflbm pbuqhddb` wl}c }cb ulgc} rdmbuq}ndmldg ndmnppubaln}lhd hf }cb lqqrbq ndm }cb nel`l}| }h knjb qalbd}lfla nqqbqqkbd}q ndm ldfhukbmmbalqlhdq$ Glvbd }cn} }cb kndngbkbd} ndm kldlklyn}lhd hf }cb bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q hfauhqq+ehumbu puhiba}q ub~rlubq wb``+frda}lhdldg ubgr`n}hu| khdl}huldg ndm bdfhuabkbd}anpnel`l}lbq wl}cld hvbuqlgc} ldq}l}r}lhdq l} lq lkphu}nd} }cn} eh}c bdvluhdkbd}n` nr}chul}lbqndm puhiba} mbvb`hpbuq nub ne`b }h pubpnub BLNq ALNq QLNq ndm }h qrpbuvlqb }cb

lkp`bkbd}n}lhd hf BK_q$ ]clq an``q fhu n q}ubdg}cbdbm uh`b fhu NME ld mbvb`hpldg }cbqbanpnal}lbq nkhdg eh}c bdvluhdkbd}n` nr}chul}lbq ndm puhiba} mbvb`hpbuq$ Nq ~rn`l}| hf BLNubphu}q cnq ebbd n elg ahdabud NME ldvh`vbkbd} nq n puhiba} qphdqhu qchr`m cb`p }hlkpuhvb }cb ~rn`l}| hf ubphu}q ebanrqb hf l}q q}ula}bu ub~rlubkbd}q ubgnumldg BLNq wclacqpuldg fuhk l}q uh`b nq wl}c h}cbu kr`}l`n}bun` mbvb`hpkbd} endjq nq puhvlmbu hf `hndq ndmh}cbu ulqj kl}lgn}lhd ldq}urkbd}q qrac nq grnund}bbq$

]cb ldvh`vbkbd} hf NME n`qh cb`pq }h nvhlm }cb rdmbubq}lkn}lhd hf ahkpbdqn}lhd ndmubqb}}`bkbd} dbbmq nq wb`` nq ldqrfflalbd} p`nddldg ndm ermgb}ldg fhu }chqb dbbmq ebanrqbn ubqb}}`bkbd} na}lhd p`nd naabp}ne`b }h NME lq n pubub~rlql}b fhu puhiba} nppunlqn`$ NMEn`qh qbuvbq nq n phld} hf ahkp`nld} fhu puhiba}+nffba}bm pbhp`b wch eb`lbvb }cb| cnvbubablvbm ahkpbdqn}lhd ldnmb~rn}b }h ubq}hub }cblu `hq} bahdhkla ndm qhaln` enqbq$ Ldubqphdqb }h ubphu}bm puhe`bkq NME and fnal`l}n}b kbb}ldgq eb}wbbd ahdabudbmq}njbch`mbuq ub~rbq} n ubqb}}`bkbd} nrml} }h mb}bukldb }cb vn`lml}| hf ahkp`nld}q ndm whujwl}c }cb ghvbudkbd}q ahdabudbm }h ubqh`vb hr}q}ndmldg lqqrbq$

2$ AHDA@RQLHDQ

Auhqq+ehumbu bdbug| puhiba}q dh} hd`| ar} }cb ahq}q hf bdbug| qrpp`lbq er} n`qh puhvlmb `han`ndm g`hen` bdvluhdkbd}n` ebdbfl}q e| ubmraldg `han` ph``r}nd}q ndm gubbdchrqb gnqbklqqlhdq }cuhrgc }cb rqb hf c|muhphwbu ndm(hu dn}run` gnq ld p`nab hf ahn` ndm(hu hl`$Auhqq+ehumbu }undqphu} #clgcwn|, puhiba}q ar} vbcla`b hpbun}ldg ahq}q ndm lkpuhvb }unfflaqnfb}| ndm n} }cb qnkb }lkb ldaubnqb }cb pnqqngb hf ghhmq nauhqq ehumbuq$ Ld nmml}lhd }h}cbqb kbnqrune`b bahdhkla ndm bdvluhdkbd}n` ebdbfl}q ld}ndgle`b ebdbfl}q qrac nq }cbq}ubdg}cbdldg hf eh}c bdbug| qbarul}| ndm ubglhdn` bahdhkla ahhpbun}lhd wl}c dblgcehuldgahrd}ulbq kn| n`qh eb gbdbun}bm e| auhqq+ehumbu bdbug| ndm }undqphu} puhiba}q$

57




N`hdg wl}c phql}lvb ebdbfl}q auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q and n`qh cnvb ph}bd}ln``|dbgn}lvb bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q$ Knd| hf }cbqb dbgn}lvb bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q lda`rmldga`lkn}b lkpna}q wl`` haaru mruldg puhiba} ahdq}ura}lhd wcbubnq qhkb bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}qwl`` haaru ndm eb jdhwd hd`| mruldg puhiba} hpbun}lhd$ Qh puhiba} mbvb`hpbuq dbbm }h eb ne`b}h eh}c nd}lalpn}b bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q mruldg puhiba} pubpnun}lhd ndm mbn` wl}cbdvluhdkbd}n` bffba}q mruldg puhiba} hpbun}lhd$ Mbpbdmldg hd l}q qan`b }|pb ndm `han}lhd nauhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba} and cnvb bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna}q }cn} bs}bdm eb|hdm }cbpuhiba} `bvb` ndm ld}h }cb dn}lhdn` qreubglhdn` hu bvbd g`hen` `bvb`$ ]crq bdvluhdkbd}n`lkpna}q eh}c n} }cb puhiba} `bvb` ndm wcbubvbu dbabqqnu| eb|hdm }cb puhiba} `bvb` dbbm }heb }njbd ld}h naahrd}$ ]cb nmvbuqb lkpna}q lmbd}lflbm }cbd dbbm }h eb nvhlmbm }h }cb bs}bd}phqqle`b hu ubmrabm }h n kldlkrk hu naabp}ne`b `bvb` ld anqbq wcbub }cb| and dh} ebahkp`b}b`| nvhlmbm$

Nd lkphu}nd} `bqqhd `bnudbm fuhk }cb nqqbqqkbd} hf ahkp`b}bm auhqq+ehumbu puhiba}q lq }cn}anubfr``| ldvbq}lgn}ldg puhiba} n`}budn}lvbq n} }cb puhiba} mbqlgd q}ngb ndm knjldg }cbahuubqphdmldg khmlflan}lhdq wcbubvbu dbbmbm and na} nq n kl}lgn}lhd kbnqrub }h cb`p }hubmrab }cb dbgn}lvb lkpna}q hf }cb puhphqbm puhiba}$ N q}rm| hf n`}budn}lvbq cb`pq }h naclbvb}cn} ghn` e| fluq} mb}bukldldg chw }cb puhiba} ld ~rbq}lhd ahkpnubq wl}c n`}budn}lvb hp}lhdq

fhu }cb qnkb ghn` nq kbnqrubm ngnldq} }bacdlan` bahdhkla fldndaln` bdvluhdkbd}n` ndmqhaln` aul}buln ndm }cbd bsnkldldg wcb}cbu }cb puhphqbm ahdflgrun}lhd hf }cb puhiba} lqhp}lkn`$ H}cbu kl}lgn}lhd kbnqrubq }cn} and eb npp`lbm mruldg }cb puhiba} mbqlgd q}ngblda`rmb }cb anubfr` qb`ba}lhd hf puhiba} ql}bq ndm uhr}bq }h nvhlm }cblu ebldg `han}bm ldqbdql}lvb nubnq ubmra}lhd hf }cb drkebu hf ankp fh``hwbuq }cb mbvb`hpkbd} ndmlkp`bkbd}n}lhd hf n puhpbu ahd}una}+nwnumldg q|q}bk qpbalflan}lhd hf }cb gubbd aubmbd}ln`qub~rlubm hf cbnm ahdq}ura}lhd ahd}una}huq ndm bdgngbkbd} wl}c puhiba}+nffba}bm pbhp`b ndmahkkrdl}lbq ndm h}cbu ahdabudbm q}njbch`mbuq ld pre`la ahdqr`}n}lhd ndm mlqa`hqrubpuhabqqbq ld humbu }h mb}bukldb puhpbu ahkpbdqn}lhd ndm ubqb}}`bkbd} qb}}`bkbd}q ndmp`ndq$

Auhqq+ehumbu puhiba}q n`qh fnab nmml}lhdn` acn``bdgbq ub`n}lvb }h dn}lhdn` puhiba}q$

]bacdlan` ubgr`n}hu| ldq}l}r}lhdn` ndm `bgn` heq}na`bq and ahdq}unld }cb mbvb`hpkbd} hfauhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q$ ]cb ahrd}ulbq ahdabudbm dbbm }h ngubb ld mb}nl` }h}bacdlan` qpbalflan}lhdq ndm mbvb`hp cnukhdlybm q}ndmnumq fhu mbqlgd ahdq}ura}lhdhpbun}lhd knld}bdndab cbn`}c qnfb}| ndm bdvluhdkbd} ndm wblgc}q ndm kbnqrubq ldhumbu }h kl}lgn}b bdvluhdkbd}n` ulqjq ndm lkpna}q$ Nuundgbkbd}q fhu pulaldg }nulffq ndmnaabqq ndm rqb nub bqpbaln``| aul}lan` ebanrqb rdmbu+pulaldg ld ubablvldg knujb}q bsabqqlvb}undql} ndm rqbu fbbq ubq}ula}lhdq hd hu rdfnvhune`b }undqklqqlhd hf }undql} naabqq rda`bnuld}buahddba}lhd ub~rlubkbd}q ndm bsabqqlvb `lnel`l}| ldqrundab ub~rlubkbd}q and n`` heq}ura}}cb mbvb`hpkbd} hf auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q$

Auhqq+ehumbu puhiba}q and n`qh eb cnkpbubm e| n q}n}b“q ph`l}lan``|+kh}lvn}bm ub`ra}ndab }hebahkb mbpbdmbd} hd ndh}cbu ahrd}u| fhu bdbug| fhu ubnqhdq hf qbarul}| hf bdbug| qrpp`|

hu }h bsphu} wcn} lq vlbwbm nq n q}un}bgla dn}lhdn` nqqb}$ ]cbubfhub ghvbudkbd}q dbbm }hkhvb }hwnumq n knujb}+enqbm pulaldg q|q}bk ndm nwn| fuhk puna}labq qrac nq pulabld}buvbd}lhdq ndm }ns mlq}hu}lhdq wclac `bnm }h }cb ldbfflalbd} pulaldg hf dn}run` gnq hu phwbu$Fhu wlmbu phwbu gulm hu plpb`ldb ld}buahddba}lhdq khub fhukn` nuundgbkbd}q nub dbabqqnu|}h puhvlmb pnu}lalpnd}q wl}c qrfflalbd} nqqrundabq hd kn}}buq qrac nq q|q}bk hpbun}lhdpulaldg hu }nulffq }undqklqqlhd hu }undql} naabqq ndm fbbq$ ]cb Dhu}cbnq} Nqln #DBN, ndmNqqhaln}lhd hf Qhr}cbnq} Nqlnd Dn}lhdq #NQBND, ahrd}ulbq ahr`m }njb }cb ub`bvnd} nu}la`brdmbu }cb Bdbug| Acnu}bu ]ubn}| nq n ubfbubdab fhu mbn`ldg wl}c naabqq ndm rqb lqqrbq ndmqb}}ldg }undql} }nulffq$ Wl}c }cb GKQ Ld}bu+Ghvbudkbd}n` Ngubbkbd} hd Ubglhdn` _hwbu]unmb nq n enqb ndm }cb Ubglhdn` B`ba}ulal}| Ubgr`n}hu| Nr}chul}| ld Qhr}cbud Nfulan nq ndld}bubq}ldg bsnkp`b }clq qreubglhd ahr`m bsp`hub }cb phqqlel`l}| hf bq}ne`lqcldg n q}ura}rubmqreubglhdn` ubgr`n}hu| ubglkb fhu phwbu ld}buahddba}lhdq ndm hpbun}lhd$

Ldq}l}r}lhdn` nuundgbkbd}q bl}cbu fhukn` hu ldfhukn` nub auraln` }h }cb qraabqq hf auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q$ ]cb qpbalfla ldq}l}r}lhdn` nuundgbkbd}q ub~rlubm wl`` vnu|

53




mbpbdmldg hd }cb puhiba} }|pb ndm }cb `bvb` hf nuundgbkbd} wl`` undgb fuhk }cb puhiba} `bvb`}h }cb dn}lhdn` `bvb` ndm clgcbu$ N} }cb puhiba} `bvb` }cb nq|kkb}ula mlq}uler}lhd hf ahq}q ndmebdbfl}q nkhdg }cb pnu}lbq ldvh`vbm dbbmq }h eb nmmubqqbm ld humbu }h n`lgd }cb ahq}q wl}c}cb ebdbfl}q hf }cb knld pnu}lbq$ Glvbd }cn} n auhqq+ehumbu puhiba} cnq qbvbun` ahrd}u|ahkphdbd}q }cbub lq n a`bnu dbbm }h ahhumldn}b nuundgbkbd}q nkhdg pnu}lbq }h bdqrub }cbhvbun`` qrq}nldnel`l}| }cb puhiba}$ ]h ld}bgun}b ubglhdn` ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q wl}c dn}lhdn`p`ndq ndm pulhul}lbq dn}lhdn` ldq}l}r}lhdn` anpnal}lbq dbbm }h eb q}ubdg}cbdbm ld humbu }hmbvb`hp n ghhm rdmbuq}ndmldg hf mhkbq}la ldfunq}ura}rub puhgunkq pulhul}lbq ndm ubqhruabqndm }cb ph}bd}ln` mhkbq}la ebdbfl}q hf auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q$ Khubhvbu }cbubqchr`m eb n a`bnu mb`ldbn}lhd hf ubqphdqlel`l}| ndm naahrd}nel`l}| ndm ghhm ahhumldn}lhdnauhqq kldlq}ulbq ndm ahdabudbm nr}chul}lbq$ Ubglhdn` ldq}l}r}lhdn` funkbwhujq hunuundgbkbd}q nub n`qh auraln` }h bffba}lvb ahhpbun}lhd hd auhqq+ehumbu bdbug| puhiba}q$ ]cbclgc`| ah``nehun}lvb p`nddldg puhabqq fhu }cb NQBND _hwbu Gulm puhiba} a`bnu`| enajbm e|ghvbudkbd}q ndm qrpphu}bm e| phwbu q|q}bk bspbu}q lq n vn`rne`b khmb`$ N qlkl`nupuhabqq wl}c ph`l}lan` enajldg lq dbbmbm ld DBN ld humbu }h naclbvb qrfflalbd} qrpphu} fhu }cbpuhphqbm phwbu gulm ld}buahddba}lhd$ ]cb ghvbudkbd}q hf }cb DBN ahr`m gh fru}cbu ndmbsp`hub }cb phqqlel`l}| hf bq}ne`lqcldg n fhukn` ubglhdn` ldq}l}r}lhdn` funkbwhuj fhu bdbug|

ahhpbun}lhd wl}c n ahkkhd qb} hf ur`bq ndm nd he`lgn}lhd hd }cb ahrd}ulbq ldvh`vbm }hheqbuvb }cbqb ur`bq ld puna}lab$

]cb bdvluhdkbd}n` lkpna} nqqbqqkbd} #BLN, `bglq`n}lhd ld }cb ubglhd gbdbun``| qrffbuq fuhkldnmb~rnalbq ld9 qb}}ldg hr} ldq}l}r}lhdn` ubqphdqlel`l}lbq n} mlffbubd} q}ngbq hf }cb puhabqq:ahvbungb: ub~rlubkbd}q ndm grlmb`ldbq fhu lkpna} nqqbqqkbd}q fhu puhiba}q hf mlffbubd}qan`bq: ndm nu}lar`n}lhd hf bdfhuabkbd} puhabmrubq$ ]cb BLN `nwq nub hf}bd vngrb wl}cubgnum }h }cb aubmbd}ln`q ub~rlubm ndm }cb qahpb hf vnulhrq ngbdalbq ldvh`vbm ld BLNq$ ]crq}cbub lq n a`bnu dbbm }h bq}ne`lqc nmml}lhdn` kbnqrubq }cn} mbfldb }cb ub~rlql}b aubmbd}ln`q fhungbdalbq rdmbu}njldg BLNq hd ahdq}ura}lhd puhiba}q$ ]cb lkp`bkbd}n}lhd hf ahkp`b}bm BLNqcnq n`qh ebbd n elg lqqrb ld }cb ubglhd$ Fru}cbu BLNq cnvb ld gbdbun` }bdmbm }hrdmbubq}lkn}b eh}c }cb bdvluhdkbd}n` ndm qhaln` lkpna}q hf puhphqbm puhiba}q ndm }cblukl}lgn}lhd ahq}q$ Khubhvbu qhkb auhqq+ehumbu ldfunq}ura}rub puhiba}q ub~rlub n q}un}bglalkpna} nqqbqqkbd} #QLN, }h eb rdmbu}njbd ld humbu }h lmbd}lf| eh}c ph}bd}ln` lkpna}qbs}bdmldg eb|hdm }cb puhiba} `bvb` ndm }cb hp}lhdq nvnl`ne`b }h nvhlm hu kl}lgn}b }cbqblkpna}q$ Chwbvbu aruubd} bdvluhdkbd}n` nqqbqqkbd} `bglq`n}lhd ld knd| Nqlnd ahrd}ulbqmhbq dh} ahd}nld QLN puhvlqlhdq$ Qh bvbd lf bs}budn``|+frdmbm puhiba}q cnvb ebbd qreiba} }hn puhpbu QLN dn}lhdn` ghvbudkbd}q kn| dh} cnvb }h ahkkl} }h l}q lkp`bkbd}n}lhd ebanrqb l}lq dh} kndmn}bm rdmbu mhkbq}la `bglq`n}lhd$ Bvbd wcbub aruubd} bdvluhdkbd}n` nqqbqqkbd}`bglq`n}lhd mhbq ahd}nld QLN puhvlqlhdq }cbqb puhvlqlhdq nub }hh gbdbun` }h eb hf nd| ubn`puna}lan` rqb$ Fhu bsnkp`b }cb| mh dh} qpbalf| wcn} jldmq hf puhiba}q ub~rlub kndmn}hu| QLNubphu}q dhu mh }cb| qpbalf| nppuhvn` puhabmrubq fhu QLN ubphu}q hdab pubpnubm$ Ld }cbqbanqbq mb}nl`bm ubgr`n}lhdq dbbm }h eb bq}ne`lqcbm }h ubdmbu }cb QLN puhvlqlhdq fr``|hpbun}lhdn`$

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anpnal}lbq fhu }cb fhukr`n}lhd lkp`bkbd}n}lhd ndm khdl}huldg hf BLNq arkr`n}lvb lkpna}nqqbqqkbd}q QLNq ndm bdvluhdkbd}n` kndngbkbd} p`ndq$ ]cb ldvh`vbkbd} hf NME n`qhcb`pq }h nvhlm }cb rdmbubq}lkn}lhd hf ahkpbdqn}lhd ndm ubqb}}`bkbd} dbbmq nq wb`` nqldqrfflalbd} p`nddldg ndm ermgb}ldg fhu }chqb dbbmq$ Khubhvbu NME qbuvbq nq n phld} hfahkp`nld} fhu puhiba}+nffba}bm pbhp`b ndm ld ubqphdqb }h ubphu}bm puhe`bkq NME andfnal`l}n}b kbb}ldgq eb}wbbd ahdabudbm q}njbch`mbuq ub~rbq} n ubqb}}`bkbd} nrml} }hmb}bukldb }cb vn`lml}| hf ahkp`nld}q ndm whuj wl}c }cb ghvbudkbd}q ahdabudbm }h ubqh`vbhr}q}ndmldg lqqrbq$

1?




UBFBUBDABQ

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”””$ 5??=$ Qrkknu| Bdvluhdkbd}n` ndm Qhaln` Lkpna} Nqqbqqkbd}9 Dnk ]cbrd 5 C|muhb`ba}ula _uhiba} ld @nh _MU $ Kndl`n$

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#LBBI,$ 5??7$ N_BA Bdbug| Ubvlbw 5??6 $ ]hj|h9 N_BUA$

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Ehuacbu} C$ ndm J$ Fhuq}bu$ 5??7$ Bdbug| Ldfunq}ura}rub Qbarul}|9 ]lkb fhu n Db}whujbm_re`la+_ulvn}b Ghvbudndab Nppuhnac$ Klmm`b Bnq} Bahdhkla Qruvb| =<#5>,$

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Bdbug| Ldfhukn}lhd Nmkldlq}un}lhd$ 5??=$ Ahrd}u| Ndn`|qlq Eulbfq fhu Urqqln $ Wnqcldg}hdMA9 Bdbug| Ldfhukn}lhd Nmkldlq}un}lhd$

1>

http://www.exxonmobil.com/Australia-English/PA/Files/27182_ACILTasman_Impact_Study_FINAL.pdf


http://www.adb.org/Documents/News/2005/nr2005042.asp

http://www.aseansec.org/1814.htm

http://www.mees.com/postedarticles/oped/v50n21-5OD03.htm

http://www.chinacourt.org/public/detail.php?id=189563

http://www.chinacourt.org/public/detail.php?id=189563

http://www.mees.com/postedarticles/oped/v50n21-5OD03.htm

http://www.aseansec.org/1814.htm

http://www.adb.org/Documents/News/2005/nr2005042.asp






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15

http://www.adb.org/Documents/Environment/PNG/39584-PNG-SEIA.pdf

http://www.adb.org/Documents/Environment/LAO/lao-nam-theun2.pdf

http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/09/13/000011823_20050913104047/Rendered/PDF/E385v13.rev0St0actAssess.Nov2004010.pdf



http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-04-08/164417569962.shtml

http://www.chinacourt.org/flwk/show1.php?file_id=103891

http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2177/esiaguidelines01.pdf

http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2177/esiaguidelines01.pdf

http://www.chinacourt.org/flwk/show1.php?file_id=103891





http://www.adb.org/Documents/Environment/LAO/lao-nam-theun2.pdf

http://www.adb.org/Documents/Environment/PNG/39584-PNG-SEIA.pdf




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http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF1D90.pdf





http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF1D90.pdf