PNEUMATIC & HYDRAULIC

CHAPTER 1 : Introduction of Pneumatic System

Types of Air Compressor

Dynamic compressor

Piston compressor Rotary compressor Screw compressor

1. Single cylinder compressor 2. Double acting cylinder 3. Two stage compressor 4. Combined two stage compressor 5. Diaphragm compressor

Types of Rotary Compressor

Lobe compressor

Liquid ring compressor Vane compressor

Air Cooler

1. Cooling process done by using atmospheric air as a medium.

2. Using water as a medium of cooling.

Air Dryer

1. Adsorrption dryer

2. Refrigeration dryer

3. Air filter & water trap

CHAPTER 2 : Elements in Pneumatic Working System

Types of Linear Cylinder

Pneumatic cylinders : are mechanical devices use the power of compressed gas to produce a force in a reciprocating

linear motion.

Double acting cylinder

Single acting cylinder

Deliquescent dryer

Absorption dryer (heating)

Is a cylinder in which the working

fluid acts on one side of the piston only.

Is a cylinder in which the working fluid acts

alternately on both sides of the piston.

Cushioning in Pneumatic System

To decelerate a cylinder's piston before it strikes the end cap.

Reducing the piston velocity and reduces vibration transmitted to the machine structure.

Mounting Cylinder

Standard cylinders are not designed to absorb the load from the piston side.

The cylinder must be fitted with care and precision to ensure that the load movement parallel and balanced with the

center line of the cylinder.

Type of mounting cylinder.

Mounting directly (Direct)

• Cylinder mounted directly to the front surface of the rod

Mounting Threads (Threaded Neck)

• Cylinder fitted with lock nuts that are on the front of the cylinder.

Mounting Legged (Foot Mount)

• Cylinder mounted horizontally by installing two feet in front and behind the cylinder.

Suspension Mounting Rear (Rear Flange)

• Cylinder mounted on the back of the keyboard.

Front Suspension Mounting (Front Flange)

• Cylinder mounted on the front of the keyboard.

Oscillation Mounting Rear (Rear Clevis)

• Cylinder mounted on the front of the joints that can swing.

Trunnion Mounting

• Mounting hinge mounted on the center of the cylinder to allow it swing

Valve

Methods of how the valve is moved Figure Symbol

Human

Moved by the operator by means of pressing the

button provided.

Mechanical

Valve is actuated by a mechanical mechanism

such as wheeled switch and the cylinder rod.

Pneumatic

Valve is actuated by the compressed air that

act to move the position of wind channel.

Electrical

Valve is actuated by a solenoid powered by

electricity.

CHAPTER 3 : Pneumatic Circuit Design

CYLINDER NUMEROUS CONTROL

For operating multi-cylinder sequence control circuit below, there are two action pneumatic cylinder rod is moved or controlled

will take turns using the aid of pneumatic components.

TIME MOTION DIAGRAM

Figure movement time (RGM) or "Time Motion Chart", can describe a sequence of two or more cylinders are moved

automatically.

BUIDING CIRCUIT WITH CASCADE METHOD

To build a counter circuit step, you need a step counter module consists of valve 3/2 and valve AND. It has 6 points of

connection as pictured below. WARNING! You must draw a counter module form in step 3.9 diagram below so as not to

confuse the counter circuit construction step.

CHAPTER 4 : Hydraulic Component

CHAPTER 5 : Basic Hydraulic Circuit

To perform a useful task a hydraulic simple circuit consists of a group of parts such as pumps, actuators (motors and cylinders),

control valves and conductors (pipe and hoses).Hydraulic simple circuit is categorized into 2 types: open center and closed

center. The type of circuit is usually designated by directional control valves.

The basic design of an open circuit

Simple design with a fixed displacement pump, fixed displacement motor and cylinder block.

Direction of stroke and output are on one side.

A direction control valve (10) and bi-directional motor (3) was included in the system. By direction control valve the movement

of the actuators could be changed.

The basic design of a close circuit

This type of hydraulic system comprises a variable displacement pump and motor with interconnecting hydraulic lines. The flow

rate and direction of flow is controlled by the pump swivel angle. The motor may swivel on one side of centre and is also

adjustable.

Two relief valves were added in hydraulic system. Their function ensures maximum pressure and also protecting the system

against overload.

CHAPTER 6 : Hydraulic Circuit Design

Bleed-off speed control

Bleed-off circuits do not work with a running-away load.

When using a bleed-off circuit with a running-away load, use the counterbalance circuit.

Notice that a bypass check valve forces fluid through an adjustable orifice just before it enters the actuator. With a meter-in circuit, fluid enters the actuator at a controlled rate.

The action of meter-out flow controls is smooth and steady in hydraulic circuits.

meter-out flow controls are controlling the load on a down-acting vertical cylinder.

Diaphragm type Accumulators

Diaphragm type Accumulators Operations

Bladder type Accumulators

Operations Bladder Type Accumulators