PM(Project Life Cycle)

7/31/2019 PM(Project Life Cycle)

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Project Life Cycle

There is general agreement that most

projects pass through a four phase lifecycle under the following headings:


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Concept and initiation Phase

The first phase starts the project by

establishing a need or opportunity for the

product, facility or service. The feasibility of

proceeding with the project is invested and on

acceptance moves to the next phase.


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Design and Development Phase

The second phase uses the guidelines set by

the feasibility study to design the product and

develop detailed schedules and plans for

making or implementing the product.


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Implementation or Construction Phase

The third phase implements the project as per

the base line plan developed in the previous

phase.


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Commissioning and Handover Phase

The fourth phase confirms the project has

been implemented or built to the design and

terminates the project.


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For example, consider a simple house building

project which passes through the following

phases:


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Concept and initial Phase

The desire for a new develops into a need. The

options and alternatives are considered, and

the feasibility of the best options are

evaluated.


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Design and Development Phase

The preferred option is now designed and

developed in detail, together with all the

associated planning of schedules,

procurement, resources and budgets. The land

and long lead items may be bought in this

phase.


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Implementation or Construction Phase

The contracts are let and the house is built to

detailed plans developed in the previous

phase. Changes may be made to the original

baseline plan as problems arise or better

information is forth coming.


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Commissioning and handover Phase

The building is inspected and approve. The

house is now ready to be handed over to the

owner and family.


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The project life cycle definition will also

determine which transitional actions at the

end of the project are included and which are

not. In this manner, the project life cycle

definition can be used to link the project to

the ongoing operations of the performing

organization.


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The phase sequence defined by most project life cyclesgenerally involves some form of technology transfer orhand-off such as requirements to design, construction

to operations, or design to manufacturing. Deliverablesfrom the preceding phase are usually approved beforework starts on the next phase. However, a subsequent

phase is sometimes begun prior to approval of theprevious phase deliverables when the risks involved are

deemed acceptable. This practice of overlappingphases is often calledfast tracking.


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Project life cycles generally define:

What technical work should be done in eachphase (e.g., is the work of the architect part of

the definition phase or part of the executionphase?).

Who should be involved in each phase (e.g.,

concurrent engineering requires that theimplementor be involved with requirementsand design).


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Project life cycle descriptions may be very

general or very detailed. Highly detailed

descriptions may have numerous forms,

charts, and checklists to provide structure and

consistency. Such detailed approaches are

often called project management

methodologies.


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Most project life cycle descriptions share a

number of common characteristics:

Cost and staffing levels are low at the start,

higher towards the end, and drop rapidly as

the project draws to a conclusion. This pattern

is illustrated in Figure 21


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The probability of successfully completing the

project is lowest, and hence risk and

uncertainty are highest, at the start of the

project. The probability of successful

completion generally gets progressively higher

as the project continues.


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The ability of the stakeholders to influence the

final characteristics of the project product and

the final cost of the project is highest at the

start and gets progressively lower as theproject continues. A major contributor to this

phenomenon is that the cost of changes and

error correction generally increases as theproject continues.


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Care should be taken to distinguish theproject

life cycle from theproductlife cycle. For

example, a project undertaken to bring a new

desktop computer to market is but one phaseor stage of the product life cycle.


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Although many project life cycles have similarphase names with similar work productsrequired, few are identical. Most have four or five

phases, but some have nine or more. Even withina single application area there can be significantvariationsone organizations softwaredevelopment life cycle may have a single design

phase while anothers has separate phases forfunctional and detail design. Subprojects withinprojects may also have distinct project life cycles.


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For example: an architectural firm hired to design anew office building is first involved in the ownersdefinition phase when doing the design and in theowners implementation phase when supporting the

construction effort. The architects design project,however, will have its own series of phases fromconceptual development through definition and

implementation to closure. The architect may even

treat designing the facility and supporting theconstruction as separate projects with their owndistinct phases.


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Construction

Feasibilityproject formulation, feasibility studies, andstrategy design and approval. A go/no-go decision ismade at the end of this phase.

Planning and Designbase design, cost and schedule,contract terms and conditions, and detailed planning.Major contracts are let at the end of this phase.

Productionmanufacturing, delivery, civil works,installation, and testing. The facility is substantially

complete at the end of this phase.

Turnover and Start-upfinal testing and maintenance.The facility is in full operation at the end of this phase.


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Pharmaceuticals

Discovery and Screeningincludes basic and appliedresearch to identify candidates for preclinical testing.

Preclinical Developmentincludes laboratory and animal

testing to determine safety and efficacy as well aspreparation and filing of an Investigational New Drug (IND)application.

Registration(s) Workupincludes Clinical Phase I, II, and IIItests as well as preparation and filing of a New Drug

Application (NDA). Post-submission Activityincludes additional work as

required to support Food and Drug Administration reviewof the NDA.

Documents

PM(Project Life Cycle)