Plumbing Fundamentals

8/8/2019 Plumbing Fundamentals

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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING



FUNDAMENTALS OF

PLUMBING

PLUMBING AXIOMS

•Treatment Plants are downstream and

downwind

•Gravity rules

Use of

the

information

and

data

contained

within

tesengineering.com and/or

these

pages

is

at

your

sole

risk.

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©2008 TES Engineering



X

X

X

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WASTE PIPING

• Minimum slope (pitch)

• Sanitary: 1/8” per foot (aka 1%)

• Grease: 1/4“ per foot

Use of

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information

and

data

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within


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pages

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at

your

sole

risk.





X

Units of load are “fixture units”


Use of

the

information

and

data

contained

within


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at

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X

Pipe capacity is slope dependent


Use

of

the

information

and

data

contained

within


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pages

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at

your

sole

risk.





X


Sanitary piping must vent to outside

• When water is flowing, air is allowed

in and trap doesn’t siphon dry

• Odors also vent out

• Size

• Half the trap size, but not less

than 1‐1/4”

• Distance dependent only for

long distances

Use

of

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data

contained

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Almost ALL plumbing fixtures require a

vent

• Exceptions

• Vented mains are oversized sanitary pipes

• Floor

drains

within

10’ of

sanitary

pipes

• Alternate – Air admittance valves

Use

of

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information

and

data

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Vented toilet

Unventedfloor drain

Vented lavatory

Use

of

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information

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at

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AIR ADMITTANCE VALVES

• Allows air to enter the plumbing system and equalize pressure when

water drains out of the system; maintaining the “water seal” that

prevents sewer gas from entering the building

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TRAP PRIMER

• Floor drains

• Infrequently used

• Water evaporates

• Provides water

to

maintain

seal

• Required by code

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TRAP PRIMER

• Pressure actuated

Operates by drops in

water pressure

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of

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information

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TRAP PRIMER

• Diaphragm

Operates when

weight of water

lowers diaphragm

• Flush Valve

Operates when toilet

is flushed

• Sink Tailpiece

Operates when trap

flows

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information

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CLEANOUTS – Access to piping for blockage

• Floor cleanouts

• Wall cleanouts

• Floor drains

• Toilet fitting

Use of the information and data contained within tesengineering.com and/or these pages is at your sole risk.





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Passive (Manual) Grease Interceptor

• Pre‐cast

vs.

Steel

• Sizes

• Cleaning

• Access

• Location






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Grease Interceptor






X


Water Piping

• Pressure dependent

• Units of load are “fixture units”








X


Water Heaters

• Expansion tank

• T&P valve

• Set at 125 psi

&

210o

F

• Drain pan






X

PRESSURE REGULATORS

Water Pressure Regulators (PRV’s)

•Required by

code

over

80psi

•50psi (static) is near minimum

•Protect plumbing system components






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BACKFLOW PREVENTION

Backflow preventers are best when applied at

point of

use:

•Example: Janitor closet faucet hose connection

Solution: Integral vacuum breakers

•Example: Large water consuming tenant

Solution:

Double

check

valve

reduces

negative pressure

•Example: Known contaminant in piping system

(or as may be required by the local

authorities)

Solution: Reduced pressure backflow

preventer


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X

NATURAL GAS

Components

•Pressure, 2#

or

7 oz

•Meter

• Small

• Medium

• Large

•Regulator

•Main

Screwed up to 1‐1/2”,

welded above

that


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X


Plumbing Facts:

•36 toilet

rooms

can

be

tied

to

one

4” sanitary

pipe

• One large restaurant can use up the entire 4” sanitary pipe

•Flush valve vs. tank type toilets

• Flush valve requires 3‐1/2 times the water pipe size as does

a tank type, yet tank and flush valve toilets use the same

amount of water to flush, 1.6 gpf. The difference is

instantaneous demand and speed of recovery.

•Natural Gas

• 1,000 cfh at

7 oz

running

300’ =

2‐1/2” pipe

• 1,000 cfh at 2# running 300’ = 1‐1/4” pipe


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Terms

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PLUMBING FUNDAMENTALS

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Plumbing Fundamentals