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Oracle Academy 1 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Database Programming with PL/SQL
Semester 1 Mid Term Review
Name: _________________________________________
1. PL/SQL stands for Procedural Language extension to SQL .
2. PL/SQL is a 3GL programming language.
3. The PL/SQL language uses which of the following:
a. Variables
b. Cursors
c. Conditional logic
d. Data definition language
4. The basic unit in a PL/SQL program is a block .
5. PL/SQL allows you to logically combine multiple SQL statements as one unit or block. The
application can send the entire block to the database instead of sending the SQL statements
one at a time. This significantly reduces the number of database calls. (True or False)
6. Name the three sections of a PL/SQL block.
Declarative, executable, exception handling
7. The declarative section contains SQL statements and PL/SQL statements to manipulate data
in the database. (True or False)
8. The three types of blocks that can make up a PL/SQL program are:
a. Anonymous
b. Procedures
c. Manipulative
d. Functions
9. The following is what type of PL/SQL program?
Anonymous DECLARE
v_date DATE := SYSDATE;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_date);
END;
Oracle Academy 2 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
10. Where are subprograms stored?
In the database
11. In the LIKE operator, which symbol is used to represent a single text character or numeric
digit?
a. "_ "
b. "/"
c. "&"
d. "%" asdf
12. Which of the following can be used in the SELECT statement to return all columns of data in
a table?
a. ALL
b. Columns
c. *
d. DISTINCT
13. The DISTINCT keyword is used to eliminate duplicate rows from the output of a SQL
statement.
14. NVL is a general function that converts a null value to a date, a character, or a number.
15. To avoid a Cartesian product, if there are four tables in the FROM clause, what is the
minimum joins that must be specified?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
16. PL/SQL variables can be used for:
a. Reusability
b. Comments
c. Stored values
d. Default values
17. A reserved word can be used as an identifier in a PL/SQL program. (True or False)
18. Which are valid declaration statements?
a. v_first_name := 'John';
b. v_date DATE := TODAY;
c. age_c NUMBER (3) != 25;
d. count_loop BINARY_INTEGER := 0;
Oracle Academy 3 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
19. Why is the following statement invalid?
A NOT NULL variable must be assigned a value.
v_valid BOOLEAN NOT NULL;
20. Select the correct method for declaring a variable of a previously declared variable or
database column.
a. %LIKE
b. %TYPE
c. %COLTYPE
21. AVG, COUNT, and SUM are what type of functions? Group
22. Choose the statement that will run without error.
a. SELECT region_id, COUNT(country_id)
GROUP BY region_id
FROM wf_countries
WHERE region_id < 15;
b. SELECT region_id, COUNT(country_id)
FROM wf_countries
WHERE region_id < 15
GROUP BY COUNT(country_id);
c. SELECT region_id, COUNT(country_id)
FROM wf_countries
WHERE region_id < 15
GROUP BY region_id;
23. Group functions can be used in subqueries. (True or False)
24. Subqueries must contain only one row to the main query. (True or False)
25. Which group functions below act on text, number and date datatypes?
a. SUM
b. MAX
c. MIN
d. AVG
e. COUNT
Oracle Academy 4 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
26. In which instances listed below is a SQL function allowed in a PL/SQL procedural
statement?
a. Single-row character
b. Date
c. Group functions
d. Data type conversion
27. Consider the following PL/SQL block. What occurs for this block to be valid?
PL/SQL implicitly converts v_sal_increase to a number.
DECLARE
v_salary NUMBER(6):=6000;
v_sal_increase VARCHAR2(5):='1000';
v_total_salary v_salary%TYPE;
BEGIN
v_total_salary:= v_salary + v_sal_increase;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_total_salary);
END;
28. Indicate which statements are valid.
a. v_new_date DATE := '02-JUN-1992';
b. v_new_date DATE := 'Yesterday';
c. v_my_number NUMBER := '123';
d. v_my_number NUMBER := '123abc';
29. Is the following a valid statement? Yes or No
v_date_of_joining DATE:= 'February 02,2000';
30. Is the following a valid statement? Yes or No
v_salary NUMBER;
31. Is the following a valid statement? Yes or No
v_address VARCHAR2(30);
32. What is a lexical unit?
a. A building block of a PL/SQL block
b. A type of variable
c. A data type for a variable
Oracle Academy 5 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
33. Which of the following is a composite data type?
a. VARCHAR2
b. RECORD
c. CLOB
34. It is good programming practice to allow implicit data type conversions since they do not
affect performance. (True or False)
35. The operators in SQL (logical, arithmetic, parentheses control, etc.) are the same for
PL/SQL. (True or False)
36. In PL/SQL, a variable’s scope is the block in which it is declared plus all blocks nested
within the declaring block.
37. If PL/SQL does not find the variable declared locally, it looks upward in the declarative
section of the parent blocks. PL/SQL does not look downward in the child blocks. (True or
False)
38. What is the value of the highlighted line of code in this block of code? 12-Dec-2002
DECLARE
v_father_name VARCHAR2(20):='Patrick';
v_date_of_birth DATE:='20-Apr-1972';
BEGIN
DECLARE
v_child_name VARCHAR2(20):='Mike';
v_date_of_birth DATE:='12-Dec-2002';
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Father''s Name: '||v_father_name);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Date of Birth: '||v_date_of_birth);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Child''s Name: '||v_child_name);
END;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Date of Birth: '||v_date_of_birth);
END;
Oracle Academy 6 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
39. What values will be displayed when the following code is executed?
Null, Jay
DECLARE
v_name VARCHAR2(10);
BEGIN
v_name := 'Jay';
DECLARE
v_name VARCHAR2(10);
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (v_name);
v_name := 'Jayne';
END;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (v_name);
END;
40. An exception can be dealt with in which of the following ways?
a. Handling it in the block in which it occurs
b. Propogating it to the calling environment
c. Handling it in an outer block in which it occurs
41. What are the two methods for adding comments to PL/SQL code?
-- for a single line of comment. /* and */ around multi-line comments.
42. Which of the following statements can you use in PL/SQL?
a. SELECT to retrieve data from the database.
b. DML statements such as INSERT to make changes to rows in the database.
c. DDL statements such as CREATE TABLE to manage objects in the database.
d. Transaction control statements such as SAVEPOINT to control transactional
statements in the database.
e. DCL statements such as REVOKE to adjust privileges to the database objects.
43. Choose the valid statements.
a. SELECT first_name INTO v_fname
FROM employees WHERE employee_id=200;
b. SELECT first_name INTO v_fname
FROM employees WHERE employee_id IN (200, 201);
c. SELECT first_name FROM employees
INTO v_fname WHERE employee_id=200;
d. SELECT first_name FROM employees
INTO v_fname WHERE employee_id IN (200, 201);
44. What is the unique characteristic about the returned value of a PL/SQL SELECT statement?
It must return exactly one row of data.
Oracle Academy 7 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
45. What are the two most common error messages for a PL/SQL SELECT statement?
TOO_MANY_ROWS and NO_ROWS_FOUND
46. What would be the result of the following statement?
All rows in the employees table will be deleted
DELETE employees;
47. To determine how many rows are affected by a statement, use the following implicit cursor
attribute:
a. SQL%FOUND
b. SQL%NOTFOUND
c. SQL%ROWCOUNT
d. SQL%COUNT
48. You can use implicit cursor attributes such as SQL%ROWCOUNT directly inside a DML
statement as in the following example. (True or False)
INSERT INTO log_table VALUES (USER, SYSDATE, SQL%ROWCOUNT);
49. To SELECT more than one row, you must declare and use an explicit cursor .
50. Transaction control commands are valid in PL/SQL and therefore can be directly used in the
executable section only of a PL/SQL block. (True or False)
51. What values are inserted into the pairtable table based on this PL/SQL code?
7,8 and 13,14
BEGIN
INSERT INTO pairtable VALUES (7, 8);
SAVEPOINT my_sp_1;
INSERT INTO pairtable VALUES (9, 10);
SAVEPOINT my_sp_2;
INSERT INTO pairtable VALUES (11, 12);
ROLLBACK to my_sp_1;
INSERT INTO pairtable VALUES (13, 14);
COMMIT;
END;
52. Name the control structures in PL/SQL that change the logical flow of statements.
a. IF statement
b. Loop statement
c. ROLLBACK statement
d. MERGE statement
e. CASE statement
Oracle Academy 8 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
53. An IF statement requires an ELSE condition. (True or False)
54. ELSEIF is the keyword that introduces a conditional expression. (True or False)
55. Select the valid IF statement.
a. DECLARE
v_myage NUMBER :=31;
BEGIN
IF v_myage < 11 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' I am a child ');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' I am not a child ');
END IF;
END;
b. DECLARE
v_myage NUMBER :=31;
BEGIN
IF v_myage < 11 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' I am a child ');
ELSIF
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' I am not a child ');
END IF;
END;
c. DECLARE
v_myage NUMBER :=31;
BEGIN
IF v_myage < 11 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' I am a child ');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' I am not a child ');
ENDIF;
END;
56. What is the maximum number of ELSIF statements you can use in an IF conditional
statement? Unlimited
57. Choose the correct statements about NULL values.
a. Simple comparisons involving nulls always yield FALSE.
b. In conditional control statements, if a condition yields NULL, it behaves just like a
FALSE.
c. Applying the logical operator NOT to a null yields NULL.
Oracle Academy 9 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
58. What will be displayed when this block is executed?
DECLARE
v_alpha BOOLEAN := TRUE;
v_beta BOOLEAN;
v_char VARCHAR(4) := 'up';
BEGIN
IF (v_alpha AND v_beta) THEN
v_char:='down';
ELSE v_char:='left';
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_char);
END;
a. Up
b. Down
c. Left
d. Null
59. A CASE expression is just like an IF statement but with fewer words. (True or False)
60. A CASE expression returns one of a number of values into a variable. (True or False)
61. How do you terminate a case statement? END CASE;
62. Select the correct CASE expression.
a. v_appraisal :=
CASE
WHEN v_grade = 'A' THEN 'Excellent';
WHEN v_grade IN ('B', 'C') THEN 'Good';
ELSE 'No such grade';
END;
b. v_appraisal :=
CASE
WHEN v_grade = 'A' THEN 'Excellent'
WHEN v_grade IN (('B', 'C') THEN 'Good'
ELSE 'No such grade'
END;
c. v_appraisal :=
CASE
WHEN v_grade = 'A' THEN 'Excellent'
WHEN v_grade IN (('B', 'C') THEN 'Good'
ELSE 'No such grade'
END CASE;
Oracle Academy 10 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
63. A CASE statement may contain many PL/SQL statements. (True or False)
64. What is the value for v_flag in the following example?
FALSE
DECLARE
v_flag BOOLEAN;
v_reorder_flag BOOLEAN := NULL;
v_available_flag BOOLEAN := FALSE;
BEGIN
v_flag := v_reorder_flag AND v_available_flag;
END;
65. What is the statement required of a basic loop so that it will not be infinite? EXIT
66. How many times will the statement in the loop below execute?
DECLARE
v_counter NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The square of '||v_counter||' is: '||
POWER(v_counter,2));
v_counter := v_counter + 1;
EXIT WHEN v_counter < 10;
END LOOP;
END;
a. 1
b. 3
c. 9
67. When will a WHILE loop quit?
When the controlling condition is no longer True.
Oracle Academy 11 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
68. The value for v_counter is initialized to 1. How many rows will be inserted into the locations
table?
WHILE v_counter <= 3 LOOP
INSERT INTO locations (location_id, city, country_id)
VALUES((v_loc_id + v_counter), v_new_city, v_countryid);
v_counter := v_counter + 1;
END LOOP;
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
69. In a WHILE loop, the controlling condition is checked at the start of each iteration.
(True or False)
70. How many lines of output will be displayed? One
DECLARE
i := 2;
BEGIN
WHILE i < 3 LOOP
i := 4;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The counter is: ' || i);
END LOOP;
END;
71. How many times will the FOR loop below execute? Once
FOR i in 3..3
LOOP
statement1;
END LOOP;
Oracle Academy 12 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
72. What is the last message from this example?
BEGIN
FOR v_outerloop in 1..3 LOOP
FOR v_innerloop in REVERSE 1..5 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Outer loop is: '||v_outerloop||
' and inner loop is: '||v_innerloop);
END LOOP;
END LOOP;
END;
a. Outer loop is: 3 and inner loop is: 5
b. Outer loop is: 1 and inner loop is: 5
c. Outer loop is: 3 and inner loop is: 1
73. What are the steps for using a cursor?
a. Define, select, close
b. Open, fetch, close
c. Define, open, fetch, close
d. Open, select, fetch, close
74. The following statement is a valid cursor declaration. (True or False)
DECLARE
CURSOR dept_emp_cursor IS
SELECT department_name, COUNT(*) AS how_many
FROM departments d, employees e
WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id
GROUP BY d.department_name
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;
75. OPEN is an executable statement that performs which of the following operations?
a. Executes the SELECT statement in the cursor declaration, returning the results into
the active set (fills the box with data)
b. Dynamically allocates memory for a context area
c. Retrieves the first row from the cursor.
d. Positions the pointer to the first row in the active set.
76. How do you test to see whether the cursor contains rows?
You use the %NOTFOUND attribute to check whether the entire active set has been
retrieved.
Oracle Academy 13 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
77. What is wrong with the following code?
FETCH is performed before the cursor is opened.
DECLARE
CURSOR emp_curs IS
SELECT last_name, salary FROM employees;
v_last_name employees.last_name%TYPE;
v_salary employees.salary%TYPE;
BEGIN
FETCH emp_curs INTO v_last_name, v_salary;
OPEN emp_curs;
FETCH emp_curs INTO v_last_name, v_salary;
CLOSE emp_curs;
END;
78. A cursor may be reopened at any time. (True or False)
79. The example below uses what type of composite data type structure? Record
DECLARE
CURSOR emp_cursor IS
SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 30;
v_emp_record emp_cursor%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN emp_cursor;
LOOP
FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_emp_record;
...
80. How do you reference the last_name value inside the loop in the example below?
v_emp_record.last_name
DECLARE
CURSOR emp_cursor IS
SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 30;
v_emp_record emp_cursor%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN emp_cursor;
LOOP
FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_emp_record;
...
Oracle Academy 14 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
81. Which are the cursor attributes that return useful information about the execution of a cursor
manipulation statement?
a. %OPEN
b. %FOUND
c. %NOTFOUND
d. %ROWTYPE
e. %ROWCOUNT
82. What type of loop performs the following actions: The cursor is opened, a row is fetched
once for each iteration in the loop, the loop is terminated automatically when the last row is
processed, and the cursor is closed automatically.
A cursor FOR loop
83. To display the last name of an employee, what code should you write at Point A in the
example below? emp_record.last_name
DECLARE
CURSOR emp_cursor IS SELECT * FROM employees;
BEGIN
FOR emp_record IN emp_cursor LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE( --Point A -- );
END LOOP;
END;
84. Select the correct method for opening the cursor in the example below.
CURSOR emp_curs
(p_dept_id employees.department_id%TYPE,
p_job_id employees.job_id%TYPE) IS
SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE department_id = p_dept_id
AND job_id = p_job_id;
a. OPEN emp_curs (20);
b. FOR emp_rec IN emp_curs (20) LOOP
c. OPEN emp_curs ('IT_PROG', 20);
d. FOR emp_rec IN emp_curs (20, 'IT_PROG') LOOP
85. Is this a valid cursor declaration? (Yes or No)
CURSOR dept_curs (p_loc_id NUMBER(4)) IS
SELECT * FROM departments
WHERE location_id = p_loc_id;
86. What is the main purpose of the FOR UPDATE clause in a cursor declaration?
To lock each row as it is fetched.
Oracle Academy 15 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
87. In which DML statements would you use the WHEN CURRENT OF clause?
UPDATE or DELETE for a fetched row in a cursor with FOR UPDATE.
88. You want to fetch rows from the EMPLOYEES table. You want to lock the fetched rows, to
prevent other users from updating them. What would you write in Line A?
CURSOR emp_curs IS
SELECT department_name, employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
-- Line A -- ;
a. FOR UPDATE
b. FOR UPDATE OF employee_id
c. FOR UPDATE OF departments
89. You have declared a cursor as SELECT .... FOR UPDATE; You have OPENed the cursor
and locked the FETCHed rows. When are these row locks released?
When COMMIT or ROLLBACK are executed.
90. What would you enter at Line A?
DECLARE
CURSOR region_cur IS
SELECT * FROM regions;
v_region_rec region_cur%ROWTYPE;
CURSOR country_cur (p_region_id NUMBER) IS
SELECT * FROM countries
WHERE region_id = p_region_id;
v_country_rec country_cur%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN region_cur;
LOOP
FETCH region_cur INTO v_region_rec;
EXIT WHEN region_cur%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
(v_region_rec.region_name);
-- Line A --
LOOP
FETCH country_cur INTO v_country_rec;
EXIT WHEN country_cur%NOTFOUND;
......
a. OPEN country_cur (p_region_id);
b. OPEN country_cur (region_cur.region_id);
c. OPEN country_cur (region_cur.region_id);
d. OPEN country_cur (v_region_rec.region_id);
Oracle Academy 16 Database Programming with PL/SQL
Copyright © 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
91. You cannot use a FOR loop with multiple cursors. (True or False)