Plog

• Psychocentric

• Mid Centric

• Allocentric

Psychocentric Mid Centric Allocentric

• Charter\Mass Incipient Mass\unusual\Offbeat\Elite\Experiential

• Organized Mass Tourism\ Individual Mass Tourism\Explorer\Drifter

• Recreational\ Diversionary\ Experiential\ Experimental\ Existential

  Safety

  Belongingness  Self Esteem

  Self Esteem

  Self Actualization

Psychocentric Mid Centric AllocentricEnvironments

• Similar to Home Unique Place Attributes

• Highly Modified Original Place Attributes

• Imitation Authentic Attributes

• Front Country Image Back Country Reality

Psychocentric Mid Centric Allocentric

Impacts

 

• Technology Enthusiasts• Technology Enthusiasts• Visionaries• Visionaries• Pragmatists• Pragmatists• Conservatives• Conservatives• Skeptics• Skeptics

• Innovators

• Early adopters

• Early adopters• Early majority• Early majority• Late majority

• Late majority• Laggards• Laggards

• It takes about the same time for a new technology or product to go from zero to 10% adoption (the innovation phase) as it does for it to go from 10% to 90% adoption (growth phase) and as it does from 90% to 100% (maturity phase)

Tourism CycleButler

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1 2 3 4

ExplorationInvolvement

Development

Consolidation

Stagnation Decline or

Rejuvenation

TIME

No. of Visitors

Exploration Stage

• Small number of tourists - the aesthetics

• Irregular visitation patterns -

• Attracted by unique natural or cultural features

Exploration Stage

• No specific facilities - contact with local populations high

• Basic impacts are low - low numbers but little control (spatial dispersion)

• Link to Allocentrics

2 - Involvement Stage

• The number of visitors increase - word of mouth, media awareness

• The visitation assumes a more regular pattern - greater numbers linked to time packages and patterns of access (airlines)

2 - Involvement Stage

• Individual contact remains high and increases as local populations respond to greater numbers and open facilities

2 - Involvement Stage

• The basic market area can be defined (populations that are interested)

• Initial advertising campaigns start

• Basic tourist season commences - local life begins to adjust to the cycle

2 - Involvement Stage

• The impacts are low but increasing

• Government starts to exert more influence -taxes, regulations

• Attraction to Near-Allocentrics and the more daring of the Mid Centrics

3 - Development Stage

• Very well defined tourist ‘area’– shaped partially by heavy advertising

• Local Control begins to decline rapidly

• Local services are replaced by well organized, more elaborate external services -

3 - Development Stage

• Natural or cultural attractions will be marketed explicitly

– supplemented by man-made attractions

To the extent of creating shipwrecks close to accommodation - harbours

3 - Development Stage

• Regional or National government control may start - unified policies, tax structures

• Number of visitors may exceed the local population

• Imported labour (hotels) obvious

• Tourism support industry is obvious

3 - Development Stage

• The presence of Mid Centrics

– Organized mass tourists

– High return in the system though the Allocentrics are gone

4 - Consolidation Stage

• Rate of growth in tourists declines

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4

But

4 - Consolidation Stage

• The number of tourists exceed the total population

• The economic base shifts to primarily tourism - dependence increases

• Broadening of market   1. Spatially - search for greater numbers  2. Temporally - extension of ‘season’

Santorini

• Population of main town – Fira – 2500

• Population of island winter 6500

• summer 11000

• Cruise ship – Millenium – 1950 passengers

• Peak times 3 – 4 ships same time

• 1,600 to 7,800 in Fira

Santorini

• The capacity to accommodate tourists has been reached or exceeded in many parts of the island, with the result that villages and sites are being or have been destroyed. As a matter of urgency steps should be taken to limit the total numbers of tourists, and to divert the bulk of them away from sensitive areas.

4 - Consolidation Stage

• The facilities infrastructure takes on a franchise appearance

• Possible negative reactions from local population - their action space is restricted

4 - Consolidation Stage

• Development of well-defined recreation business districts (non-local - prices)

• A quality hierarchy develops - ‘better’ and ‘worse’ attractions

5- Stagnation Stage

• Peak number of visitors is reached - flat or negative growth rates

• Carrying capacities for many variables are reached or exceeded - pressure on facilities felt by tourists and locals (wait times)

• Well established image of ‘place’ - may work against development - ‘out of fashion’

5- Stagnation Stage

• Increasing reliance on repeat business

– swing to heavy traffic generators

5- Stagnation Stage

• The resort image is divorced from it’s original geographic environment (anyplace)

• New developments tend to be peripheral to the tourist industry (no growth)

• facilities change ownership frequently