PLEURAL LESIONS LESIONS OF THE UPPER

RESPIRATORY TRACT

By: Shefaa’ Qa’qa’

PLEURAL LESIONS

• Pleural effusion: Transudate/ hydrothorax: CHF Exudate (protein >2.9gm/dL / inflammatory cells): Suppurative pleuritis/empyema Cancer---- hemorrhagic pleuritis Pulmonary infarction Viral pleuritis SLE, rheumatoid arthritis Uremia Previous thoracic surgery

• Pneumothorax ----- Air/gas in the pleural sac Spontaneous pneumothorax Secondary pneumothorax Emphysema lung abscess Tuberculosis Carcinoma Fractured rib Mechanical ventilatory support Tension pneumothorax/ one-way valve ----- shock

• Hemothorax---- ruptured intrathoracic aortic aneurysm

• Chylothorax---- lymphatic fluid/obstruction of the major lymph ducts

• Malignant Mesothelioma:

cancer of mesothelial cells

parietal or visceral pleura

peritoneum

Pericardium

asbestos

LESIONS OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

common cold ------ rhinoviruses

Acute pharyngitis ----- β-hemolytic streptococcal------ RF, GN EBV ----- IM Acute bacterial epiglottitis ----- H. influenzae Croup------ laryngotracheobronchitis/ parainfluenza virus/inspiratory stridor

• Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma:

EBV

Chinese

keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma,

undifferentiated carcinoma/lymphoepitheliomas

radiosensitive

• Laryngeal Tumors:

Vocal cord nodules--- heavy smokers/singers

• Laryngeal papilloma:

squamous papilloma

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP):

Multiple

Children

HPV

• Carcinoma of the Larynx: Smokers Alcohol HPV Asbestos Squamous cell carcinomas ----- hoarseness glottic tumors: 60% to 75%, 90% of glottic tumors are confined to the larynx at diagnosis??? supraglottic: 25% to 40% Subglottic: less than 5%

• Rhinitis

• Nasal Polyps

• Sinonasal (Schneiderian) Papilloma