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Plenary DiscussionEnergy Efficiency – a challenge forsustainable Development
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR
Hans ZeinhoferEnergie Allianz Austria,Energie AG Vertrieb GmbH & Co KGVienna, 22nd of October
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Eurelectric – based in Brussells – represents the interests of the
electricity industry of the European member states and coordinates the
single and sometimes different points of view of its members and
dicusses all relevant matters with policy makers in the EU.
Energy efficiency belongs to the core business of electricity generators
and suppliers. The industriy therefore supports a policy to optimise
energy efficiency. High energy efficiencies contribute to cost efficient
operation, to conservation of fuels and to minimizing both dependence
of fuel imports from outside Europe and all kinds of emissions.
General Remarks
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A special point of attention for Eurelectric is focussed on the
tuning with all relevant directives and guidelines, especially on:
Large Combustion Plants Directive a BREF LCP Energy End-Use Efficiency and Energy Services Promotion of Cogeneration Energy performance of buildings Renewable Energy Sources Emission Trading of Greenhouse Gases
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As figure 1 demonstrates, the efficiency is strongly depending on the type of generation and the fuel.
However, not all the types like hydro, nuclear and solar plants are IPPC installations. For this reason the following paragraphs only deal with thermal power plants above 50 MW. 1)
1) Nuclear plants excluded
Fig. 1Energy efficiency of power generation
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Typical average values of electric efficiencies of combined cycles(VGB, 2001)
1985 2000 2010
(estimation)
Combined Cycle 48 58 60
Typical average values of electric efficiencies of new coal plants
1985 2000 2010
(estimation)
Single Steam cycle 38 47 50
Integrated Gasification
Combined Cycle
(emerging technology)
40 49 55
Retrofiting existing plants may provide also interesting efficiency improvements, but are
mostly rather expensive. Typical values of 36-40% are attainable.
Development in the Efficiency of
Thermal Plants
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We conclude that high energy efficiency has always been a primary goal of the electricity industry during many decades. As the economy in a free market also requires optimum (energy) efficiency, this attitude will not change. The CO2-emission trading to be introduced within the EU in
2005 will effectively mean higher fuel costs and so provide an extra incentive to improve energy efficiency. The need for extra rules to improve energy efficiency in power installations is therefore very limited. The main effect of such rule will be the public demonstration that energy efficiency has already been optimised indeed as much as economically feasible.
Conclusions on trends in energy efficiencyconcerning generation
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Energy Efficiency on the Demand side
significant improvements in the efficiency of domestic applications
high potential in lighting
relative small dpecific improvements by electric motors and drives (ca. 50 % of the total electricity consumption
significant potential of electric technologies used in transport
great potenital for (primany) energy savings from heat pumps
energy savings (and product quality) improvement achieved by industrial applications
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Industrial applications:examples for energy efficiency
Electroheat technologies comprise high-power heating processes which are powered through electrical energy. Electroheat technologies cover a large percentage of industrial electricity consumption, ranging from 20 to 40 % within the EU.
Due to the possibility of precise control of electroheat installations there is less material wasted and the electroheat process results in better product quality.
In general, electroheat technologies lead to energy savings, reduced costs, reduced CO2 emissions, product quality improvements and production of new materials, e.g. thixo-forming of aluminium.
In many cases, electric-heating applications are more energy-efficient than their alternatives, especially at high temperatures, where gas furnaces are less efficient. Optimal efficiency of an electric furnace can reach up to 95 % process efficiency, whilst the equivalent for a gas furnace is only 40 to 80 %.
In the long term, electroheat processes will play an important role in supporting the development of new technologies such as nanoelectronics and optoelectronics.
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In many cases the use of modern electrotechnologies can reduce the energy consumption by 90 percent compared to conventional technologies.
Other industrial applications using electricity for a better efficiency
Electrodeposition (e.g. for recycling of metals present in liquide waste)
Electrolysis (e.g. for the synthesis of nylon)
Membrane technologies: micro-, ultra-, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis
Industrial refrigeration, heat recuperation, heat pumps
Mechanical vapour compression