Leadership after Muhammad and the Spread of Islam 632 661:
leaders known as caliphs (deputies or successors) Caliph = a
religious and political leader
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Abu Bakr, successor of Muhammad, was the first caliph. He was
successful in uniting Arabs under Islam, which began conquests into
other parts of the world, including: - Part of the Byzantine Empire
- Persian Empire - Egypt and North Africa - Spain - India
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Reasons for Success 1. Byzantine and Persian empires were weak
from fighting each other. 2. Arabs were strong and fierce fighters;
used horses and camels. 3. United by their belief in Islam 4.
Welcomed by conquered people because the rulers often treated
conquered people fairly; many people converted.
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Social Patterns Greater social mobility able to move up social
order through religious, scholarly, or military achievements.
Imposed a higher tax on non-Muslims, but allowed people to practice
their own faith. Slavery was common as in Greece and Rome.
Spiritual equality of men and women, however the roles and rights
of women in Muslim society differed from those of men. *As Islam
spread, it adopted some beliefs of non-Arabs and non-Muslims (i.e.,
upper class women more restricted)
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Sharia Sharia system of laws. Developed by scholars to help
people interpret the Quran and apply it to everyday life.
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1. The Shahada 1 1 The testimony. The declaration of faith:
There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His
Messenger [or Prophet]. There is no god worthy of worship except
God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet].
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2. The Salat 2 2 The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day:
* dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed Wash
before praying. Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.
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2. The Salat 2 2 The call to prayer by the muezzin in the
minaret. Pray in the mosque on Friday.
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3. The Zakat 3 3 Almsgiving (charitable donations). Muslims
believe that all things belong to God. Zakat means both
purification and growth. About 2.5% of your income.
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4. The Sawm 4 4 Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.
Considered a method of self- purification. No eating or drinking
from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.
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Eid Mubarak End of the Ramadan holiday.
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5. The Hajj 5 5 The pilgrimage to Mecca. Must be done at least
once in a Muslims lifetime. 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage
every year.
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5. The Hajj 5 5 Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the
title hajji to their name.
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1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 The World of Islam
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Other Islamic Religious Practices No alcohol or pork. No
gambling. Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina,
Jerusalem.
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Divisions in Islam: Dispute over who should succeed Muhammad.
Sunni believed the caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders; do
not view his as a religious authority. Shiite believed only
descendants of Muhammad should be his successor; believed the
descendants were divinely inspired.
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Umayyad Dynasty (661 750) Based in Damascus rather than Mecca.
Often relied on local officials to help govern the empire.
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Influenced by Byzantine bureaucratic rule. Expanded into:
Central Asia North Africa Spain Controlled eastern Mediterranean
trade routes.
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Conquests slowed in the early 700s and tensions arose: Tension
between rich and poor Non-Arab Muslims complained they had fewer
rights.
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Abbassid Dynasty: Captured Damascus in 750 and ruled until the
mid 1200s. Ended Arab domination of Islam. Centered in Baghdad
Adopted Persian style government Golden Age of Islam Around 850,
rule began to decline as independent dynasties began to rule
separate Muslim states.
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(during Abbassid rule)
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Economy Extensive and prosperous trade (banks, credit)
Industry: produced leather, steel, glass, rugs and tapestries,
furniture, cotton textiles, Improved farming methods.
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Education Emphasized reading and writing (Quran) Great
universities and centers of learning taught Greco-Roman
culture
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Philosophy Translated works of Greek philosophers. Classical
learning provided a foundation for Muslim advances. Ibn Khaldun
study of history
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Mathematics Studied both Greek and Indian mathematical
advances. Al-Khwarizmi algebra
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Science Astronomy: based on Greek and Indian discoveries
studied eclipses, Earths rotation, calculated the circumference of
the earth. Improved metal refining
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Medicine Based on the knowledge of ancient Greeks Exams for
physicians and pharmacists Hospitals Books on medicine and
treatment of diseases
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Literature Maintained extensive libraries Most noted works are
short stories (folktales) and poems
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Art and Architecture Shaped by religion: Worship of idols was
forbidden Calligraphy Used abstract geometric and floral patterns
Arabesque designs Designed graceful mosques, palaces, and
mausoleums Domes Mosques were characterized by a minaret slender
towers used for the call to prayer.
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Muslim Culture in NYC The Islamic Center, New York City
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Muslims in the World Today
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Effects Acts of violence against Muslims and Arab looking
United States citizens skyrocketed. Widespread ignorance and
prejudice swept across America.
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Terrorism? Facts: -U.S. government estimates there are roughly
3,000 active members of Al Qaeda -Roughly 1,200,000,000 Muslims in
the world -Therefore.0000025% of Muslims are members of the
terrorist group, Al Qaeda!!
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Most Important Information Golden Age = advances in math,
science and medicine Empire = Spain, North Africa and Arabian
Peninsula Preserved Greek and Roman learning (Greco-Roman)