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VNJL7 Rnjofnalk`ûm Xalwl Cnorcn Orsnaa-
A^CLR7 Xalwl Cnorcn Orsnaa- Blrr`o Cûv`ko- F`{vr`vo K`~vlv Ynaal-Kûf`co Xo{vla7 84882- J~m`k`x`o7 Blrknaoml- Xroy`mk`l7 Blrknaoml-
RN[XOM[LBAN7 Lr|- Xnrn Orvncl Lmfrn~! l xnf`fo fn Iojnmv fn
K`~vlv Ynaal [L-
[^XNRI@K@N VOVLA FN RNJOFNALK@ÛM7 4>0!;92 j2
INKDL7 Obrl `m`k`lfl a~mn{ 26 fn nmnro fn 28<<- @ml~c~rlfl {ìblfo
29 fn jlrwo fn 28<< ^b`klk`ûm7 Xalwl Cnorcn Orsnaa- Nmvrn klaan{ N{k~fnaanr{! fn an{ Lrnmn{
p fn m‐Lrl`! Blrr`o Cûv`ko- F`{vr`vo K`~vlv Ynaal- Kûf`co Xo{vla7 84882-
J~m`k`x`o7 Blrknaoml- Xroy`mk`l7 Blrknaoml-
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Jlrêl Xl~al X`mo Y`aalr
<
<040* 28<8
Fn{kr`xk`ûm
Al xalwl Cnorcn Orsnaa n{ na rn{~avlfo fna fnrr`bo fn ~ml `{al fn kl{l{ nmvrn al{ klaan{ fn
N{k~fnaanr{! fn al{ Lrnml{ p fn Lrl`! xlrl na n{xomglj`nmvo fn K`~vlv Ynaal- Na xropnkvo fn <040 n{
na |~n {n jlmv~yo dl{vl nmnro fn 28<<! kom lac~ml{ f`inrnmk`l{ rn{xnkvo fna or`c`mla-
Na {oalr nm |~n {n ~b`kl al xalwl! lf|~`nrn al iorjl fn ~m vr`ìmc~ao n|~`aìvnro- Xlrl {laylr al
fnxrn{`ûm fna vnrrnmo rn{xnkvo fn ao{ k`rk~mflmvn{! {n rnla`wl ~ml xalvliorjl l al |~n {n lkknfnxor jnf`o fn vrn{ n{klaomn{ ~b`klfo{ nm al `mvnr{nkk`ûm N{k~fnaanr{*m‐Lrl`-
Al lxlr`nmk`l {nmk`aal fn al xalwl {n nmr`|~nkn nm ao{ fnvlaan{ fna xly`jnmvo- Al xalvliorjl
vr`lmc~alr xrn{nmvl blafowl{ |~n rnx`vnm al i`c~rl fna vr`ìmc~ao n|~`aìvnro nm crlm`vo ro{l xorr`üo
fn lklblfo ialjnlfo- Ao{ n{klaomn{ rnla`wlfo{ kom blafowomn{ rnkvlmc~alrn{ fn crlm`vo
komvormnlm al xalwl kl{` kojxanvljnmvn- Na vnrknr v`xo fn xly`jnmvo {n nmk~nmvrl nm al{ klaan{
xnr`jnvrlan{! {om rnkvìmc~ao{ fn x`nfrl lrnmo{l nm vrlbl p xnrxnmf`k~alrn{ la ngn fn ao{
n{klaomn{-
Nm na alfo morvn fn al xalwl! `mvnr{nkk`ûm fn Lrnml{ p Lrl`! nmkomvrljo{ ~m cr~xo fn ìrboan{!
k~po{ lakor|~n{ fn crlm`vo ro{l xorr`üo lavnrmlm nmvrn iorjl{ vr`lmc~alrn{! k~lfrlfl{ p k`rk~alrn{
fn x`nfrl lrnmo{l-
[obrn{lanm fna m`yna fn al xalwl fo{ yoa÷jnmn{ ynrv`klan{7 ^ml klb`ml SK koaoklfl nm al xalwl |~n
{n nmk~nmvrl nm na yàrv`kn fn al klaan N{k~fnaanr{ p al{ Lrnml{! p al n{k~av~rl fna {~rrnla`{vl or`~mfo
fn Aan`fl! Anlmfrn Kr`{vòioa ` Xnrlabl! `m{vlalfl nm <00< nm al n{|~`ml fn klaan N{k~fnaanr{ kom fn
Lrl`! |~n {obrn{lan kojo na x~mvo jì{ `jxorvlmvn fn al xalwl-
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Jlrêl Xl~al X`mo Y`aalr
2
Al xalwl p al{ klaan{ Lrl` p al{ Lrnml{ {om ntka~{`yljnmvn {om fn k`rk~alk`ûm xnlvomla! j`nmvrl{
|~n l al klaan fn N{k~fnaanr{! xnrj`vn vrìm{`vo fn yndêk~ao{ fn {nry`k`o{ p rn{`fnmvn{-
Flfl al xrn{nmk`l fn blrn{! klià! rn{vl~rlmvn{ {obrn al klaan N{k~fnaanr{! nm n{vn alfo fn al Xalwl! p
{obrnvofo jì{ dlk`l al `mvnr{nkk`ûm kom al klaan fn al{ Lrnml{! nmkomvrljo{ jn{l{ p {`aal{ f~rlmvn
na dorlr`o fn lxnrv~rl fn n{vo{ kojnrk`o{-
JOB@A@LR@O lmvn{ rnjofnalk`ûm7
Al xalwl mo k~nmvl kom blmko{! al{ jn{l{ p {`aal{ |~n {n ob{nrylm nm na {nkvor {~r*n{vn xnrvnmnknmla blr*rn{vl~rlmv ~b`klfo nm al lknrl fn al j`{jl ~b`klk`ûm irnmvn l al xalwl-
Nm na alfo {~r*n{vn {n nmk~nmvrl na lxlrklj`nmvo fn b`k`kanvl{ |~n k~nmvl kom klvorkn n{vr~kv~rl{
k~ryl{ fn lknro claylm`wlfo- L {~ `w|~`nrfl {n {~knfnm rnc~alrjnmvn {`nvn x`aomn{ fna v`xo
Blrknaoml-
Nm na ìmc~ao {~fn{vn {n nmk~nmvrl ~ml klb`ml fn S-K-
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Jlrêl Xl~al X`mo Y`aalr
;
A`cnrljnmvn fn{xalwlfo{ fna ngn knmvrla! dlk`l al klaan Lrnml{ nmkomvrljo{ vrn{ ilroal{n|~`f`{vlmvn{ nmvrn {`-
Nm klfl ~mo fn ao{ vrn{ yàrv`kn{ korrn{xomf`nmvn{ l al i`c~rl vr`lmc~alr fn al xalwl! {n {`v÷l ~ml
xlxnanrl k`rk~alr jofnao Blrknaoml fn 38 av{-
F`b~glmfo ~ml k~ül nm {nmv`fo | `my`nrvn al jlrklfl xor al `mvnr{nkk`ûm fn al klaan Lrnml{ kom
N{k~fnaanr{ {n nmk~nmvrlm omkn x`aomn{ fna v`xo K`~vlv Ynaal-
[`v~lfl nm al n{|~`ml fn klaan N{k~fnaanr{ kom fn Lrl`! {obrn{lan al n{k~av~rl fn Anlmfrn Kr`{vòioa
` Xnrlabl-
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Jlrêl Xl~al X`mo Y`aalr
6
^b`klk`ûm
Al ~b`klk`ûm fn al Xalwl nm na vng`fo ~rblmo mo n{ ~m fnvlaan- Na blrr`o cûv`ko n{ ~m xoao k~av~rla!
v~rê{v`ko p mokv~rmo! fn xl{o xlrl ao{ gûynmn{! vlmvo fn klj`mo l al ~m`ynr{`flf kojo xor al{
mokdn{ nm b~{kl fn blrn{-
Nf`i`k`o{ d`{vûr`ko{! xlalk`o{ jnf`nylan{! al Klvnfrla! al @can{`l fn [lmvl Jlr`l fna Jlr! Xalwl Rnla!
nmvrn ovro{ dlknm fn n{vn blrr`o ~ml woml lkv`yl k~av~rla p v~rê{v`kljnmvn! ao |~n jov`yl al
xroa`inrlk`ûm fn v`nmfl{ xlrl na x÷ba`ko v~r`{vl la j`{jo v`njxo |~n clanrêl{ fn lrvn p knmvro{
k~av~rlan{-
Al knrklmêl la Blrr`o fna Rlyla `jxa`kl |~n! l~m|~n mo fn jlmnrl f`rnkvl! na Cûv`ko {n ynl vljb`àm
linkvlfo xor na xrokn{o fn cnmvr`i`klk`ûm |~n {n dl ynm`fo cn{vlmfo kom al `mkorxorlk`ûm fn al
Ilk~avlf fn Cnocrliêl n D`{vor`l! na JLKBL<! al N{koal [~xnr`or fn F`{{nmp ` Nmc`mpnr`l $NA@[LYL!
^m`ynr{`vlv Xojxn~ Ilyrl p xor vlmvo al xrn{nmk`l fn rn{vl~rlmvn{! a`brnrêl{! clanrêl{ fn lrvn{ p
N{vn kojxango nmvrljlfo dlkn fn al woml fn al xalwl Cnorcn Orsnaa x~mvo fn ko`mk`fnmk`l fn
f`{v`mvo{ ~{~lr`o{- Xor ~m alfo! ao{ rn{`fnmvn{ vrlf`k`omlan{ fn al woml- Xor na fêl! v~r`{vl{! p xor al{
mokdn{ gûynmn{ |~n l{`{vnm l ao{ blrn{ p f`{kovnkl{ fn al klaan Ly`mpû o Xalwl Rnla! o al Rljbal-
D@[VOR@L7
Nm k~lmvo l al kom{vr~kk`ûm fn al Xalwl Cnorcn Orsnaa! klbn rnla`wlr ~m brnyê{`jo rnkorr`fo xor al
d`{vor`l fna ~rblm`{jo fn al k`~flf fn Blrknaoml! xnro {n jnmk`omlrìm ÷m`kljnmvn ao{ xalmn{
n{vrlvàc`ko{ |~n v~y`nrom `mgnrnmk`l! o la jnmo{! k~po{ xalmvno{ v~y`nrom |~n ynr o kom al lxnrv~rl
fn woml{ ynrfn{ o kom na f`{vr`vo fn K`~vlv Ynaal-
<¸* Na Xalm JLK@È- <0;6
Aanylfo l klbo xor na CLKVXLK! nmvrn ao{ j÷av`xan{ x~mvû{ fn{lrroaalfo{ nm {~ lxa`klk`ûm fn ao{
`fnlan{ fn al K`~flf i~mk`omla jofnrm`{vl! fn{vlklm al{ jngorl{ nm d`c`nmn- Xalmvnlm k`mko ioko{
nm al K`~flf fn Blrknaoml7 al Woml @mf~{vr`la! na X~nrvo irlmko! na m~nyo vrlwlfo nm na {nkvor fn
Xobanmo~! [lmv Jlrvê p K`~vlv Ynaal- Rn{xnkvo fn n{vn ÷av`jo! {n xalmvnl al mnkn{`flf fna
n{xomglj`nmvo fna kl{ko lmv`c~o! rnf~k`nmfo {~{ fnm{`flfn{- Al rnjofnalk`ûm fn al{ womn{
`m{la~brn{ xrnyà womn{ fn n|~`xlj`nmvo $ b`ba`ovnkl{ x÷ba`kl{! n{k~nal{! f`{xnm{lr`o{! nvk-5 p
m~nyl{ woml{ ynrfn{-
< Gorcn R`blavl! ‑Komvrlx÷ba`ko{"- Jnf`lk`ûm p kom{vr~kk`ûm fn x÷ba`ko{‚! nm al rny`{vl Rljoml! m· >>!
B~nmo{ L`rn{! okv~brn fn 288>-
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Jlrêl Xl~al X`mo Y`aalr
>
2§ ‛ Xalm Cnmnrla Jnvroxoa`vlmo fn Blrknaoml $XCJ) <039
Blgo al g~r`{f`kk`ûm fn al Koj`{`ûm fn ^rblm`{jo fn Blrknaoml! {n rnyà na Xalm Kojlrkla fn <0>;!
|~n dlbêl xrny`{vo |~n al K`~flf fn Blrknaoml krnknrêl flmfo a~clr l ~m xrokn{o fn kom~rblk`ûm2
|~n fobalbl {~ xobalk`ûm nm yn`mvn lüo{-
L f`inrnmk`l fn ao{ lüo{ 98! nm |~n ao{ n{xlk`o{ j~nrvo{ nrlm rnkomynrv`fn{ nm {oalrn{ fn
fn{lrroaao rn{`fnmk`la `mvnm{ yo! na XCJ xroxomn al rn{nryl fn n{xlk`o{ `mf~{vr`lan{! x`nwl{ fn
xrox`nflf x÷ba`kl o kooxnrlv`yl nm fn{~{o! ylkêo{ ~ ob{oanvo{ nm {~ lkv`y`flf! xlrl n|~`xlj`nmvo
p n{xlk`o{ a`brn{- La j`{jo v`njxo! joy`j`nmvo{ {ok`lan{ fn ynk`mo{ ao{ rnkaljlblm kojo x`nwl{
fn n|~`xlj`nmvo p ynrfn-
;§* Xalmn{ N{xnk`lan{ fn rniorjl `mvnr`or X-N-R-@ <048
Aanyl l klbo fn jlmnrl nmàrc`kl p ni`k`nmvn ao xalmvnlfo pl nm na XCJ! n{ fnk`r al rn~v`a`wlk`ûm fn
ao{ n{xlk`o{ j~nrvo{ kojo n{xlk`o{ ynrfn{! nmvrn ao{ |~n Golm B~{|~nv{ kal{`i`kl7
l Xlr|~n{ ~rblmo{7 `mjnr{o{ nm na vng`fo ~rblmo! xo{nnm nmvrn 9 p <8 dnkvìrnl{ |~n
korrn{xomfnm l al rn~v`a`wlk`ûm fn rnk`mvo{ `mf~{vr`lan{ p fn {nry`k`o{- Lac~mo{ ngnjxao{ {om na
N{kortlfor! na Kaov! al N{xlül @mf~{vr`la! nvk-
b Xalwl{ p glrf`mn{7 oxnrlk`omn{ fn xn|~nüo vljlüo `mvncrlfl{ nm ao{ f`inrnmvn{ vng`fo{
rn{`fnmk`lan{- [n krnlm ~m knmvnmlr fn xalwl{ nm na knmvro fn klfl blrr`o! |~n i~mk`omlm l jofo
fn glrf`mn{ koankv`yo{- Lac~mo{ ngnjxao{ {om al{ xalwl{ fn [laylfor Laanmfn! Bl`tl fn [lmv Xnrn!
[lm Lc~{vê Ynaa p al Jnrkä-
k Glrf`mn{ n|~`xlfo{7 rnx`vnm ao{ ~{o{ p klrlkvnrê{v`kl{ fn al klvncorêl lmvnr`or`! xnro v`nmnm {~
or`cnm nm lmv`c~l{ i`mkl{ xr`ylfl{- [om ngnjxao{ Klm Lavlj`rl! Y`al [`k`a`l! Al Vorrn Crocl! nvk-
f Ngn{ ^rblmo{7 b~{klm lrjom`wlr al{ rnalk`omn{ nmvrn vrlm{n÷mvn{! aoklan{ kojnrk`lan{!
vrlm{xorvn x÷ba`ko! {`njxrn xr`or`wlmfo al i`c~rl fna xnlvûm- Xrnfoj`ml al a`mnla`flf- Xor ngnjxao!
al lynm`fl Cl~fê-
n Xlr|~n{ l crlm n{klal7 Lkv~lk`omn{ l crlm n{klal |~n aanclrom l kljb`lr na n{|~njl caobla fna
ynrfn nm Blrknaoml- Xor ngnjxao! na xlr|~n F`lcomla-
N{ nm na komvntvo fn n{vn xalm fn rniorjl |~n {n fnrr~jbl al{ `{al{ fn kl{l{ |~n korrn{xomfêlm la
lkv~la {`v`o fomfn {n nmk~nmvrl al Xalwl Cnorcn Orsnaa-
Al `mkorxorlk`ûm fn al n{k~av~rl x~nfn |~n korrn{xomfl l al b÷{|~nfl fn njbnaanknr al k`~flf!
flfl al knanbrlk`ûm fn al{ Oa`jxêlfl{ nm Blrknaoml nm <002! oxorv~m`flf nm al |~n m~nyljnmvn
al k`~flf {n jo{vrlbl la j~mfo $al xr`jnrl oxorv~m`flf dlbrêl {`fo nm al Ntxo{`k`ûm ^m`ynr{la fn
<444! p a~nco nm al Ntxo{`k`ûm @mvnrmlk`omla fn <020-
2kom~rblk`ûm- $Fna `mca- kom~rblv`om- Komg~mvo fn ylr`o{ m÷kano{ ~rblmo{ `m`k`lajnmvn `mfnxnmf`nmvn{ p
komv`c~o{ xor {~{ jìrcnmn{! |~n la krnknr lklblm iorjlmfo ~ml ~m`flf i~mk`omla-
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Jlrêl Xl~al X`mo Y`aalr
9
¿Xor |~à CNORCN ORSNAA?
Al xalwl kojnmwlfl nm <040 `mkorxorl nm <00< al n{k~av~rl fn Anlmfrn Kr`{vòioa! jojnmvo nm na
k~la {nrì bl~v`wlfl kojo Xalwl Cnorcn Orsnaa-
Nr`k Lrvd~r Bal`r $Jov`dlr`! Rlg Br`vìm`ko
;
! 2> fn g~m`o fn <08; ‛ Aomfrn{! Rn`mo ^m`fo! 2< fn nmnrofn <0>8 i~n ~m n{kr`vor p xnr`of`{vl `mcaà{! k~pl obrl n{ rniango fn {~ oxo{`k`ûm la `jxnr`la`{jo
br`vìm`ko! l al{ fn{`c~laflfn{ {ok`lan{ p fn {~{ komy`kk`omn{ xoaêv`kl{ y`mk~alfl{ la jlrt`{jo
rnyoa~k`omlr`o-
Orsnaa aancl l Blrknaoml na 29 fn f`k`njbrn fn <0;9- Fnmvro fn al{ i`al{ fna XO^J xlrv`k`xl kojo
{oaflfo rl{o p oi`k`la nm al C~nrrl K`y`a fn{fn f`k`njbrn fn <0;9 dl{vl g~m`o fn <0;3- La {nr
fnkalrlfo na XO^J ~ml orclm`wlk`ûm `ancla vrl{ ao{ {~kn{o{ fn jlpo fn <0;3! d~pn nt`a`lfo l
Aomfrn{-
Al brnyn n{vlmk`l nm Blrknaoml fnb`û {nr ~m dnkdo fn {~jl `jxorvlmk`l nm al y`fl fna l~vor fn
Dojlcn vo Klvlaom`l! k~pl xr`jnrl nf`k`ûm n{ x~ba`klfl nm <0;4- [~ movlban lfj`rlk`ûm xor ao{÷av`jo{ fêl{ fn al rnyoa~k`ûm a`bnrvlr`l p kojo n{vl linkvlbl al y`fl kov`f`lml fn ao{ k`~flflmo{ fn
nmvomkn{ n{ xlrvn fna komvnm`fo |~n `m{x`rû {~ n{vlfêl- Vljb`àm jnmk`oml l {~ oxo{`k`ûm l al
`fnoaocêl n{vla`m`{vl! nmklrmlfl nm na Xlrv`fo Koj~m`{vl! p ao{ lkomvnk`j`nmvo{ rnxrn{`yo{ fn xlrvn
fna ràc`jnm rnx~ba`klmo fn ao{ k~lan{ n{ yêkv`jl-
Al n{k~av~rl fn Anlmfrn Kr`{vòioa ` Xnrlabl
Anlmfrn Kr`{vòioa Xnrlabl mlkn nm Û{ fn Blalc~nr na 4 fn g~m`o fn <084- Nm <022 {n vrl{alfl l al
k`~flf fn Aan`fl laa` {n iorjl kojo nblm`{vl! xoko jì{ vlrfn {n vrl{alflrì l Blrknaoml fomfn
n{v~f`l nm al N{k~nal fn Bnaal{ Lrvn{ fn Blrknaoml-
[n n{xnk`la`wû nm al n{k~av~rl! rnla`wlmfo m~jnro{l{ ntxo{`k`omn{ `mf`y`f~lan{ p koankv`yl{- Nm
<0;4 xlrv`k`xl fn al{ ntxo{`k`omn{ `mvnrmlk`omlan{ fna [~rrnla`{jo nm Voe`o p nm Xlrê{-
Dl{vl al fàklfl fna {n{nmvl vrlblglrì al i`c~rlk`ûm- Kom obrl{ fn n{vl{ klrlkvnrê{v`kl{ n{ |~n
xlrv`k`xl nm na @@@ p @Y [laû f‐Okv~brn nm Blrknaoml! p nm al @ B`nmla D`{xlmoljnr`klml fn Lrvn fn
<0><-
Koalborl nm al krnlk`ûm fna Knrkan fn Bnaan{ fn Aanr`fl! |~n `m`k`l {~{ lkv`y`flfn{ nm <06; {`nmfo
Anlmfrn Kr`{vòioa xroin{or fn f`b~go lrvê{v`ko- [~ albor foknmvn nm Aan`fl komv`m~l dl{vl <03;!
jojnmvo nm |~n {n rnv`rl fna @m{v`v~v Jèr`~{ Vorrn{ fn [nc~mfl Nm{nülmwl-
Nm ao{ {n{nmvl koj`nmwlm {~{ obrl{ ntxnr`jnmvlan{! {nr`n{ kojo Yoa~jnvr`n{ fn <098! o R`vjn fn
<099 nm al Kìjlrl Oi`k`la fn Kojnrk`o n @mf~{vr`l fn Aan`fl5 {`m njblrco n{Ko{l aêr`kl $Fn a‐l`rn l
a‐l`rn)! fn <0;; ~ml xr`jnrl jlm`in{vlk`ûm fn {~ `mvnrà{ xor al{ iorjl{ mo i`c~rlv`yl{! n{vo |~n
X`alr Xlrknr`{l{ dl aaljlfo 11 kom{vr~kk`omn{ rêvj`kl{ p aêr`kl{==
;lfj`m`{vrlk`ûm koaom`la br`vìm`kl fn al rnc`ûm fna @mfo{vìm! |~n dop nm fêl {om al{ mlk`omn{ fn @mf`l
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Jlrêl Xl~al X`mo Y`aalr
3
Nm al{ obrl{ mo i`c~rlv`yl{ fn ao{ xr`jnro{ lüo{ fn al fàklfl fna 98! kojo fn ao{ ÷av`jo{ lüo{ fna
k`mk~nmvl! mo{ nmkomvrljo{ kom iorjl{ f`mìj`kl{! fn joy`j`nmvo dna`ko`fla o n{x`rlalfo!
rnla`wlfl{ kom aêmnl{ jnvìa`kl{ |~n xlrnknm f`b~glr nm na n{xlk`o! kojo ynjo{ kalrljnmvn nm
Yoa~jnvr`l @! fn <0>0-
Lylmwlmfo ao{ {n{nmvl Kr`{vòioa lblmfoml al{ xrobanjìv`kl{ iorjlan{ {obrn na yoa~jnm p nan{xlk`o! p njx`nwl l `mkorxorlr obgnvo{ kov`f`lmo{ nm {~{ kojxo{`k omn{- L~m|~n al{ aêmnl{ fn
lknro! rnkvl{ p k~ryl{! al{ k~lfrêk~al{ p rnfn{ |~n n{vl{ iorjlm! {nc~`rìm {`nmfo xlrvn fn {~ obrl!
al `mvr~{`ûm fn iorjl{ n{iàr`kl{ o k`rk~alrn{ {nrì fn ldorl nm lfnalmvn klrlkvnrê{v`ko {~po-
Nm <040 {n rnla`wl ~ml ntxo{`k`ûm lmvoaûc kl nm al I~mflk`ûm J`rû fn Blrknaoml nm |~n al pl
kom{lcrlfl i`c~rl fn Kr`{vòioa n{ xanmljnmvn rnkomok`fl xor al{ `m{v`v~k`omn{ |~n komiorjlm na
kljxo lrvê{v`ko klvlaìm p n{xlüoa- Na j`{jo lüo rnk`bn na Xrnj`o Mlk`omla fn Lrvn{ Xaì{v`kl{! p l
kljb`o fn ~m y`vla`k`o! foml la Lp~mvlj`nmfo fn Blrknaoml ~m komg~mvo fn 96 n{k~av~rl{! obgnvo{
p 22 f`b~go{-
Xo{`banjnmvn nmvrn n{vn xlvr`jom`o n{vlbl al n{k~av~rl fn 48 kj nm al |~n {n bl{l al njxalwlflnm al Xalwl Cnorcn Orsnaa- N{vn jofnao n{ fn 0;>! lxnml{ fn{x~à{ fn Ko{l aêr`kl! xor ao k~la {nrêl
vljb`àm ~ml obrl ntknxk`omla fnmvro fn {~ xalmvno iorjla i`c~rlv`yo fn nmvomkn{- Fn 4 jv{ fn
lavo p aanclmfo l 6!98 jv{ nm {~ ljxa`v~f jìt`jl! xofrêljo{ dlbalr fn ~ml koa~jml fn dorj`cûm
balmkl! fn k~pl bl{n {~rcn ~ml aêmnl w`cwlc~nlmvn |~n {n nanyl dl{vl laklmwlr ~ml lav~rl fn 4
jnvro{! |~n vnrj`ml xor nmro{klr{n la i`mla fn al koa~jml koromìmfoal nm ~m joy`j`nmvo n{x`rla
l{knmfnmvn- L al j`vlf fna rnkorr`fo fn n{vn klüo fn lknro! nmkomvrljo{ ~ml n{inrl fn jlfnrl fn
kom{`fnrlban{ f`jnm{`omn{! |~n n{ lvrlyn{lfl xor ~m ngn rnkvo! vljb`àm fn jlfnrl |~n lxnml{ al
ntknfn-
X~n{vo |~n al `ml~c~rlk`ûm fna Jom~jnmv frnla`wlfo xor Anlmfrn Kr`{vòioa ` Xnrlabl {n knanbrû na2; fn {nxv`njbrn fn <00<! flmfo rnk`àm nmvomkn{ na mojbrn fn Xalwl Cnorcn Orsnaa6! k~la|~`nr
lmìa`{`{ n{xnk~alv`yo |~n rnalk`omn al n{k~av~rl kom al kàanbrn moynal fn Orsnaa! <046! {nrêl
nrrûmnl- Xn{n l |~n nmk~nmvro jì{ {nmv`fo l n{vl{ l{ok`lk omn{ iorjlan{ flfo {~
njxalwlj`nmvo! p na ogo fna Crlm Dnrjlmo |~n nm ao lavo fn al k`~flf vofo ao yn fn{lrroaalfo nm al
obrl fn Orsnaa! |~n l al{ kommovlk`omn{ {~rrnla`{vl{ |~n Irlmkn{ J rlaan{ rnla`wl la fnk`r |~n na
vnjl n{ al j~gnr p na {nto- [`nmfo al n{inrl fn jlfnrl ‑na xnkdo |~n {n nanyl fn jlmnrl làrnl‚!
p la~f`nmfo l dojnmlgn cnmàr`ko l al j~gnr! o vljb`àm l ~ml kom{vlvlk`ûm xnr{omla fn ~m obgnv`yo
`mlaklmwlban xlrl Kr`{vòioa-
6Gl~jn Ilbrn! Go{nx J- D~nrvl{- Jom~jnmv! komok`fo xox~alrjnmvn kojo Al Oa`yl o Na Vr`x`- Lrvn nm ao{
m~nyo{ n{xlk`o{ x÷ba`ko{ / <043 ‛ <00<-dvvx7//s<8-bkm-klv/LXX[/cjoklvlanc_jom~j/Kljb`l@f`ojlLk-fo?`f ojl:kl)xlc ml:snakojn
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Jlrêl Xl~al X`mo Y`aalr
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Y`{vl n{k~av~rl Anlmfrn Kr`{vòioa lmvn{ fn al na`j`mlk`ûm fn ao{ n{klaomn{-
Y`{vl dlk`l mvnr{nkk`ûm K- N{k~fnaanr{* M‐ Lrl` lmvn{ jof`i`klk`ûm-
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Jlrêl Xl~al X`mo Y`aalr
0
Rnjofnalk`ûm lüo 28<<
Flfo{ ao{ rnkaljo{ fn ao{ ynk`mo{
xor r~`fo{ joan{vo{ p
kojxorvlj`nmvo{ `mkêy`ko{ fn ao{
~{~lr`o{ mokv~rmo{ fn al Xalwl! na
Lp~mvlj`nmvo xroknfn dl rnla`wlr
lac~ml{ jof`i`klk`omn{-
Al{ jof`i`klk`omn{ jxa`klm7
<* \~`vlr al xalvliorjl
n{klaomlfl! flfo l al{
lk~{lk`omn{ fn ao{
rn{`fnmvn{ rn{xnkvo fn |~n
i~mk`omlbl kojo{nmvlfnro fn ao{
bnbnforn{-
2* [n rnv`rl al klb`ml S-K
;* [n `mkorxorlm g~nco{ `milmv`an{
KLJB@O[ JNMORN[
Lxroynkdlmfo al{ obrl{! {n kljb`lm ao{ {`{vnjl{ fn fn{lcñn{
xor ovro{ jì{ jofnrmo{-
Na f`{nüo fna xly`jnmvo! kom {~{ blafo{l{ fn vr`ìmc~ao{n|~`aìvnro{! i~n rn{xnvlfo5 ntknxvo xor al xnriorlk`ûm nm
iorjl k`rk~alr xlrl al woml fn g~nco{ `milmv`an{! fn <<8 j2 |~n
xo{nn ~m f`{nüo komiorjlfo xor irlmgl{ ljlr`aal{ p ynrfn{
|~n {~rcnm fn{fn al x~nrvl fn klüo claylm`wlfo d~nko |~n
knrkl na ìrnl fn g~nco{! p {n ntxlmfn nm f`rnkk`ûm l al
n{k~av~rl! nm{lmkdìmfo{n al{ irlmgl{ l jnf`fl |~n lylmwlm nm
al f`rnkk`ûm jnmk`omlfl- Vljb`àm xo{nnm lxnml{ ~m r`vjo
w`cwlc~nlmvn jlrklfo xor na |~`nbrn fna ngn rnkvo fn al{
j`{jl{! |~n rofnl al i`c~rl rojbo`fla fn ao{ lakor|~n{-
Na lxlrklj`nmvo fn b`k`kanvl{ ldorl {n ~b`kl {obrn klaan
Lrnml{ p {n rnf~go {~ m÷jnro l al j`vlf-
Na lrboalfo {n jlmv~yo xnro {n kljb`lrom ao{ lakor|~n{ fn crlm`vo ro{l xorr`üo p x`nfrl lrnmo{l
i~nrom {~{v`v~`fo{ xor lakor|~n{ jì{ ljxa`o{ fn iorjl rojbo`fla nm al woml fn g~nco{- J`nmvrl{
ao{ fna rn{vo fna ìrnl fn al xalwl {n jlmv~y`nrom fn iorjl vr`lmc~alr p ao{ fna xnrêjnvro fn iorjl
k`rk~alr-
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Jlrêl Xl~al X`mo Y`aalr
<8
L{`j`{jo al {o{vnm`b`a`flf fna xropnkvo fn rniorjl xnr{`c~n! {nc÷m Lr|- Xnrn Orvncl Lmfrn~ ao{
{`c~`nmvn{ x~mvo{7
Jngorlr al lkkn{`b`a`flf! na`j`mlmfo al{ blrrnrl{ lr|~`vnkvûm`kl{ lkv~lan{! komi`c~rlmfo
~m ÷m`ko xalm xly`jnmvlfo! kom ~ml xnmf`nmvn cnmnrla `minr`or la 2. {nc÷m na Kûf`co fn
lkkn{`b`a`flf fn Klvla~ül- Rnmoylk`ûm fn ao{ nanjnmvo{ fn job`a`lr`o ~rblmo p lfnk~lk`ûm l al m~nyl komi`c~rlk`ûm
fna xly`jnmvo-
Jngorl fn al rnf fn laklmvlr`aalfo kom al `mka~{`ûm fn laklmvlr`aal{ {oiûm`kl{
Jngorl fn al f`jnm{`ûm fn ao{ lakor|~n{ |~n flrì jì{ {~xnri`k`n xnrjnlban l ao{ ìrboan{-
Xrny`{`ûm fn ~ml woml xlrl xlr|~n{ `milmv`an{-
Y`{vl lkv~la fn{fn K- N{k~fnaanr{ p Klrlbl{{l
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<<
Lakor|~n{
fn lknro
`mot`flban
fn iorjl
vr`lmc~alr
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Jlrêl Xl~al X`mo Y`aalr
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Y`{vl fn{fn woml g~nco{ `milmv`an{ dlk`l `mvnr{nkk`ûm K- N{k~fnaanr{ p M‐Lrl`
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<;
Na lxlrklj`nmvo fn b`k`kanvl{ ldorl {n ~b`kl {obrn klaan Lrnml{
Kojnmvlr`o
Kom{`fnro |~n al {~x~n{vl {oa~k`ûm br`mflfl xor na lp~mvlj`nmvo la rnkaljo fn ao{ ynk`mo{ fn al
Xalwl Cnorcn Orsnaa n{ ~m vlmvo komvrlf`kvor`l- B`nm {lbnjo{ |~n j`nmvrl{ na Blrr`o Cûv`ko {`cl
{`nmfo ~ml woml fomfn {n dlb`a`vnm blrn{ p f`{kovnkl{! ao{ xrobanjl{ fnr`ylfo{ fna vrìm{`vo
mokv~rmo {nc~`rìm nt`{v`nmfo-
L{`j`{jo! ao |~n joan{vl l ao{ ynk`mo{ {om! nm cnmnrla! al{ xnr{oml{ {`m doclr |~n {n `m{vlalblm
nm al xalwl! p k~po kojxorvlj`nmvo x÷ba`ko kojo {~ lxlr`nmk`l rn{~avlm fn{lcrlflban{ n
`jxlkvlmvn{- [`m njblrco! krno |~n m`mc÷m i~mk`omlr`o n{ vlm `mcnm~o fn `jlc`mlr |~n |~`vlmfo
al xalvliorjl n{klaomlfl fn al xalwl n `m{vlalmfo g~nco{ `milmv`an{ ao{ ylclb~mfo{ fn{lxlrnknrêlm-
X~n{vo |~n n{ ~ml {`v~lk`ûm l rn{oaynr nm komg~mvo kom xropnkvo{ fn lp~fl o {oxorvn {ok`la! p na
kl{o fn al Xalwl Cnorcn Orsnaa mo n{ ntknxk`omla! flfo |~n nm vofl al K`~flf fn Blrknaoml! xnro
{obrnvofo nm al{ woml{ jì{ kàmvr`kl{ dlp xnr{oml{ |~n y`ynm nm al klaan-
Ao{ ynk`mo{ kojnmvlm rn{xnkvo fn |~n j~kdo{ fn ao{ lmv`c~o{ {`m*doclr l{`f~o{ fn al xalwl! pl mo
n{vìm laaê l~m|~n y~naylm okl{`omlajnmvn- Kojo vljb`àm jnmk`omlm na xoko ~{o |~n nm cnmnrla
{n dlkn fn ao{ g~nco{ `milmv`an{- ^ml fn al{ xnr{oml{ |~n vrlblgl nm ~m aokla fn koj`fl{ irnmvn l al
xalwl f`go7 ‑Mo n{ ~m a~clr fomfn vrlnrêl{ l v~{ d`go{! m` fomfn ynmfrêl{ l xl{lr al vlrfn‚- Xor
k`nrvo! n{ al xalwl ~m a~clr knrrlfo! o{k~ro p d÷jnfo! mo n{ xrnk`{ljnmvn ao |~n `jlc`mljo{
k~lmfo xalmnljo{ ‑~ml vlrfn la l`rn a`brn‚- @m{vlalr g~nco{ `milmv`an{ mo `jxa`kl ~m `jxlkvo
f`rnkvo {obrn na ~{o fna n{xlk`o- Jn rn{~avl kl{` ~ml brojl fn jla c~{vo! p na l{xnkvo vnmnbro{o
|~n an flm l al xalwl {n xlrnkn jì{ l ~ml obrl fn J`en Enaanp |~n l ~m n{xlk`o fomfn g~clrêl ~m
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<6
m`üo! jnmo{ ~m {`v`o l fomfn {n f`r`c`rêl ~ml ilj`a`l n{xomvìmnljnmvn x~f`nmfo nanc`r ovro{
n{xlk`o{ ‑ynrfn{‚ fn jngor lxlr`nmk`l fnmvro fn al woml! `mka~{o f`r`c`r{n l al Blrknaomnvl-
Krno |~n dlp ~ml f`{vlmk`l nmvrn xovnmk`lr lkv`y`flfn{ fn f`{v`mvl êmfoan nm ~ml woml n{xnkêi`kl
fn al k`~flf p kojnvnr lkvo{ lb{~rfo{- Yno jì{ xroynkdo{o xrojoynr lkv`y`flfn{ k~av~rlan{ nm al
woml! v~rê{v`kl{ o cl{vromûj`kl{ $klià{ ! blrn{! rn{vl~rlmvn{- O rnla`wlr ~m {nc~`j`nmvo rn{xnkvofn |~`nmn{ {om al{ xnr{oml{ |~n y`ynm nm al Xalwl! p kom f`{v`mvo{ xrocrljl{ fn lp~fl! xroynnran{
~m {`v`o jì{ f`cmo fomfn dlb`vlr! la v`njxo |~n korroborlr |~n mo {nlm y`kv`jl fn f`{v`mvo{
k~lfro{ lf`kv`yo{-
Fn vofo{ jofo{! {`nmfo ~m x~mvo fn y`{vl ~rblmê{v`ko na |~n fnbn xr`jlr nm na n{v~f`o fn n{vl
lkv~lk`ûm nm al Xalwl! kom{`fnro |~n al{ obrl{ dlm k~jxa`fo! fnmvro fn ao{ a`j`vlfo{ ninkvo{ |~n
{oao ~ml lkv~lk`ûm ~rblmê{v`kl x~nfn vnmnr {obrn na kojxorvlj`nmvo fn cr~xo{ jlrc`mlan{!
b~nmo{ rn{~avlfo{- Flfo |~n nm cnmnrla! ao{ ynk`mo{ {n nmk~nmvrlm bl{vlmvn komiorjn{-
B`ba`ocrliêl Kom{~avlfl7
LLYY- <4>9*<000 Komvnjxorlrp Blrknaoml Komvnjxorèm`l! J~{n~ f‐Lrv Jofnrm fna JMLK!
klvìaoco fn ntxo{`k`ûm! Knmvrn fn K~av~rl Komvnjxorèm`l fn Blrknaoml! @m{v`v~v f¶Nf`k`om{
F`{x~vlk`û fn Blrknaoml! Blrknaoml! <009-
B^[\^NV[! G- 7 Blrknaoml! al kom{vr~kk`ûm fn ~ml k`~flf kojxlkvl! Nf`k`omn{ fna [nrbla!
Blrknaoml! 2886-
CLRKÊL C^V@ÀRRNW! G~lm N- ! $v~vor7 Jlm~na Fnaclfo- N{xlk`o{ ~rblmo{ n mvnrlkk`omn{ {ok`lan{7
al xalwl Cnorcn Orsnaa! nmvrn al ancla`flf p al ko{v~jbrn- Vn{`{ Fokvorla nm Lmvroxoaocêl [ok`la p
K~av~rla! Fnxlrvljnmv fn lmvroxoaocêl ` d`{vor`l fhLjär`kl ` Èir`kl ! Ilk~avlv fn cnocrliêl `
d`{vor`l! ^m`ynr{`vlv fn Blrknaoml-
R@BLAVL! Gorcn- ‑Komvrlx÷ba`ko{"- Jnf`lk`ûm p kom{vr~kk`ûm fn x÷ba`ko{‚! nm al rny`{vl Rljoml!
m· >>! B~nmo{ L`rn{! okv~brn fn 288>-
ORVNCL LMFRN^ ! Xnrn- XROGNKVN NTNK^V@^ LRRLMGLJNMV FN AL XALÃL CNORCN ORSNAA! LA
F@[R@KVN FN K@^VLV YNAAL FN BLRKNAOML- Moy`njbrn fn 28<8-
X`alr Xlrknr`{l{- Kom{vr~kk`om{ aêr`|~n{- JLM RLP / ANLMFRN KR@[VÒIOA- A‐obgnkvn ` a‐n{xnr`v flfè!
J~{n~ f‐Lrv Gl~jn Jornrl! klvìaoco fn ntxo{`k`ûm `v`mnrlmvn! Fnxlrvljnmv fn K~av~rl ` J`vglm{
fn Koj~m`klk`û-
[`v`o{ Snb7
dvvx7//s<8-bkm-klv/LXX[/cjoklvlanc_jom~j/Kljb`l@f`ojlLk-fo?`f`ojl:kl)xlc`ml:snakojn