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Players in Coastal Hazard Management
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Government• Federal
• State
• Local
• Regional
• Private Landowners and Investors
• Non-Government Organizations
Slide 26.1
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Rights
• Privileges
• Restrictions
• Duties
Slide 26.2
Land Ownership: The Bundle of Sticks
Rights of Ownership
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• The right of possession
• The right to control
• The right of enjoyment
•The right of disposition
Slide 26.3
Limits on Ownership
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Common law restrictions on property uses
• The police power
• Eminent domain
• Property taxation
Slide 26.4
Factors in Coastal Development Decisions
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Demand
• Risk
• Hazards
• Regulation
• Infrastructure
• Time Value of Money
Slide 26.5
Ways to Affect Private Sector Development Decisions
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Public information programs
• Control infrastructure extensions into hazardous areas
• Policies that require hazard mitigation
• Impact fees for services in hazardous areas
• Density bonuses for projects outside
• Low-cost loans for mitigation
• Subsidies for relocation out of hazardous areas
• Streamlined permitting in hazard-free areas
• Differential loan rates for hazard areasSlide 26.6
Non-Governmental Organizations
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Natural Resources Defense Council
• Sierra Club
• Center for Marine Conservation
• other environmental and public interest groups
Slide 26.7
Non-Governmental Organizations:Land Trusts
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• The Nature Conservancy
• Local groups
Slide 26.8
Non-Governmental Organizations:Private Interest Groups
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Investment organizations
• Energy organizations
• Development organizations
Slide 26.9
Non-Governmental Organizations: Professional Associations
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• floodplain managers
• emergency managers
• planners/architects
• engineers
• builders
• bankers/insurers
• landscapers
Slide 26.10
Government Coalitions
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• chambers of commerce
• leagues of municipalities
• county government leagues
• regional councils of government
Slide 26.11
Third Sector Capabilities
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• mobilize public and political support
• shape public opinion
• attract diverse funding
• leverage scarce resources
Slide 26.12
Approaches to Government Regulation of Coastal Development
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Withhold government subsidies for development
• Land use planning
• Restrict/prohibit structures
Slide 26.13
Ad Hoc Federal Response to Early Disasters
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• New Madrid, Missouri Earthquakes of 1811-1812
• Chicago Fire of 1873
• Johnstown, Pennsylvania Dam Break in 1889
• Galveston Hurricane of 1900
• San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906
•Miami Hurricane of 1926
•Lower Mississippi Flood of 1927
•New England Hurricane of 1938
Slide 26.14
Federal Disaster Response in the 1930s
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Disaster loans made available for public facilities
• Flood Control Act of 1934: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
•Zoning becomes judicially accepted, but is not used to limit building in hazard areas
Slide 26.15
Federal Disaster Response in the 1950s
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• The Cold War presents the principal disaster risk
• More ad hoc disaster legislation for natural disasters
• Hurricane Hazel, 1954
• Hurricane Diana, 1955
• Hurricane Audrey, 1957
Slide 26.16
Federal Disaster Response in the 1960s
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Office of Emergency Preparedness, 1961
• Natural Disasters:
•Ash Wednesday Storm
•Prince William Sound earthquake/tsunami
•Hurricane Betsy
•Hurricane Camille
•National Flood Insurance Program enacted, 1968
Slide 26.17
Federal Disaster Response in the 1970s
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• 100+ federal agencies with responsibility for risk and disasters
• Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1979
Slide 26.18
Federal Disaster Response during the 1980s and 1990s
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• The role of the federal government/FEMA is called into question.
• The emergency management system fails to respond adequately to major disasters:
•Hurricane Hugo, 1989
•Loma Prieta earthquake, 1989
•Hurricane Andrew, 1992
•Hurricane Iniki, 1992
Slide 26.19
A Change in Focus for Post-Disaster Recovery
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• James Lee Witt named Director of FEMA
• FEMA responds successfully to Midwest Floods of 1993
• Largest voluntary buyout and relocation program moves people and property out of the floodplain
Slide 26.20
Federal Disaster Response in the late 1990s
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Directorship of FEMA elevated to cabinet level
• FEMA increases emphasis on disaster mitigation
• FEMA encourages disaster-resistant communities
Slide 26.21
Post September 11th
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
• Department of Homeland Security created
• FEMA housed in the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate
Slide 26.22
Federal Disaster Assistance: A Moral Hazard?
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
The availability of federal disaster assistance, flood insurance and other benefits inadvertently contributes to a false sense of security and removes incentives to reduce personal and local hazards.
Slide 26.23
State Regulatory Tools for Hazard Areas
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.24
• Direct regulation of environmentally sensitive areas
• Coastal setbacks
• Limit public provision of infrastructure
• Mandatory building codes
• Mandate local planning
Local Land Use Management Tools
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.25
• comprehensive land use plans
• zoning/subdivision ordinances
• capital improvement programs
• historic district regulations
• land acquisition programs
• targeted taxation assessments
• impact fees
• annexation programs
Disaster Resilient Local Communities
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.26
• Property tax base located in safe areas
• Property built to withstand natural hazards
• Economically secure
• Financially stable
• Sustainable
Issues of Regional Concern
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.27
• public policy
• administration
• resource management
• pollution control
• economic development
• other social, political, or environmental concerns
Forms of Regional Governance
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.28
• regulatory (with or without enforcement powers)
• administrative
• advisory
• voluntary councils/federations
Elements of Success in Regional Governance
Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards ManagementCoastal Hazards Management Course
Slide 26.29
• authority for implementation
• fiscal autonomy
• legal flexibility in interpreting mandates
• professionalism among staff
• clear goals
• proper mix of political, organizational, and environmental conditions