Platon, Parmenides (in) BB (v. Maguire)

8/11/2019 Platon, Parmenides (in) BB (v. Maguire)

1/144

UNIVERSITY

OF

CAUFORN

A

SAN

D

EG

3

1822019604172


2/144


3/144

UNIVERSITY

LIFORN

31822019604172

Social

Sciences & Humanities

Library

University

of

California,

San

Diego

Please

Note: This item is

subject

to recall.

Date Due

.IAN

031996


4/144


5/144

DAATON02 IIAPMENIAH2.


6/144


7/144

DUBLIN

UNIVERSITY

PRESS

SERIES.

IIAPMENIAH2.

THE

PARMENIDES

OF

PLATO,

INTRODUCTION, ANALYSIS,

AND

NOTES,

BY

THOMAS

MAGTJIRE,

LL.D., D.Lix.,

FELLOW

AND

TUTOR,

TRINITY

COLLEGE,

DUBLIN.

DUBLIN

:

HODGES, FIGGIS,

&

CO.,

GRAFTON-STREET.

LONDON

:

LONGMANS,

GREEN,

&

CO.,

PATERNOSTER-ROW.

1882.


8/144

DUBLIN

:

PRINTED

AT THE

UNIVERSITY

PRESS.


9/144

THE

following

edition

is

intended

chiefly

for

the

Metaphysician.

That

reading,

accordingly,

has

always

been

preferred

which

makes the

argument

more

plain.

I

am

indebted

to PKOFESSOR

DAVIES,

of

the

Queen's

College,

Galway,

for his

careful

revision

of

the

proofs.

TB.LNITY

COLLEGE,

January,

1882.


10/144


11/144

INTRODUCTION,

TjmSTENCE

is

an

aspect

of

thought.

All

exist-

^

ence is

thought

thought

either

actual

or

possible.

That is

to

say, every

mode

of

existence,

when

grasped by

cognition,

would be found

to

be

a

mode

of

thought.

Such

is

the

position

of

the

Idealist.

2. The Idealist thinks

his case made

out,

be-

cause

all such notions

as

Matter

and

Things

in

themselves,

when

examined,

prove

to

be

figments

figments

made

up

of elements

so

incompatible,

that

to affirm

the

one

is to

deny

the

other.

So

Berkeley

disposes

of

Matter,

by

the bare statement

that

what

is inactive is

not

causal,

and

vice

versa.

The

Ideal-

ist

rejects

a

monster

whose sole function

is to fill a

gap,

where

there is

no

gap.

3.

The

rejection

of a

zero,

made

up

of incom-

patibilities

which

cancel

one

another,

has

nothing

to do

with the

position

of

Plato and

Hegel,

that

Existence,

when

analysed, yields

opposite

mo-

ments.

This

brings

us

to

the

question

What

is

Philosophy

?


12/144

viii

INTRODUCTION.

4.

Philosophy

-makes

explicit

to

thought

what is

implicitly

contained

in

thought.

Berkeley

showed

that

Sensible

Qualities

are

modes

of

consciousness.

Kant

showed

that

consciousness

contained

a

Neces-

sary

and

Universal

element,

meaning

by

necessary

what is

construed

to

thought

as not

possibly

other-

wise

than

it

is

;

and

by

universal what

is

thought

as

exceptionless.

These

characteristics,

Necessity

and

Universality,

Hegel

extended

to

the

object,

and

so to

the

universe.

Philosophy

is

thus the

explicitness

of universal

thought.

5.

The

other

day,

G.

H.

Lewes,

while

showing

that

Physiology

could not

supersede Psychology,

pointed

out

that

while Force could

be

translated

into

Feeling,

Feeling

could

not

be

expressed

in

Force.

Thus the most

advanced

Empiricism

is

idealistic.

6.

It

may

be said that

Science will

in

time

express

Feeling

in

terms of

Force

that

it

will

translate

Psychosis

into Neurosis.

Granted

: it is

nothing

to

the

point

:

Neurosis is the

antecedent,

and

so

can never

be

the

consequent.

Psychosis

thought

will

keep

its

coin

of

vantage.

7.

According

to the

Idealist,

thought

is

the

only

object

of

thought thought

is the

sole

instru-

ment

of

thought

;

and

the

product

of

thought

is

thought.

8.

The

instrument

of

thought

is

thought

only

;


13/144

INTRODUCTION.

ix

that is to

say,

we

analyse

a

synthesis

and

recon-

struct

a

synthesis

out of our

analysis.

We

do

nothing

more

;

yet

this

process

condemns

as

im-

possible

the

prevalent opinion

that

Psychology

is

Philosophy.

9. In the

Timaeus,

the

Demiurge

mixes

various

ingredients

in

a

bowl.

Everyone

sees that

this

is

Allegory.

But

when

a

Psychologist

talks

of

the

interaction

of

Subject

and

Object

of

the action

of

the

Object

on the

Subject,

he is

unconsciously

allegorical.

10.

The older

hypothesis

was

that of

Impulse,

e.g.

Locke's.

Yet

impulse

implies

weight,

and

weight,

or

gravity,

is

the

result

of the

whole

uni-

verse,

and,

so,

cannot account

for it.

A

billiard

player

may

assume

that the

weight

is

in

the

ball;

but

a

thinker

ought

to see

that

weight,

or

any

property

of

a

part,

must

be

the

result of

the

whole,

and,

so,

cannot be

prior

to

it.

So

of

Force

:

it

is

another word

for

Movement,

and

cannot,

therefore,

originate.

11. So

of

Chemical

Action

:

chemical

action

is

only possible,

because

it

is

the

result of

certain

conditions, and,

therefore,

cannot

cause

them.

It

is

easy

to

say,

let

Oxygen

represent

the

Subject,

Hydrogen

the

Object,

and

Water the

result

Consciousness.

But the

chemist can retranslate

:

and

the

weight

of

the

new

product

is

that

of

the


14/144

x

INTRODUCTION.

old

elements.

Dewar

has

shown

that

old

elements

will

form that new

substance

which

is

attended

by

the

greatest

evolution

of heat.

On

the

other

hand,

in

the mental

product

the

old

constituents

sur-

vive,

and so

the

analogy

breaks

down

on

every

point.

12.

So,

Psychology

starts

with

a

Subject

and

an

Object;

and

by

bringing

the

two

into

combina-

tion,

and

by

feigning

some

reciprocal

action

either

mechanical

or

chemical

generates

the

Universe

of

Consciousness.

As

before,

Subject

and

Object

are

results of

consciousness

at

a certain

stage,

and,

therefore,

cannot

generate

it.

13.

Des

Cartes

assumes

an

Ego,

isolated

from

the

rest

of the

Universe.

It is obvious

that

the

Ego

is in

contrast to the

non-Ego

;

to evolve the

non-Ego

from

the

Ego

is

to offer

a

proof

of

that

which

the

proof

pre-supposes,

and

without

which

the

proof

would

be

unmeaning.

14.

Locke's

Essay

is of

value

as a

reply

to

the

Psychology

of

Des

Cartes.

As

a

piece

of

philo-

sophy,

it assumes

that

there is

a Mind

on

one

side,

and

a

set

of

Things

on

the

other.

It

is

mere

Psychology.

15.

Natural Realism

is

not

Philosophy.

Natural

Realism

tells us

' '

that

along

with

the

presentation

of the

Object

there is

always

a

simultaneous

pre-

sentation

of

the

Subject,

the

two

being

mutually


15/144

INTRODUCTION.

xi

related

to each

other.

*

True

;

but

this

postu-

lates

Subject

and

Object

:

that

is,

a

Universe,

and that

Universe

cut

in

two.

It is mere

Psy-

chology.

16. Atomic

theories

cannot

be

Philosophy: they

assume

Space

and

Quantity

;

that

is,

from

an

aspect

of the Universe

they

explain

the

whole.

17.

Molecular

theories

cannot be

Philosophy.

To

the

assumptions

of Atomism

they

add

the

as-

sumption

of

Quality,

and of

Difference of

Quality.

Quality,

like

quantity

and

space,

must

be a

result

of the

Universe.

Clerk

Maxwell

considers

that the

family

likeness

of

the

molecules

is an

argument

that

they

are

not

original.

18.

Sir

John

Lubbock

has

calculated,

on

the

authority

of

Loschmidt,

Stoney,

and

Sir

W.

Thom-

son,

that the

molecules

of

gases

are not

more than

the

fifty-millionth

part

of

an

inch

in

diameter.

It

is obvious

that

any

one

of these

molecules

involves

the

whole

problem

of Natural

Realism,

aud

of

the

relation

of

Psychology

to

Philosophy.

Sorby

is of

opinion

that

in

a

length

of

1-80,000

of

an

inch

there

would

probably

be

from

500

to

2000

molecules

500,

for

instance,

in

albumen,

and

2000

in

water.

The

nameless

fraction

of

an inch

presents

us

with

space

and

its

contents

as

surely

as

the field

of the

* Honck's

Hamilton,

p.

83,

n.


16/144

xii

INTRODUCTION.

seventy

-five

millions

of

worlds,

of

one

of

which

our

earth

is

but

a

fraction.

19.

Movement

in the

line of Least

Resistance

assumes

Space,

and a

System

of

Pressures.

Granting

that

Space

and

Motion

are

Metaphysical

Ultima,

Philosophy

asks

why

Space

and Motion

are

found

in

combination.

How

did

the

Atom

acquire

its tenure of

Space,

and

why

did

Space

tolerate

the

intrusion

?

20.

Evolution

is

not

Philosophy.

If a

thing

is

evolved

from

within,

the

process

is more

than the

mere

accretion with

which

the doctrine

starts.

If

the

thing

gathers

material

from

without,

like

a

rolling

snowball,

then

the

process

belongs

to

Me-

chanics

or to

Chemistry.

21.

Life,

as

Virchow

expresses

it,

is the

sum of

the

joint

action

of

all

parts,

of

the

higher

or

vital

ones

as

of

the

lower

or

inferior.

There

is

no

one

seat

of

life,

but

every

truly

elementary

part,

especially every

cell,

is a

seat

of

life.

Granting

that

this

statement

gives

us

the

results

of

Physio-

logy,

the

philosopher

must

ask,

What

brings

'

the

parts

'

into

juxtaposition

?

Is

it

merely

a

case

of

juxtaposition,

or how otherwise? What

is

apart*?

What

is

higher

?

What

is

lower

?

What is

joint

action ?

Socrates would not

have had

much

trouble

with a

man

who

described

Life

as

the action

of

vital parts.


17/144

INTRODUCTION.

xiii

22.

Huxley

enunciates

the

hypothesis

of

Evolu-

tion

thus

:

The

successive

species

of

animals

and

plants

have

arisen,

the

later

by

the

gradual

modifi-

cation

of the earlier. As

before,

if

the

modifica-

tion

be from

within,

the

fact

explodes

the

theory

:

if

from

without,

modification

is

accretion.

23.

Sir

John

Lubbock

tells us

that

an

aston-

ishing

variety

of

most

beautiful

contrivances

have

been

observed

and described

by

many

botanists,

especially

Hooker, Axel,

Delpino,

Hildebrand,

Ben-

nett,

Fritz

Miiller,

and

above

all

Herman

Miiller

and

Darwin

himself. The

general

result

is,

that to

insects,

and

especially

to

bees,

we

owe

the

beauty

of

our

gardens,

the

sweetness

of

our fields.

To their

beneficent,

though

unconscious

action,

flowers

owe

their

scent

and

colour,

their

honey

nay,

in

many

cases,

their

form.

Their

present shape

and

varied

arrangements,

their

brilliant

colours,

their

honey,

and

their

sweet

scent

are all

due

to the

selection

exercised

by

insects.

In

these

cases

the

relation

between

plants

and

insects is

one

of

mutual

advan-

tage.

A

Platonist

might

put

it

thus:

Insects

select

flowers

by

selection.

That

is,

the idea

domi-

nates

the

process,

not

vice versa.

At all

events,

the

process

implies

prior capacity,

and

therefore

reserves

for discussion

What

is

Capacity,

What is

Relation.

That

is,

Physical

Science,

as

always,

owes its

exis-

tence

to

notions

which

its

professors

discard.


18/144

xiv

INTRODUCTION.

24.

Professor

Huxley,

in

referring

to

the

nervous

system

as

that

which

co-ordinates and

regulates

Physiological

units into an

organic

whole,

uses

more

metaphysical

terms

than

Virchow.

That

is,

both

use

terms

borrowed

from

thought

to

explain

that

which,

according

to

them,

is

the

explanation

of

thought.

Neurosis

is

explained

by Psychosis,

while

Neurosis

is

the

only

scientific

explanation

of

Psy-

chosis.

25.

Spontaneous

generation

throws no

light

on

Philosophy.

Waiving

the decisive

objection

that

it

would

describe

a

process

which takes

place

in

Time,

what

does

the doctrine amount

to,

if

established

?

That

a

mixture

of

turnip-juice

and

cheese

is,

under

certain

conditions,

an

antecedent

to

life.

The

doc-

trine is invested

with

importance by

the

ignorant,

who

persist

in

obtruding

on

Science

the

notion

Cause,

which

Science

affects to discard.

26. The

Scientist,

to

set aside

Metaphysics,

reduces Causation to

Sequence.

If

Causation

be

Sequence

only,

Thought

is

not caused

by

Neurosis.

But,

in

order

to

degrade

Thought,

he

invests

Neurosis

with

causal

power,

so

that

the

destruction

of

Neurosis

involves the

destruction

of

Thought.

Thought

is

the

Whole

of

which

Causation

and

Se-

quence

in time

are

parts

very

small

parts,

indeed.

27.

Professor

Williamson,

in

his

opening

address,

gives

a

sketch

of

the

theories

which

guided Chemis-


19/144

INTRODUCTION.

xv

try

fifty

years

ago,

and

of the

changes

wrought

in

them

by

fifty

years'

work.

Chemical

explanation

has

got

rid of

predisposing

affinities.

Our

present

explanation

(of

a certain

phenomenon)

is a sim-

ple

statement

of

the

fact

that under

the

conditions

described,

zinc

displaces

hydrogen

from

its

sul-

phate.

The

statement

is

anything

but

simple,

as

it

amounts to

this

:

zinc one

set of

relations

dis-

places

hydrogen

a

second set

of

relations

from its

sulphate

a third

set

of

relations.

A

Hegelian

would

not ask for

a more

idealistic

position

than

Professor

Williamson's

simple

statement

of

the

fact.

28.

Physical

Science

is

not

Philosophy,

for it

requires

antecedence

and

consequence

only

as

an

explicit

basis.

As

an

explicit

basis,

for

the

analysis

of

antecedence

and

consequence

may

lead

to a

great

deal

more.

In

fact,

it led

to

the Idealism

of

Kant.

29.

That

Science

is

apparently

content

with

antecedence

and

consequence

is

seen

in

Professor

Burdon-

Sanderson's

address:

Science can

hardly

be

said to

begin

until we

have

by

experiment

acquired

such

a

knowledge

of the relation

between

events

and

their

antecedents,

between

processes

and

their

products,

that

in our

own

sphere

we

are able

to forecast

the

operations

of

Nature,

even

when

they

lie

beyond

the reach of

desired

obser-

vation.

That

is,

we

predict

consequents,

because

they

are

caused.


20/144

xvi

INTRODUCTION.

30.

Clifford

and

Lewes

hold

that the

Uni-

formity

of

Nature

ought

to

be

expressed

as

the

Law

of the

Collocations

of

Changes.

That

is,

they

merely

postulate

Simultaneity,

Succession,

and Fixed Order.

What

more

could

an

Idealist

require

?

31.

Herbert

Spencer's

Heredity

may

account

for

Necessity

as

a

fact.

It

does not

explain

what

the Idealist

contends

for

not

merely

that a

notion

is

what

it

is,

but

that it is

explicitly

thought

as

not

possibly

otherwise

the

Necessity

of

Leibnitz,

Kant,

and

Hegel.

32.

Mr.

Whittaker,

in the

interest of

Empiri-

cism,

reconciles

Empiricism

with Idealism

:

in

the

final

statement

of

Empiricism,

'relations'

are

just

as

fundamental as

'

feelings.'

All

that

afterwards

becomes

thought

is

implicit

not in

mere

feeling,

but

in

the

primitive

relations

between

'

feelings.' *

Feelings

are

capable

of

primitive

relations,

simply

because

both

presuppose

one

intelligible

whole

the

position

of

the

Idealist.

33.

Taking

a

portion

of

the

Universe,

in

order

to

account

for

the Universe,

is

as

idle

as to

suppose

that a

square

on

a

chess-board

is the

cause

of

the

board. There can be no

fraction

outside

the

whole,

and the

business

of

Philosophy

must

be

analysis.

*

Mind, No.

24,

p.

507.


21/144

INTBODUCTION. xvii

34.

Taking analysis

as

the

instrument

of

thought,

Plato,

in

the

Parmenides,

analyses

the

Universe

into

TO

ev

and

raXXa

TOV

>os;

the

posi-

tion of

TO ev

explaining

everything,

and

its

nega-

tion

nullifying everything.

35.

Positing

TO

ev,

the

Universe,

as

conceived

by

Plato,

may

be

best described

in

the

words of

Hegel:*

Free and infinite

Form,

as a

Totality,

involves

the

principle

of

Matter in itself

taking

Form in

his

sense of

Complete

Whole

of

Charac-

teristics. Without

TO

ev,

we

may

have

provi-

sionally

an

Empiricism

like that of

Hume

and

Mill,

Farm. 164

b

;

but

this,

when

examined,

will

end

in

Nihilism,

Parm. 165e.

36. The

intelligible

element,

vindicated

by

Kant and

elaborated

by

Hegel,

is

variously

termed

Ideas

and Numbers. The Ideas and

Numbers

are

substantially

identical,

but Idea

denotes

the

in-

telligible

in relation to

the

sensibility,

while the

Numbers

are the movements of

the

pure,

intelli-

gible

process.

37.

To

ev

brings

the

Parmenides

into

close

re-

lation

with

the

notices

of

Platonic

doctrine

pre-

served

in Aristotle and

his

Scholiasts,

as TO

ev is

the formative

element in

the

Idea,

and

the

spring

from

which

the

Numbers

flow.

Logic,

p.

204,

Wallace's

translation.

b


22/144

xviii INTRODUCTION.

38.

Xenocrates

has

given

a

hypothetic

genesis

of

the

Ideas. It is

only

to

assist

apprehension,

as

yeVecris

implies

evolution in

time,

which

of

course

does not

apply

to

the

Ideas,

e/c

TOV

peyaXov

/cat

fjiLKpov

VTTO

ToG

*Ei>6s

io'ao'BevTtov

eyevovTo

av,

el

SVVO.TOV

avras

fy

yevea-Oau.

Schol.

828

a, 1,

2.

39.

To

ev

is neither Number

nor

Idea,

although

without

it

we

should have neither Number nor

Idea.

Number

a/H0/x6s

is,

according

to

Greek

arithmeticians,

o-vcmj/za

ju,oi>a8a>z>.

Theon

Smyrn.

23. To

ev

is

the

dpx*l

of

Numerables.

40.

As

TO

ev

has

for

its

contre-coup

TO

oLTreipov

indefinite

plasticity

the

first

Number is

the

Dyad,

avroSvas.

That

is,

The

One

and TO

a-rrapov,

as

two

items,

constitute

the

System

of

Two

Monads

17

auToSva?

the

Prime

Dyad.

Arist.

Met.

B. iii.

The

Dyad

has

for its Material

TO

oiTreipov,

and

for

its

Form

TO

ev : at

irpa)Tov

yeyovmai

8vo

/zoi/aSe?

a>9

e^

vXrjs

fMv

TVJS 'AopicrTOv

AvaSo?,

etSov?

Se

TOU

'Evo?

TOV

AVTOCÔ?

SÂoi'OTt

auTat

TreTrot^-

Trjv

TTpoiTrjv

AvaSa.

Syrianus

ap.

Schol.

818

J,

46-9.

41.

As

the

Indefinite

Dyad

is

Majus

and

Minus

TO

/u,eya

and

TO

piKpov

each

moiety

is

a

monad.

These

two

monads,

with

TO ev

as

unifier and

equa-

tor,

constitute

the

System

of Three

Monads

the

Prime

Triad

17 avTOT/oias:

at Se

TTO.\IV

yeyovmai

T/aet?

/aoâSe?,

w?

e

uX^s

fj.ev

/cat


23/144

XIX

NTBODUCTION.

rrjs

'Ao^ourrou

AvaSos,

etSous

Se

TOV

Avroevds,

/cacrt

r>}i>

AuTOT/HaSa.

$yr.

ib.

819

#.

42.

Lastly,

the Indefinite

Dyad

as

plastic,

taking

on itself the

Prime

Dyad

as

formal,

con-

stitutes the

System

of Four

Monads

the

Prime

Tetrad

77

avrorerpa,^:

IK

rfjs

AuroSuctSos

/cat

TT^S

v

AuctSos

^v

'Ao/oio~roi>

/caXet

AvaSa,

ctTrereXoui'

TerpaSa'

ov

crwrt^eVre?

avra?

(^c.

ra?

SvaSa?)

ov8e

Kara

Trp6

Swa/xew9

/cat

Trpodyew

ets

aTroyeW^-


24/144

xx

INTEODUCTION.

and

TO

aireipoV)

are thus

Metaphysical

Ultima dis-

covered

by

analysis,

and not

agents

in

the me-

chanical, chemical,

or

so-called

psychological

sense.

46.

Why

did

Plato

use

such

barren terms as

TO ev The

One,

and ra\\a All

the rest

of

it?

To

ev is

the

geometrical

unit,

and

Geometry

is the

medium

between

Sense

and

Intellect. Aristotle's

usual

term

for

Mathematics,

as

Plato

viewed

them,

is TO,

fJLTav.

47. Previous

to

Plato,

the notion

The

One

had

been

so

far

developed

:

a.

Xenophanes

deduced

Unity

from

the

theolo-

gical

notion

Moral

Perfection,

making

Unity

a

pre-

dicate

of Essence

:

b.

Parmenides,

by

identifying

subject

and

ob-

ject,

made

Unity

both

the

logical

and

substantive

essence

of

all

real

existence

:

c.

Melissus

made

Unity

a

predicate,

but

deduced

it

from

infinity

:

d. Zeno

defended

Unity by

proving

plurality

impossible.

48.

In

Aristotle's

hands the

notion

Unity

became

Substance,

and

in

that

shape

was

transmitted

by

the

schoolmen

to modern

thought.

It

is

obvious

that

the

modern

atom

is

a

Lilliputian

substance.

49.

The One

being

positive,

TaXXa TOV

ho


25/144

INTKODUCTION.

XXI

50.

Anti-Platonists,

from Aristotle to

Jowett,

ask

Where

are the Ideas ?

Would

a

Kantian

entertain

the

question

Where

are the

Categories,

and

Ideas,

and Forms

?

51.

According

to

Hegel,

evolution

is

Specifica-

tion :

according

to

Haeckel,

specification

is

Evolu-

tion.

That the

road

up

is the

road

down

must

be

seen in

time.


26/144


27/144

THE

PAEMENIDES

OF

PLATO,


28/144


29/144

THE PAKMENIDES OF PLATO.

philosophical portion

of

the

Dialogue

is

-L

divided

into

two

parts

:

the

first extends from

127d

to

135;

and

the

second

from 135 to the

end,

166. The first

part

deals

with

the

question

of

the

relation

of

the

Ideas

to sensible

things

;

the

second

with the relation

of

the

head-

Idea The

One

to

everything

else. The first

part

discusses

generally

the relation

between

the

supersensible

and the

sen-

sible

;

the second elaborates

the

relations

of

the

paramount

metaphysical entity

The One to all

its

subordinates,

including

sensible

things.

The

second

part

is thus a

particular

application

of

the

first;

but,

as The One is the

paramount

entity,

its

relations

are

all-pervading.

With

regard

to

the

first

portion,

we

are

told

by

Mr.

Jowett

that

Plato has

anticipated

the criticism

of

all

future

ages

on

his Ideas.

Mr.

Grote

declares

that

there

are no

dialogues

in

which the

Parme-

nidean

objections

to

the

doctrine

of

Ideas

are

elucidated

or

even

recited.

But

surely

all

the

objections

which

are

urged

in

the

Parmenides are


30/144

xxvi

THE

PAEMENIDES

OF

PLATO.

based on an

assumption

with which

the sound

doctrine of Ideas has

nothing

to do.

(1).

The

Idea

is

spaceless

and

timeless.

This

disposes

of the

objections

illustrated

by

the

day

and

by

the sail:

130eb

le,

par.

6.

(2).

The

Idea

rtmst either admit of finiteness or

proceed

to

infinity.

This

disposes

of

the

objections

urged

in

132 a

b,

and in 132 d 133

a,

pars.

7 and 9.

(3).

The

Idea

cannot

depend

for its

cognition

and

existence

on

man.

Its

essence cannot

be

concipi:

B.

2,

b

d,

par.

8.

This

to Plato

would

be

a

truism.

(4).

The

Idea

cannot

exist

in

total aloofness from

man

;

for

this

would

deprive

man on the one hand

of

all

objective

knowledge,

and

God

on the other of

all

knowledge

of

human

knowledge.

The obvious

conclusions

are,

that

we have

a

knowledge

of

the

Idea,

and

that

God

has

so

too.

These

conclusions

are

quite

in

accordance

with

the other

Dialogues.

It

is

curious that

what

Mr.

Jowett

regards

as the

true

theory

of

Ideas

that

they

exist

only

in

the

mind

is

deliberately rejected by

Plato

in

this

Dialogue.

If

the

paramount

One

does not

exist,

the result

is Phenomenalism

and Nihilism. In

the

same

way,

Mr.

Green,

in

his

introduction to

Hume,

shows

that

without

Identity

and

Causation the

sensualism of

Hume and

the

phenomenalism

of

J. S.

Mill

are

impossible,

and

with them untrue.

To

moderns,

the

difficulty

is

to

conceive

that

the

Idea,

while

timeless

and

spaceless,

is

likewise

objectively

existing.

That

Plato

held

the

Idea to


31/144

THE

PAKMENIDES OF

PLATO.

xxvii

be

timeless is evident

from numberless

passages,

from

the

authoritative

passage

in

the

Timaeus,

and the

express

statement

of

Aristotle that

Plato

was

the

only

philosopher

who

held

Time to

be

the

result

of

what

we

may

call

creation.

The

Idea

is

likewise

a

fortiori

spaceless.

Space,

according

to

Plato,

is the

creature

of

an

illicit

process

of

reason-

ing,

and

it is

not

an

object

of the senses nor of

natural

belief.

Its double function is to

express

the

apparent

but

unreal

identity

of

phenomena

in

a

state

of

flux,

and their

dependence

on the

higher

essence

of

the

Idea.

Aristotle's

testimony

is

con-

clusive on

the

point.

He asks

why

Plato does not

locate the Idea

in

space.

Phys.

iv.

ii. 5.

If

the

Idea

be

not

in time or

in

space,

how

does

it

exist ? In

the

mind,

says

Mr.

Jowett.

In

what

mind

? If mind

means

the human

mind,

qua

human,

then

we

are

reduced

to

individualism.

I

may

infer,

or

I

may

not,

that

there

may

be

some

other

being

with

a mind

like

mine,

more or

less.

If

we

say

in the Divine

mind,

or

in

the

Universal

mind,

then

the Idea

will

only

be

an

accident of

the

higher

consciousness.

But if

we

mean

by

Idea,

as Plato

did

the Form which

perfectly

and

com-

pletely

dominates

pure

thought,

and

which

domi-

nates

ours

to

a

smaller

extent then

it

is

true

to

say

that the Idea is

not

only

logically

but

substantially

prior

to

thought

and

volition,

Divine

as

well

as

human,

and

is therefore

independent

of

both.

Surely

in

a

narrower

sphere,

where

a

man

has

consciously grasped

the

Law

of

Identity

or

the


32/144

xxviii

THE PARMENIDES

OF

PLATO.

Law

of

Contradiction,

he sees

at

once

that

these

Laws

are

something

more

than

the facts

of his

own

brain

something

more than

actual

clearness

or

passing

confusion.

But,

first,

as

human

thought

is dominated

consciously

or

unconsciously by

the

Laws

of

thinking,

so

the Divine

Thinking

is domi-

nated

by

the Ideas.

To

say

that Ideas exist

in

the

mind

is

much

the

same as

saying

that

the

Law

of

Gravity

exists

in a man's

watch.

The relation of the

Idea to

sensible

things,

and

of

God

to

both,

is somewhat

as

follows

:

The Idea

consists of

two

elements,

the

One

and

the

Indefinite.

The

Indefinite is

pure Passivity.

Neither of

these

elements is

created.

They

are

co-eternal

with God.

God

is

good.

As Aristotle

explains

it,

Goodness is

the

matter,

and

One,

the

form,

of

the

highest

Ens.

God

is also

Cause,

the notion

which

brings

the One

and

Goodness

into

communion.

Goodness works

through

Causality,

according

to the

type

set

by

the Idea of

Good.

Consequently,

the

Law which

dominates

Goodness

in

its

Causal

Energy

is

logi-

cally

prior

to

that

Energy.

On

what

does

the

Summum

Ens

work

?

On

the

Indefinite,

or

the

passive

element

in the

Idea,

the

space,

or

rather

place,

of the

Timaeus.

The first

causal

act of

Summum

Ens

imposes

the

Law

of

mere

sequence

on

Passivity.

The result

is,

a

chaos of

unpredictable

sequences,

a

notion

grasped

by

Milton. The

second

causal

act

of Summum

Ens is to

impose

on

Chaotic

sequence

predictable

sequence

or

physical

Law,

and

the

result

is,

the Sensible

World.

The

God

of


33/144

THE

PAEMENIDES

OF PLATO.

xxix

Plato

thus

creates

nothing,

he

organises

Passivity.

Aristotle's

question,

Why

the Idea

is

not

in

space,

if

pressed

home,

comes to this :

Why

is the

whole

Idea,

with

all

its

Form and

Matter,

not

in

a small

fractional

result

of its Matter

misconceived,

namely,

Place

?

That

Space

is

not

an

independent

Entity

can

be

proved

by

other

considerations. The non-

existence

of

a

Vacuum

inside the

world

is stated

positively

in

the

Timaeus,

where

its

existence

would

seem

necessary,

in the

case

of

one

moving

body

displacing

another.

This

phenomenon

Plato

explains

by

the

hypothesis

of

circular

motion,

a

motion

which

may

be

exemplified

by

moving

a

set

of

balls

round

the

edge

of

a

solitaire board.

He

has

been

charged

with

inconsistency

in

allowing

the

structural

solids,

the

Tetrahedron,

the

Octahedron,

and

the

Icosahedron,

to

combine

in

different

pro-

portions,

all

the

while

he denies the

existence of

Vacuum.

He

may

easily

be

defended

by

the

con-

sideration that

the

complement

of the

interstices

is

furnished

by

TO

aneLpov

the element

of

Passivity

or

Receptivity

in the

Idea.

What

then

is

the

Sensible

Thing,

the

Sensible

Idea

of Locke

and

Berkeley

?

Relatively

to

us,

it

is

strictly

TO

^aivo^vov,

TO

yiyvopevov,

that

which is

in

course of

presentation,

and

which,

therefore,

ex

vi

termini,

is

passing away.

Objectively,

it

is

the

causal

action of

God,

working

through

the

Idea,

on

the senses.

Logically,

and

chronologically,

it

is

distinct

from

the Idea.

In

essence,

it is

the

con-

trary

of

the

Idea,

as

the

one

is

ever

abiding

and


34/144

xxx

THE

PARMENIDES

OF

PLATO.

the

other

is

momentary

;

and

finally,

with

regard

to

theories

of

perception,

the

sensible

thing

bears to

its Idea

or rather

congeries

of

Ideas

the

relation

only

of a

sign

to the

thing

signified.

Mind,

says

Shelley,

cannot

create,

it

can

only

perceive.

This is

the

popular

view.

It

is

the usual

confounding

of

Brain

and

Thought.

In

the

individual,

Sensation

precedes

Thought;

Neu-

rosis

precedes

Psychosis;

but

Neurosis Brain

presupposes

Space,

Time,

and

all

the

constituents

of

Intelligibility.

Everybody

agrees

that

what

is

in

consciousness

may

be

safely

dealt

with.

But

the

question

arises

:

Is

there

anything

outside

consciousness ?

In

the

language

of the

Dialogue,

if

TO ev

is the

formative

element,

what

is raXXa rov

evos?

In

other

words,

What

is

TO

oLTreipovj

which

Aristotle

represents

as

the

second

element

in

the

Idea ?

It is

food

for

Form TO

Trepa


35/144

THE

PAEMENIDES

OF

PLATO.

xxxi

of

consciousness,

we

almost

eo

ipso

assert

that

it is

not

to be

found

in the mature

consciousness,

except

in

a

totally

different

shape.

But,

in

Plato,

the

original

aspect

of

the

element

reappears

in

the

compound

: TO

aireipov

is

TO

aTreipov,

and

will

not

be

anything

else.

Plato is thus a

thorough-going

Idealist

: TO

aireipov

is

part

of

the

domain

of

thought.

In

applying

the

terms

of

modern

speculation

to

Plato,

it is

not meant that he had

before

him

modern

problems

in

their

present

shape.

But

the

best

teaching

of our time

is the

importance

of

history

as

a

basis

of

criticism,

and

this

teaching

shatters

the

doctrine that

we

must

read a

philo-

sopher

by

what

went

before

and

not

by

what

comes

after

him.

Hegel

allows

Richtigkeit,

but not

Wahrheit,

to

the

sensible

element.

Plato

is more

idealistic

;

for

while

in

the

Phaedo

he

combats

the

notion

that

the

sensible

element

is

delusive,

in

the

Republic

he

argues

that

the

same

volume

of

raw material

may

and does

admit

of

opposite

relations.

The most

striking passage

in

the

Dialogue

is

where

Parmenides

rebukes

Socrates

for

withholding

ideas from

mean

objects.

This is

not

really

at

variance

with

the

passage

in

the

Timaeus,

66

d-67

a.

There he states

that

Smells are

the

result

of

air and

water

affecting

the

organs,

and

that

they

are

dis-

tinguished

merely

as

pleasant

or

the

reverse.

In

the

Philebus,

Smells

are

not

preceded

by

any

craving,

and so far

are

higher

than

the

plea-


36/144

xxxii THE

PARMENIDES

OF PLATO.

sures of

repletion.

In our

day

a

great poet

has

written

:

Flower

in the

crannied

wall,

I

pluck

you

out of the crannies

;

Hold

you

here,

root and

all,

in

my

hand,

Little flower but

if

I could

understand

What

you

are,

root

and

all,

and all

in

all,

I should know

what

God

and

man

is.

This is

genuine

Idealism.

What we

call

a

single

thing

is

the

concourse

of all

relations the

corn-

plexus

of

all

Ideas

all

in

all.


37/144

nAPMENIAHS.


38/144

TA

TOY

AIAAOrOT

ITPOSnilA

KE$AAO2,

I

AAEIMANT02,

J>

Characters

in

the

Introduction.

ANTI2N

.

'

TAAYKON,

J

Characters

in the Main

Dis-

cussion.

1IAPMENIAH2,

API2TOTEAH2.


39/144

IIAPMENIAH2.

St.

III.

'ETretSir) 'AOrfvaê

oiKoOev

e'/c

KXao/z,eva>i> d(/>t/co-

introduc-

p.

126.

/)

\

>

/

A

'

v

tion.

juec/a,

/car

ayopav evervôfjLev

Aoet/Aavra)

re /cat,

'

\ O'

~-

'

*

'

L

Ce

P

ha

-

t' /cat

/xov

Aapo/xeô? TT;?

êt/aos

o

Aoet-

lus relates

-L

?

-ir

'

\

^ *

^

>

~

his

intro-

at

P

'

e

9

7

?'

w

KecpaAe,

/cat et

rou

oeet

TOJI/

auction to

e

^

^

'

j

/

j*

*

\ \

^

vC

1

/

1

?

Antiplio.

7)/x,et?

OVVOLTOI,

(ppaê.

a\\a

p.ev 017,

enrov

ya>,

7rdp6Lfj.i, ye

eV avro

rovro,

SeiycrojLtevos v^wv.

Xeyots

av,

e^/,

r^v

Se^cri^.

/cat

ey

vp,a>v

TO)

ofjLOfjLrfrpia)

rt

^v ovo/xa

;

ov

yap

Trats

Se

TTOV

lyi'

ore

TO

irporepov

Sev/Do

e/c

KXaô/Aevw^'

TroXu?

Se

eKeivov.

TO)

pev

yap iTdrpi,

8o/cw,

Trcivv

ye,

e^>iy'

avrw

Se

ye

'Avrtâiz/.

dXXa

rt

/xdXtcrra

irvvOdvei

;

otS',

etTrov

eyw,

TroXtrat

jaot

etcrt,

jaaXa


40/144

4

I7AATONO2

yap

evOcvfte ot/ca8e

otêrou,

ot/cct

Se

eyyus

>

Mc-

XtVfl.

raura

etTroWes

ey8aStoftei>,

/cat

KareXaySo/xev

p.

127.

TOZ>

'A.VTLo)VTa

ot/cot,

yaXivov

TWO.

âX/cct

e/cSt8dvTa

(r/cevdVat'

IVetSr)

Se

e/ceu>ov

aTnjXXdyr)

ot re

dSeX-

\ />/

^

j/^

tionbe-

oir^v

ev

ftaXa

or)

TT/aecrpvTTp

etvat,

(r\

\

^

/

\ ^

Socrates,

KCL\OV

O

KayOLUOV

TrjV

O\\IIV,

TTtpl

TV)

Zeno,

and

/ \>-/

ry/

o\>\

Panue-

TTC^TC

/cat

egrjKovTo, /tf)va)va

oe

eyyvs

erw^ rerra-

nides

:

the

' '

T

>/o\\

/

>o

particulars

P

aK

VTa

TOT

eiVdL,

VjJir)K7)

O

/Cat

yapieVTOi

tOtV

meetfng-

'CCt

' e

at

aTOI/

TTtttt/ca

TOV

viva.1.

/caraXvetv

Se

avrous

e,,(,

>

V

/

T7-

^

TON

\>| //I

treatise

on

KTOS

'' CtÔV?

CV

KepCLfJLeLKO)'

Ot

Ol)

/Cttt

a(pt/Cpos

d

/cat

TOI>

TlaJievi,$rv

xer'

avrou

Kat 'Attr-

TOV

Tov

rpiaKovra

yevopevov,

/cat

ctTTa

ert e7ra/covo-ai

TWV

yyoa/x,/u,aTOJV

ov

ye,

dXXct

/cat

irporepov

d/oy/coeVat

TOI)


41/144

FIAPMENIAHS.

5

rov

ovv

2co/cpari7

d/covcravra TrdXtv

re

/ceXevcrat

Firstpart

x

/

(

//)

~

/

x /

>

~

of

the

Ti]v

irptoTiqv

VTrouea'Lv

rov

Trpcorov

Aoyov

avayvcovat,

dialogue:

\ >

Q

/

/

f

/ prelimi-

/cat

avayvcoo-f/eto-rjs,

TTCOS,

cpavat,

co

Ziyvcov,

TOVTO

nary

dis-

\

t

>

\ \

'

\

*

y

~

>

\

cussion,

e

Aeyets;

et

TroAAa

ecrrt

ra

ovra,

cos

apa

oet

aura

the

relation

r

? \/

o\o\>o/

o/

To

E?Sjj

re

eti/at

/cat

avoôia,

TOVTO

oe

or)

aovvaTOV

to

sensible

ovre

ya/)

ra

avojAoia

o/xota

oure ret

o//,ota

olov re

etvat

;

ovv

oura>

Xeyet?

;

ovrw,

0/

5^

^\\^

wislie

S

t

etz>at

/cat

ra

o/xota at'o/xota,

aowarov

017

/cat

TroAAa

know

if

he

^

>\

\\v*

/

*

\o/

is

ng

11

* in

etvat'

et

ya^

TroAAa

177,

7rao ôt

at'

ra

aowara;

the

view

he

apa

rovro eo-Tiv

6

/8ouAoi>rat

\\

/j

> '

*

'

y

u

)

cos

ov

TroAAa ecrrt

;

/cat

rovrov

avrov otet

o~ot

zeno

/

TV

\ /

\\'j

T

tnesis

is

a

/caAws

re

/cat

ev

ooe

oeav

ov

TroXAa

qrrjo-iv

ewat,

reductio

ad

,

CNNJX

>\\

N

//i

x

absurdum

re/c/x^pta

oe

avros

Tra/xTroXAa

/cat

vra/x/xeyecfy

vrape-

of

the an-

\-?

\

>*//

\o\\

\\/

tagonistic

êrat.

ro

ovi/

rov

/xev

ev

cpavat,

rov

oe

tt?)

TroXXa,

thesis,

i.e.

\v

e/

\/

/

?^ 5

1

'

\'

>/t\

follow

etpry/cevat

oo/cetv

crêoov

rt

Xeyovras

ravra,

v?rep

f

rom

sup-

c

v

*\\ j

'

c

\j

/

posing

i)/xas

rovs aAAovs

c/>atverat

v/xtv

ra

etp^/xeva

Existence


42/144


43/144

I1APMENIAH2.

7

it ra

pev

rrj

i

/

,

o

N

>

/

of

incom-

ra

oe

aôrepcov

apyorepa

;

et

oe /cat

rravra

patible

/

*

>/'

\

n

' >

*

affections :

evavri(t)V OVTOJV

ap,(porep(i)i>

jiteraXa/Apavet,

/cat

eo~rt

e.^.

a

man

,

/

i~/

\is

one,

and

b

TO)

jaereêtv

a/A\

\

\\/

/

*\/

he

may

be

rts

aTrefyaivev

avoôia yiyvoêva

i]

ra

avoôia

a

i

so

one

O

f

v /

y-j>

-yjovv/

/

many,

in

o/Aota,

repas

ai>,

ot/Aat, i)V

et

oe

ra

rovruv

/Acre-

wiuch case

dfJLorepa)v

dfjL6repa

d-noâivei

irerrovdora,

p

^

e/totye,

o>

ZTyvwi/,

droirov

8o/cet

etVat,

ovSe

ye

et

e^

aVavra

a7ro(âtvet

rt?

rw

jaereêtv

rov

cai^never

7

'Ews

/cat

ravra

ravra

TroXXd

ra>

nXTyôvs

av

/Aereêtv

dXX'

et

o

ecrrw

*Ev avro

rovro

TroXXa

c

d-TToSetêt,

/cat

av ra IloXXd

S?)

eV,

rovro

17817

âv/Acto o/Aat.

/cat

Tre/st

raiv ctXXcov

artdvrtov acrav-

ra>s'

et

/ACI'

avra

ra

yeVi7

re

/cat

etS^

eV

av-

rols

aTTOâtôt

rdvavria

ravra

rfdOrf

Trdcrôvra,

dîov

Bavfjidêw

et

8'

e/Ae

eV

rts

a-TroSetêt

ovra

/cat

TroXXd,

rt

davpavrov,

Xeywv,

orav

/ACV

p*ov-

XrjraL

TroXXd

diroâiveiv,

as

erepa

tiev

ra

evrt

Se^td

ttov

eVrtv,

erepa

Se

rd

CTT'

dpicrrepd,

/cat

erepa

ttei/

rd

rrpotrOev,

erepa

8e

rd

oina-Oev,

/cat

dVtw

Kat Karat

a>o avrws'

IlXi7ôvs

ydyo,

ot/Aat,

d

p/try&'

orav

Se

eV,

epet

ws

eTrrd

rjp,a)v

ovrwv

et?

eyai,veL

dpfyorepa.

edv ovv

rts

rotavra

eTfiêip^

TroXXd

/cat

ev

ravra

dno$aivew,

Xt#ovs

/cat

| vXa

/cat

rd

rotavra,

(^yjcrofjiev

avrov

TroXXd

/cat

IV

aTroSet/cvwat,

ov

ro

*Ev

TroXXd

ovSe

rd

IToXXd

ev,

ovSe'

rt

Oavpacrrov

\eyeiv,

dXX'

a7re/o


44/144

8

HAATQN02

av

iravres

6/xoXoyot/Aep

eap

8e

Tt?,

6 PUP

Sr)

eya>

eXeyop,

rrpvrov

JJLCV

Statp^Tat

X^P^

avra

/ca#' avra

ra

1817,

otbp

'O/uoum/Ta

re

/cat 'Apo-

p.Oi6rr)ra

/cat

ITX-jô?

/cat

TO

*Ep

/cat

Sracrtv

e

/cat

KtPTio-iP /cat

irdvra

ra

rotavra,

elra

eV

eavrot?

ravra

Svpa/xepa

crvy/cepappvcr#at

/cat Sta-

KpivecrOai

a7ro(f>aivrj,

dyat/xTip

ap

eywy',

^77,

crTctis,

a)

Zijvuv.

ravra

Se

avSpetw?

/ACI/

/l

\

N

/

*

*

7)yovfiat

Treirpayiiarev&uai'

TTO\V

JJLEVT

av

Se

/aaXXot',

&s

Xeyw, dyacrêt^v,

et

rts

avrr^v

aTropiav

ev

avrots

rot?

etSecrt

ToSarr&is

7rXe/co/xeV>;v,

axnrep

iv

rots

o/aw/AeVots

130

on^Xêre,

OVTOJ

/cat

cv

rots

Xoytcr/xo>

\afjij3avo-

/xeVot?

5.

Socrates

XeyovTO?

877,

eii'n

6

IIu#oSa>pos,

rou

deniesthe

^

'

,

, , %

,

,

,

, ,

umver-

Tttvra

avTos

/A^

otecTC/at

e

S&>/cpaT5,

\

^\'

'

>/\r

existence

T7

)? op/ir;? TTjs

CTTt

Tou?

Xoyovs'

/cat

/u,ot

etTre,

ai>ros

b

of

etS-n

for

vvo/

e\/

suchthings

crv

o^Tw

OLTflprjcraL

a>?

Xeyct?,

as

Man,

Fire

and

aTTCt

>

X^P

19

Ta

rovT(av

av

Water

:

o

^

?

\

and

he

is

crot

oftotoY^To?

exofjitv,

/cat

*Ep

Sr)

/cat

IloXXa

/cat

Trapra

o/(7a

v^

v

^^ Zrypwpos T^/cove?

;

e/AOtye,

^>apat

TOP

suchthings

^w/cpaTT;.

r^

/cat

TO,

TotaSe,

etTretp

TOP

^.

u

^ ,,

otop

At/catov

Tt

eTSos

auTo

/ca#*

avTo /cat KaXou

Filth.

Par-

menides

Kal

*Ayaôt)

/cat

TTttPTtop av

TWP

roLOvraiv

;

pat,

replies

that

/,

his

is

a


45/144

IIAPMENIAH2.

9

OtOt

77jltetS

eCTjUei>

TToivTUV,

CLVTO Tl

cTSo?

'AvOpWTTOV

human

*

TT

> *

*

nnS

A

'

\

77

Hvpos

77

/cat

Toaros

;

ev

airopia,

\vapiav

e

SI/)

/^/r

O^

>_i'

JA

/ÔN

ta^y

-p

.-.

/

\

the

ratio-

131

eTrtoi'v/uas

avrwv

tcrêtv,

otov

OfJLOioTirjTos

peis /xera-

naleof

Xafiovra

o/xota,

Meye'ôvs

Se

/xeydXa,

KaXXovs

re

/cat

At/catoo-w775

St/catd re

/cat /caXd

yiyvecrdaL.

irdVu

ye,

^ctj'at

ro^

âiKparr).

OVKOVV

T^rot

oXov

S

rou

etSovs

77

pepovs

e/cao-rov

ro

fteraXa/x/3dVov

/aeraXa/>t/3dêt

;

7^

dXXT?

rt?

av

peraX^LS

x^P^

rovrwi/

yeVotro;

/cat

TTWS

aV;

etTrei'.

Trorepoi/

ov^


46/144

10

OAATONO2

whole

or

by

way

of

part,

either

simul-

taneously

Or 8UCC68-

sively,

*'..

the elSos

is

both

amUime-

So/cet

O~Ot

oXov

TO

CtSos

CV

e/cdoTO)

etVttl

TWV

\ \

**

/

N

\

/

i

/

v

TTOAAwv

ev

OV,

T)

7T6D?;

Tt

yap

/CtoXvet,

(pavat

TOV


47/144

DAPMENIAH2.

11

trpLv.

OVK

av

yeVotTO,

V

et8wv

crot

ra

aXXa

/xeraXî/ferat, jjLijre

Kara

pepy

/x^re

Kara

oXa

jucTaXa/xySdvetv Suvd/xeva

;

ov

ttd TOV

Ata,

dvaL,

ov

/xot

So/cet

ev/coXov etVat

TO TOLOVTOV

TI

Se

817;

7rpo9

ToSe

7ra>9

eêts;

TO

irdlov

;

ot/u,at

7.

The

>

o

A

v

TS

*

/i

f

origin

of

132

o~e

e/c

TOU

Totovoe

ev

eKacrrov

etoo?

oteo~t7at

ewcu

thetheoiy

TrdXX'

aTTa

/xeyaXa

o~ot

80^17

etvat,

/xta

TI?

unique

?

^>o/

e

>\^>

>\ /

>^/

elSos

:

if

oo/cet

toea

T)

avTT)

etvat

CTTI

Travra

LOOVTI,

thee?8osbe

v/i

*

*

IT

' t

n

f

>\

/] \

'

j

'

absolutely

ot/ev ev

TO

Meya

i^yet

etz/at.

aA.fjtfr)

Aeyet?,

(pavai.

distinct

/$NJ

\

^TIT'

x

v

\\

v

x

\

5N

from

the

Tt

o

avTo

TO

Meya

/cat

TaAAa Ta

/xeyaAa,

eav

sumofpar-

ticulars,

Tt,

av

auantitv is

*

7TOU

jaeya

ravra

fyaivea-Oai;

eoiKev.

aXXo

apa

eTSo?

/xeyeôv?

dva-

I

' ss/

v-m/r'/l

v

N

it. is

I> etSwv

ecrTat,

dXX'

dweipa

TO

77X^05.

dXXa,

dvai,

a>

nap/xe^tS^,

TOZ^

Sw/c/octT^,

^

g.

The

>o^v

T/

/

\o

T8os

per-

etowv

e/cacrTOi/

i)

TOVTOIV

voTrjâ,

/cat

ovoafjiov

^

3

^

ay

/

/

/i

v\ \

/)

* 5

i

be

an intel-

7rpoa rjKy eyytyvecrcrat

aAAot/t

77

e^

i//v^;ats'

i

ect

u

alCon-

v

>*


48/144

12

HAATONO2

aiveTat.

Tt

Se

877;

etTreti/

rov

Ilap/xevtS^v,

OVK

dvdyKr),

el raXXa

V

etS

/xereêtv,

17

So/cetz/

crot e/c

vor)fjidT(t)v

e/cao-TOz>

eo'at

/cat vravra

ôetv,

^

votjpaTa

6Wa

dvorjTa

eli/at;

dXX'

ouSe

rovro,

/

as

Types

to

eOTClt'CU

/

T7/

v\\

*>

but

this

aXAots

ytyvecTcât

TCDV

tiouv

OVK

a\\7j

rts

r\

et/ca-

hypothesis /)

>

>?

vjv

vo

r/

woiild

crVrjvai

avroi?.

et

ow

Tt,

917,

eot/ce

rw

etoet,

otov

involve

an

>

\

-yo

\ v

*?

>

/i

'

infinite

T

e

e/CetVO

TO

CtOO?

/Ltl)

OfJiOLOV

.Wai

TO>

IKO.

v->j

//i

*

*

^

mediating

Ka

O>

/\

>' N

oe

OIJLOLOV

rat

o/xotw a/3

ov

/AeyaXTy

aây/7

ei'o?

umque-

TOV

auTov

etSovs

jaeTeêtv

;

aWy/a?.

ou

S'

av TO-

e

o/xota

fJiereôvTa

o/xota

^,

ou/c

e/cetjô

eo^Tat avTo

TO

eTSos

;

TravTCtTracrt

/ACV

ouz/.

ov/c

apa

otoi'

T

*C>

C

1

v

v

'S'C'

*\ \

*

Tt

TO> etoet

ofiOLOV

etzât,

ovoe TO

etoos

aAAa>

et

Se

^17,

Trapa TO

eTSo? det

dXXo

dva(j)a^rjcreTaL

etSo5,

/cat

av

e/cetvd

TO>

opoiov

y,

erepov

av,

/cat

133

ovSeVoTe

TraucreTat

det

KOLWOV

etSo?

TO

eTSog

T&> eauTou

/leTeô^Tt

o/x-otov

Xe'yet?.

ov/c

apa ojototbY^Tt

TaXXa

/ATaXa/>ty8dvet,

dXXct

Tt dXXo

Set

et.

eot/cei/.

opas

ow,

s

eVos

etTretv

5f8j

exist

r/

>w

\>

/

>* -?o

w

absolutely,

ttTTTet

avT^?

oo^

(TTLV

r)

(LTTOpia,

et

ev

etOo?

e/cacr-

b

we

cannot

v >/

>iy/ /i/

~

know

TOV

TG)I/ OVTtoV

ttCt

Tt

OiÔplÔ^VO^

Ur)(Ti


49/144

FIAPMENIAHS.

13

877;

et7reti>. TroXXd

jjiev

/cat

dXXa,

\

/

\

/

an

absolute

oe

Tooe.

et

Tts

v o

a/xcptcrp^roji'

/cat

/LIT)

a.vr)at.

TT^

817,

a)

HapiAevtSr)

;

^

^

s

g

s

o

_

-* /

V ?^*/

^ *

liitp Trnmv

,o)KpaTr).

ort,

a>

2w/c/3are?,

ot/xat

av

^ e

^

\\

^ \\

v

s/

Zl''

x

ii

pniilH

/cat o-e

/cat

aXXov,

ocrrtg

avrirjv

TWO,

KO.U

avr^v

>

c

ma

e/cdcrrov

ovcriav riOerai

elvai,

ouoXoyncrai

av

irpot-

owkncnr-

'

'

ledge,

and

rov

/xev

jjLTjSeiJLLav

avrcof

etvat

ev

77/^1^.

770)9

ya/o

av

therefore

aur?)

/ca^'

avrrjv

ert

6177

;

a

TT)V OVVO.[JLLV

e^et

ovSe

e/cetva


50/144

*

14

nAATONOS

rrpo?

17/40.9,

dXX',

6

Xe'y&>,

avrd avroiv

/cat

77/36?

aura

e/cetvd

TC

e'crrt,

/cat TO.

Trap'

i7/ouv

tueravrw?

134

Trpos

eavTci'

^

ov

/xav^dvets

6

Xe'ycu

;

Haw

y',

eiTretv

TOV

2a>/cpdr7, |u,av#dva>.

ov/covv

/cat eVto--

TTjfJiT),

dvai, avrr)

jotev

o

ecrrtv

'ETrtcrT^/A'*; rJ?

o

ecmv

'AXry^eta

avr^?

cu>

e/cetviy?

117 irL(TTtjfJir}

;

Trdvv

ye.

e/cacrr>;

8e

av

r&iv

eTTttrTiy/xwv,

-^

ecrnv,

e/ca(TTOv

rail/

OVTy

ou>

eTrttrr^Ty*

^

ov

;

vat.

T)

Se

Tra/)'

17^

u>

7TL(TT'ijfJL'rj

ov

rrjs Trap'

\

/)

/

*

\t/

e

>e

aA^c/eta?

etiy,

/cat

au

e/cacrrT; 17

7ra/o i^^tv

TUV

Trap*

r^fjilv

OVTMV

e/cacrrov

av

7rt(7-

b

etvat

;

dvay/oy.

dXXa

/a?)v

avra

ye

ra

etSry,

a>s

6/xoXoyets,

ovre

e^o/xev

ovre

Trap*

i7/uv

oTov re

etvat.

ov

yap

ovv.

ytyvaJ9

tSe'a?

avras

ovcra?

V7roXa/>t)Sa-

c

vo/otev.

/ctvSvvevet.

opa S^

ert

TOVTOV

SetvoTepov

ToSe.

TO

Trotov;

7/u,^v

;

dvay/oy.

ap'

ovv

otos

TC

av

ecrTat

6

#e6g

m

Trap*

^/>ttv

ytyvcio^/cetv

avT>)v

'ETTtcrTif/x^v

e^wv;

Tt

yap

ov;

oTt,

e^

6

ITap/x,evtSi75,

oj/AoXoyr^Tat

^/xtv,

a>

Sw-


51/144

IIAPMENIAH2.

15

/c/oares,

/^V

e/cetW

rd

1817

TT/OO?

rd

irap

rrjv

ovvapiv

eêti/

j)v

eêi,

wre

rd

Tra/o*

77/009

e/ceti'a,

dXX'

aura

TT/OOS

aura

e/cdrepa.

o)fio-

XdyTirat ydyo.

OVKOVV

el

irapa

rw

$e&>

17

d/c/3t/3eorrari7

Aeo-Troreta /cal

avr^

17

a

'EiriO-TijiJLr),

OUT' av

17

AecTTroreta

17

e

TTOTC

a^

8eo~7rocretev,

ovr'

av

17

yvolri

ovSe

rt

aXXo

rw^

Trap'

r){jJZv,

dXXa

17/xets

r'

KLVQ)V

OVK

apÔfjiev

ry

Trap*

rjfji

ovSe

yiyvaxTKOfjiev

TOV Oeiov ovSev

rrj

eVtcrT77ju,T7,

eAcetvot

re

au

Kara

rot' avrov

\6yov

ovre

Sea 7roTcu

ypttov

elcrlv

ovre

yiyvoMTKovcri

ra

av6

paireia

TrpdyjjiaTa

Oeol

ovres.

dXXa

/AT)

Xtav,

6(^77,

âv/xacrro? 6

Xoyos

17,

et

rt?

TOJ/

êov

diro-

crre/)i7crete

rov etSeVcu.

ravra

/aeWot,

a)

Sw/c/oares,

e^

6

Hapjjivi8r)

*>

ou

t

eWn,

135

/cat

ert

aAAa

TT/OOS

rourot?

TTCLVV

TToAAa

avayKaiov

there can

v \

vo

>\

?> >?>./

v

be no

phi-

eêtv

ra

1017,

et

eicrtv

avrat

ai

toeat

TO>Z/

OVTCOV

losophy.

/cat

6/otetrat

tt?

auro rt

e/cacrrov

eTSo?

aJo-re d,7ro-

/oetv

re

TOZ^

d/covot'Ta

/cat

a^KT^reiv

as

oure

ecrrt

raura,

etre

o

rt

/AaXtcrra

117, TroXX^

az/dy/oy

avTa

etvat

777

avOpwirLvr)


52/144

16 nAATONOS

rts

817,

o)

Sci/c/aares,

av

p,r)

ecttret

etS?7

rat,

eis

TrdWa

rd vvv

ST)

/cat

dXXa

rotavra

aTro-

^8Xe'i/as>

ft^Se

rt

optetrat

eTSos evos e/cdcrrov,

ovSe

6Vot Toeifet

rv

StaVotav

eet,

AT

ea>v

tSe'ai>

OVTCJV e/cacrrov

TTJV

avrrjv

e

eu/at,

/cat

ovrajg

rr)^

c

rot)

StaXeyecr#ai

Svvap.w

TravTaTracrt

Sta^^epet.

TOV

TOIOVTOV

/xei/

ovv

/>tot

8o/ct9

/cat

/xaXXov

|)cr-

0f)(r6aL

a\7)6fj

Xeyet?,

dva,i.

12. Par-

Tt OW

TTOtT^CTetS

^

expounds

ayvoovfjievcov

TOVTOJV

;

ov

Travv

/x,ot

oo/cw

Kauopav

the

Method

v

/

\/>\

f

phUoso-

e*'

ye

T&>

Trapovn. Trpa*

yap,

enreiv,

irpw

yv/u>acr-

ever^hy-

Ofyai,

O)

Scu/Cy3aT5, Opitf.\/ v\

true

and

6U t

t

'

^

O/

3

/

11

?' ^^

O/3ftCtS

CTTt

TOVS

XoyOU?*

eX/CVCTOV

negatively,

^

cravTov

/cat

yv/xvacrat

/LtaXXov

Sta

777? So/cover^?

Ft^benot

^XP

y

l

a

rOV

^VOLL

Ka

^

la&OVfvfylfi

VTTO

TO)V

TTO\\O>V

true,

and

dSoXeCTYta?, US

CTt

VCOS

t'

Ct

8e

LfW,

(T Sta-

tue

conse-

quences


53/144

11APMENIAH2.

17

dXXd /cat el

p,r)

earn TO

auro rouro

VTrorldecrOai,

sensible

el

/3ouXet

/zdXXov

yujuvacr^vat.

TTCOS

Xe'yets;

c/>dvat.

Pai-me-

olov,

e

\\'

'\

*

rb ev

and

ra noAAa

/cai

av

et

^

ecrrt

TroAAa,

ira\iv

a-Kotrew

to

ri

f

f

o

'

\

ty-,

\ \

^ ..-.-

\

\

^

\

7ro\\c{,

and

Tt

gVfJLprjO-eTai

/cat

TO)

E^t

/cat

TOtS

IlOAAOtS

/cat

the

counter

\

\

v v

\\\

N/?/5

\

thesis ei

uî

b

7T/30S

avra

/cat

TT/)O?

aAA7;Aa

/cat

awts

av

e

/i

>

v

e>-v

/

*>

\v

/>/>

nrml

wotty,

et

ecrrtv

O/aotor^?

^

et

/XT)

ecrrt,

rt

ec/>

^*

e/care/ja?

r^s

V7ro$e'crecos

^

:

v//-/37^crerat

/cat

avrots

rots

V7rore#etcrt

/cat

rots

aXXots

/cat

Trpos

aura

/cat

themselves

'

anam

com

-

TTyoos

aXX^Xa.

/cat

vreyot

'Aô/xotov

6

avros

Xoyos,

h

/cat

Treyot

Ktîfcrecos

/cat

Sracrews,

/cat

Trept

reveVews

/cat

avXov

C


54/144

18

DAATON02

y

o

Xeyet.

^

ov^

6pa

T

o/v

/i/

tively:

he

TOt

OO/CCU

//.Ot

TO

TOV

I/3V/CtOV

tTTTTOV

TTeTTOVUevai,

137

takes

Aris-

t>

>

>

/i\

\

o

*

j

>

totle,

after-

^

e/cctvo?

auA.TjTr)

ovTi /cat

TTpecrpvTepo),

v

^

/

of

the

/xeXXovrt aytovieio~uai

/cat

ot

epTreipiav

rpeôvn

Thirty.

as\

/\\

e \> /v

*

i \

\

his

assist-

ro

fteXXov,

eavTov

a7ret/cao)i>

a/ccuv

e

;

/cat

avro

OVTO>

Trpecr/3vTr)

/jte/Avi^/xeVo?

/actXa

^>oy8et-

o~Qai,

TTCOS

^T)

TT^Xt/covSe

ovTa

Stavevcrat

TOIOVTOV

re

/cat

TOCTOVTOV

TrXTjô?

XoywV

o/iws

8e Set

yd/3

Xa/3teo~0at,

eTreiorj

/cat,

6

ZTJVOJV

Xeyet,

avroi

eo~êv.

rroOev

ovv

877

dpôfJieOa

/cat

Tt

TT/OWTOV

virodrjo-o-

b

a;

f)

/8ovXecr#e,

eTretS^Tre^

So/cet

TrpayiMareLatSrj

dv

rca.itf.iv,

arc

e/xavTou

dya^w/xat

/cat

TTJS

efjiavrov

V7ro0eo-ea)


55/144

IIAPMENIAHS.

19

c

/cptcrts.

erot/xo9

o~ot,

o

apfjLevi'r),

vai,

rovro,

rov

'Apto~rore'X77'

e/xe

ydp

Xe'yets

rov

vewrarov

Xe'ywv'

dXX'

epoura

o>?

dTro/cpivov/xe'vov.

Etev

877,

\/

\\

w

re o^ /cat

pep?)

^X

ov

~

ctvay/c^.

a/^cpo-

negative,

if

d/

*

v

\\>

> the One

do

Tepais

av

apa

OVTOJS

lo Ev

TroXXa

6177,

aXX

ou^

not exist.

eV.

aXyBf).

Set

8e

x

ye

/XT)

TroXXa

aXX'

ev

avrb

(A).

The

o^

vsv

v\v

v /

-

affirmative

oet. ovr

a/3a

0X01^ ecrrat

ovre

/xep^

eget,

arggument:

>

A

v

m^ ^T\

ep(ot

jê/or; yap

av

77077

avrov

ra

rotavra

v

>/i^ /J^^

v

\

'

\\

One uncon-

etTy.

op0a>s. (4)rat

î/

reXevr77

ye

/cat

apxn

daitmevv

*m

x

TI

^/ifi Owe

Trepa?

e/cacrrov.

TTW?

6

ov;

aTretpov

apa

To

Ev,

admitsofno

et

ufa

apxfr

M

reXevr^v

e

X

et.

aTretpov.

(

V /

V

V

\

*

/\

pit

e

avev

o^Tijuaros

apa'

ovre

yap

av o~rpoyyvXov

^

c

,

ovre

evê'os

/xereôt.

TTOJ?

;

o~rpoyy

vXov

ye'

TTOV

J^y

^

eo~rt

rovro,

ov

av ra

ecryara TravrayTi

0,776

rov

3)

Whole;

/Vt/

(4) Begm-

ptecrov

tcrov

aireyn.

vat.

/cat

/XTIV

ev^v

ye,

ov

nin

?>

'

^

Middle,

av

ro

aeVov

da(iotv

rotv

ecrydrotv

CTrtTrpocrêv

77.

End;

and

,

,

*

v

,

,

;

isthereforo

ovrw?.

ov/covv

we'pT?

av

eyot

To

Ev

/cat

TroXX av

fafipov;

v

>

,

fl/

V

\

.

(5)tasno

177,

etr

evaeo?

o-^/xaros

etre

7rept(pepovs

/xereôt.

Figure,

/

XT

v

v

,/jv

v

/

,

either cur-

TTOVV

/xev

ovv. ovre

apa

evc/v ovre

7rept/

>e>v/

v

>/i

/\v>

>

rectilineal

;

138

CTretTrep

ovoe

/xep77

eêt. opc/cus. (6j/cat

/XT)V

rotov-

(6)

is

not

/

*

o*

v v

'^'''xx

localized

rov

ye

ov

ovoa/xov

av

177*

ovre

yap

ev

aAAw

ovre

either

rela-

/xev

ov /cv/cXw

itself or to

*

/

e>j/

>T/

\

anything

TTOV

av

Trepteôtro

VTT

e/cetvov

ev

w

evetTy,

/cat

Documents

Platon, Parmenides (in) BB (v. Maguire)