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Plato and the Republic
History of Philosophy in Brief
5th Century BC & Peloponnesian War
“Good guys” = The Sophists Heraclitus – “all is in flux”
Protagoras – values are relative; advised Pericles
Gorgias – in praise of Helen
Antiphon – rhetorician; leader of oligarchic coup
Thrasymachus – justice is interest of the stronger
- taught philosophy as a technical skill Bad guy = Socrates
- taught philosophy as a way of life Result: Followers of “Good guys” kill “bad guy”
(Socrates)
History of Greek Philosophy, 5th Century BC
Sophist Socrates
Teachings of the sophists relevant to the Republic 1. Everything is in flux (Heraclitus). 2. “Justice is nothing other than the interest of
the stronger” (Thuc., Hist.; Thrasymachus, Rep. I)
3. “Man is the measure of all things” (Protagoras), i.e., values not real, but relative and a matter of opinion.
4. A cynical view of human nature. 5. Sophists taught “how to make the weaker
argument the stronger,” i.e., philosophy is a technical skill that helps you in your career, for example, as a lawyer.
Students of Sophists relevant to Republic Thucydides (460-395 BC)
student of Antiphon put Sophistic reasoning in mouths of
Athenians & Spartans in “Melian Dialogue” (v.89) & “End of Platea”
“Justice depends on the balance of power. In fact the stronger can do whatever they have the power to do, and the weak must accept whatever the stronger does” (Melian dialogue)
Melian Dialogue presents Thrasymachus’ teaching on justice 20 years before Republic
Students of Sophists relevant to Republic (cont.) Thucydides represents Athenians & Spartans
negatively by associating them with Sophistic teaching
But Thucydides also expresses Sophistic cynicism: “Human nature…showed itself…as something
incapable of controlling passion, insubordinate to the idea of justice, the enemy to anything superior to itself” (“Civil War in Corcyra,” iii.84).
Thuc. a kind of ancient Hobbes, regarded virtue as unattainable or illusory.
Students of Sophists relevant to Republic (cont.) Thucydides’ cynicism about human nature is
a pessimistic conclusion drawn from the Peloponnesian War, which devastated Greece and reduced many to barbarism.
Whether we regard Thucydides a Sophist is unimportant. What is important for Plato is that he expressed such cynicism about human nature
History of Philosophy in Brief
4th Century BC & Aftermath of Peloponnesian War
Influence of Sophists declines Influence of Socrates’ students, Plato &
Aristotle rises Plato writes dialogues criticizing Sophists,
e.g., Republic
Now, Socrates = The good guy Sophists = The bad guys
History of Greek Philosophy, 4th Century BC
SocratesSophist
Socrates
Taught philosophy as a way of life “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
Plato’s goals
To refute and destroy reputation of Sophists To refute cynicism about human nature
expressed by Thrasymachus & Thucydides To advance optimistic model of human nature
In difficult times, we can rely on human dignity and act justly despite how others may be behaving
Soul as chariot (discussed in Plato, Phaedrus)
Clytemnestra kills Cassandra (scene from the Agamemnon of Aeschylus)
Scene from Verdi’s La Traviata
Sign at entrance of Academy
Fig. 1: The Platonic Solids
Role of study of geometry & mathematics 1) It transfers us from the material to the
intellectual, and so frees us from domination of appetites and emotions.
2) It proves that even human reason is non-arbitrary, not relative, so that justice, for Plato, becomes a constructible, almost geometrical concept.
Fig. 3: Plato’s Model of the Soul
Reason (logisikon)
Spirit (thumos)
Appetites (epithumia)
Fig. 4: Plato’s Model of the Guardian State
PhilosopherKing
Soldier-auxiliaries
Farmers & Artisans
Ostracism
Ostracon recording vote to exile Themistocles