Plasminogen-ActivatingPlasminogen-Activating Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)

High PAI-1 associated with:• Obesity (especially visceral), possible fatty liver.2,3,4

• Inflammation and oxidative stress; PAI-1 synthesis is induced by increased inflammatory cytokinesand CRP.5,6

• Increased risk of atherothrombosis, recurrent heart attack, and coronary artery disease.7,8,9

• Insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, metabolic syndrome, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes.10,11,12

Plasminogen-Activating Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)Plasminogen-Activating Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)

Treatment Options to Reduce PAI-1

Inflammatory Cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α)

High IL-6, IL-8 &/or TNF-α associated with:

• Chronic, low-grade inflammation.• Obesity (especially abdominal).• Impaired insulin signaling, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance• Increased risk of type 2 diabetes, independent of other diabetes risk markers.• (In the case of high IL-8), increased risk of cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease.

Inflammatory Cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α)

Treatment Options to reduce inflammatory cytokines: