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Plants
Plant Characteristics– Many celled– Cell walls– Chlorophyll– cuticle
Evolution and Classification
Evolved from green algae First plants were small and lived close to
water– Non vascular: no specialized tissues to
transport water liverworts MossesVascular plants: have tissues that can transport water
(tubelike structures) / successfully grow on land Can produce Seeds and flower – important
adaptations Examples are conebearing trees and flowering plants
Chemistry in Plants Photosynthesis:
– Light (absorbed by chlorophyll) + water (roots) + CO2 (enters through stomates) makes glucose + water + oxygen
Nonflowering Plants Ex.’s mosses, ferns, horsetails, cone-
bearing trees
Life Cycle of Nonflowering Plant:Sporophyte: Non sexual stage produces spore
Produces spores
Gametophyte: sexual stage / produces egg and sperm
Produces sperm cells
fertilization
Bryophytes Mosses:attaches to the ground by
small rhizoids (root-like structures).No true roots– Water travels via osmosis
Liverworts: found in wet areas of a forest or bog.– Flat leaflike structures– rhizoids
Nonflowering Vascular Plants
Can grow tall because of tubelike vascular tissues to carry food and water
Can grow almost anywhere on land
Ferns Grow in forests Warm tropical or seasonal areas Small True roots, stems (usually
underground), and leaves (fronds) Contain vascular tissue Sporophyte (larger and lives longer)
and gametophyte lifecycles
Horsetails Life cycle similar to fern
Club Mosses
Have vascular tissue / are not mosses / tropical areas
Gymnosperms Nonflowering vascular plants that
produce seeds Conebearing trees (pine and redwood) Seed is for protecting and nourishing
embryo Don’t need water for sperm to swim in
to get to egg instead travel as dustlike particles in the air called Pollen
Groups of Gymnosperms Conifers (needle shaped leaves and seeds
produced in cones) Cycads (remains of ancient forests) Gnetophytes (long straplike leaves and
bears clusters of small cones on short stalks)
Ginkgo (fan-shaped leaves and fleshy cones and leaves fall from tree in autumn)
Characteristics of Flowering Plants
Angiosperms – produce seeds within a flower
Evolved from gymnosperms Have vascular tissue and produce
pollen Flowers contain sex organs
– Male sex organ makes pollen– Female sex organ makes egg cells
Adaptations that help plants reproduce
Colorful and complex flowers – depend on insects, bats or hummingbirds to carry pollen. Characteristics that attract pollen carriers:– Shape – Scent– Color
Most flowers are grouped together in clusters some have only 1 single flower
Angiosperm Classification 2 groups based on number of seed
cotyledons (leaflike parts of the plant embryo inside the seed)
1. Monocot:– 1 cotyledon– Parallel vein pattern– Scattered bundles of vascular tissue in
stem– Fibrous roots– Ex. Grasses, corn, tulips, palms
Angiosperm Classification Dicots
– Two cotyledons– Leaves have branching pattern of veins– Bundles of vascular tissue are arranged
in a ring.– Large thick taproot– Ex. Oak, maple, fruit trees– Tomato plants, pea plants, sunflowers
Vascular Plant Systems Xylem – a set of linked cells where
water and minerals travel (from the root to the shoot system)– Water is used in photosynthesis– Water is lost through stomates =
transpiration Phloem – transports glucose from
leaves to other parts of plant
Root System Functions:
– Support and anchor plant– Absorb water and minerals from soil– Store glucose in the form of starch
Types:– Fibrous root– Tap root