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Plant Anatomy: An Overview

Simpson, MG (2006). Plant Systematics

Eames and McDaniels (1953). Introduction to Plant Anatomy


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Introduction

Definition Plant anatomy the study of the internal

structure of various parts of the plant

Applications of plant anatomy Taxonomic application

e.g. problem plants

Proper authentication of crude drug material

For safety and quality to be maintained

Morphology and anatomy of drug source ispublished in British and English pharmacopoeias


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Introduction

Applications of plant anatomy

Avoids food adulterants and contaminants

Sambong (Blumea balsamifera L)

Mango (Mangifera indica L)


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FORENSIC APPLICATIONSForensic botany refers to the use of plant materials to help solve crimes or

resolve other legal problems.

The first botanical testimony to be heard in a

North American court concerned the analysis of

the wood grain of the ladder used in the

kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh Jr., and led to

the conviction of Bruno Hauptmann for the crime

in 1935.

Xylotomist Arthur Koehler of the United States Forest

Service undertook a meticulous examination of the ladder

and when the case finally came to trial four years later,offered the first botanical testimony ever to be heard and

accepted in American courts.


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LIVING ORGANISMS

Prokaryotes

Kingdom

Monera

Eukaryotes

Unicell/simple

multicellular

organisms

Kingdom

Protista

Multicellular

organisms

Autotroph

Kingdom

Plantae

Heterotroph

Saprophytes

Kingdom

Fungi

Ingestion of

other

organisms

Kingdom

Animalia

The five-kingdom

system prevailed in

biology for over 20

years.


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LIVING ORGANISMS

During the last threedecades, systematists

applying cladistic analysis,

including the construction

of cladograms based on

molecular data, have been

identifying problems withthe five-kingdom system.


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Kingdom

Plantae

Non-Vascular

Vascular

Non Seed

Seed


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The Land Plants

=Embryophyta (embryophytes)

The first colonization of plants on landduring the Silurian period, ca. 400 million

years ago.

Land Plants now dominate the earth.


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GAMETOPHYTE(n)

Egg(n)

Sperm(n)

Zygote

(2n)

HAPLODIPLONTIC

("Alternation ofGenerations")

SPOROPHYTE(2n)

Embryo(2n)

Spores(n)

lost by reduction and modificationin the Angiospermsand some Gnetales

Sporangium(2n)

Archegonium(n)

Antheridium(n)

fertilization

mitosismitosis

meiosis

mitosis

}

(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,

Gnetales, and Angiosperms)

Sporocyte(2n)

produce


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Marchantia (liverwort) Mnium (moss)

antheridium

antheridium

sperm cells


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Marchantia (liverwort)

archegonium

egg cell

neck


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Bryophytes

Liverworts

Hornworts

Mosses


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Kingdom

Plantae

Non-Vascular Vascular/Tracheophytes

Non Seed Seed


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Vascular

plants

Non Seed

Fern andallies

Seed

Gymnosperm Angiosperm


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Vascular plants/ Tracheophytes

- Xylem tissue, true roots, stems & leaves.

Fern and allies/ cryptogams: Spores but no seeds

1. Division Psilophyta (Psilotum or whisk fern)

2. Division Lycophyta (club mosses)

3. Division Sphenophyta (horsetails).

4. Division Pterophyta (ferns).

Spermatophytes/ phanerogams: Seed Plants

Gymnosperms--Naked Seeds

5. Division Cycadophyta (cycads)

6. Division Ginkgophyta (maidenhair tree).

7. Division Gnetophyta (mormon tea & Welwitschia).8. Division Coniferophyta (conifers)

Angiosperms--Seeds Enclosed In A Fruit

9. Division Anthophyta (flowering plants)


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Selaginella

Lycopodiella cernua

Equisetum

Psilotum


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GENERAL STRUCTURE OFHIGHER PLANTS


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ShootShootsystemsystem

leafleaf

bladebladeaxillary budaxillary bud

petiolepetiole

nodenode

vascular tissuevascular tissue


shoot apical meristemshoot apical meristemterminal budterminal bud

internodeinternode


root tiproot tip

Lateral rootsLateral roots

root caproot cap

root apical meristemroot apical meristem

RootRootsystemsystem

dermal tissuedermal tissue

ground tissueground tissue



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Stelar types

eustele atactostele


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Pericycle


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Plant Tissues & Cell Types

Tissue:

= group of cells with common function or structure.

Three broad tissue types:

1) Dermal - outside layer(s)2) Vascular - conduction

3) Ground - between dermal and vascular

Simple vs. Complex Tissue:

1 versus 2 or more cell types


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Ground Tissue

Parenchyma: Gen. metabol.1) Isodiametric to elongate

2) Primary cell wall

3) Living

Collenchyma: support1) Elongate

2) Primary cell wall thick, uneven,

rich in pectins

3) Living


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Ground Tissue

Sclerenchyma

1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary)2) Dead at maturity (usually)

Fibers

Elongate, sharply tapering


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Ground Tissue

Sclerenchyma

1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary)2) Dead at maturity (usually)

Sclereids

Isodiametric to irregular


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3 recognized vegetative organs ROOT

STEM

LEAF

- Distinguished by the relative distribution of

the vascular and ground tissues


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ROOT vs Stem


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ROOTS vs STEM


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Leaves

Vascular Bundles of similardimensions.

have a large central Vascular Bundlecalled a Midrib


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DEVELOPMENT OF THEPLANT BODY


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Carpels and stamens

Contain the sporangia

Sporangium

Contains the spores

Chambers where male and female

gametophytes develop

Male gametophyte

Sperm-containing pollen grain

Female gametophyte Egg-containing structures called embryo sacs

Embryo sac develop within the ovules


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Development of male gametophyte (Pollen)

Development of female gametophyte

(Embryo sac)

Pollination


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integument

funiculus

micropyle


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POLLINATION


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Embryogenesis


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1. Transversie and Asymmetric division

---Establishment of polarity

Terminal cell embryo

Balsal suspensor

2. Organizaation of Tissue system


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During the early stages of embryogenesis, cell

division

takes place throughout the young sporophyte. As

the embryo develops, however, the addition of new

cells gradually becomes restricted to opposite ends of

the axis, the apical meristems of future root and shoot


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