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Plant Resources of theTraditional Homegardens inBangladeshMd. Millat-E-Mustafa a , A. K. Fazlul Hoque b , Md.Abul Kalam Azad c & Farid Uddin Ahmed PSO da Institute of Forestry , Chittagong University ,Bangladeshb Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline , KhulnaUniversity , Bangladeshc Dagon Bhuiyan Thana , Feni, Bangladeshd Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council , Dhaka,BangladeshPublished online: 20 Oct 2008.

To cite this article: Md. Millat-E-Mustafa , A. K. Fazlul Hoque , Md. Abul Kalam Azad& Farid Uddin Ahmed PSO (1997) Plant Resources of the Traditional Homegardensin Bangladesh, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 5:3-4, 153-168, DOI: 10.1300/J091v05n03_09

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J091v05n03_09

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Plant Resources of the Traditional Homegardens

in Bangladesh

Md. Millat-e-Mustafa A. K. Fazlul Hoque

Md. Abul Kalam Azad Farid Uddin Ahmed

ABSTRACT. A vegetation survey in four regions (Deltaic, Dryland, Hilly and Plain) in Bangladesh was conducted over a period of 10 months from July 1992 to April 1993. Eighty homegardens (20 from each of the four regions) were assessed in terms of composition, dominance and uses of the perennial species. In total ninety-two perennial species were recorded for the set of 80 homegardens sur- veyed. From gardens in the Deltaic region 67 species were recorded. Corresponding figures were 56 for the Plain region, 54 for the Hilly region and 46 for the Dryland region. Species composition pattern indicated higher proportion of food and fruit producing species and the first five dominant species with the highest relative importance values were the fruit trees. Eight major uses of the homegarden plants were recorded. [Article copies ovailablejbr a feejvm The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: getinfo@ haworth.com]

Md. Millat-e-Mustafa is Assistant Professor, Institute of Forestry, Chittagong University, Bangladesh.

A. K. Fazlul Hoque is Assistant Professor, Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh.

Md. Abul Kalam Azad is Agriculture Officer, Dagon Bhuiyan Thana, Feni, Bangladesh.

Farid Uddin Ahmed is PSO, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dha- ka, Bangladesh.

Journal of Sustainable Forestry, Vol. 5(3/4) 1997 O 1997 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. 153,

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JOURNAL OFSUSTAINABLE FORESTRY

INTRODUCTION

Hornegardens in Bangladesh are a particularly appropriate form of agroforestry, being operational units for subsistence in which different crops including trecs are grown in mixture with livestock (Dalmacio, 1989). A typical homegarden serves several homesteads and has space for vegetable gardens and yard for threshing ground and communal activities, cattle shed, ponds, trees, shrubs and bamboo (Khaleque, 1987). The most frequently used plants are generally grown in the back yard, at the pond side and around the cow shed areas for the provision of fruit/food, hel- wood, timber and fodder both for domestic use as well as for cash. Farm- ers intensively manage this system for their subsistence using their own resources of land, labour and know-how. It is the homegardens, although small in coverage (10.75% of the total forest land area of the country), that supply the major part (about 55%) of fuelwood, timber and other forest products requirements of the country (Forestry Master Plan, 1992).

Though homegardens are widely studied in many parts of the tropics (Fernandes and Nair, 1986; Jacob and Alles, 1987; Michon et al., 1983; Nair and Sreedharan, 1986; Ransinghe and Newman, 1993; Soernanvoto, 1987; Singh, 1987), relevant documentation in Bangladesh is very limited. Most studies of homegardens in Bangladesh have been carried out on an ad-hoc basis and are fragmentary in nature (Abedin and Quddus, 1990; Leuschner and Khaleque, 1987; Hossain et al., 1988). A more comprehen- sive holistic approach to understanding homegarden plant resources in different regions of the country are lacking. This paper attempts a species inventory of homegardens with their dominance and uses in different regions of Bangladesh.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Sites

Physiographically, Bangladesh can be divided into four regions: Delta- ic, Dryland, Hilly and Plain (Leuschner and Khaleque, 1987). In this study information was collected in villages: one representing each of the four physiographic regions. A representative district was first taken randomly from each region followed by the random sampling of a representative sub-district within it. Finally a representative village was taken at random from each of the four sub-districts. In each village studied, twenty home- gardens were selected randomly. The total number of homegardens in- volved was therefore 80. General environmental characteristics of the study areas are shown in Table 1.

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TABLE 1. General environmental characterislics of Bangladesh by regions.

Region Main soils Climate

Deltaic Eutric gleysols; Annual precipitation: 2037 mm silty loam & clay Maximum precipitation: June (436 mm)

Temperature range: 18.8-28.9"C' Dtyland Eutric gleysols; Annual precipitation: 1695 mm

silty loam to silty clay loam Maximum precipitation: July (405 mm) Temperature range: 17.8-29.2%'

Hilly Dystric cambisols; Annual precipitation: 4037 mm clay loamy & sand Maximum precipitation: July (1166 mm)

Temperature range: 20.3-28.2"C' Plain Eutric gleysols; Annual precipitation: 2295 mm

clayey to clay loam & Maximum precipitation: July (496 mm) sandy loam Temperature range: 19-28.9"C'

' indicales absolute minima and maxima. 1965-1984 period

Vegetation &rvey

For surveying the vegetation in a homegarden, a north-south base line was established, dividing it into two roughly equal parts. Points were marked on this line at 10 m intervals until the boundary was reached. From the marked points additional lines perpendicular to the base line, ran east and west to the homegarden limit. By creating points at 10 m intervals on these east-west lines, a 10 m x 10 m sample grid was generated. Since the whole homegardcn was surveyed, number of grids varied (4-18) with homegarden sizes. In each grid unit, total height, crown diameter and crown height of all individuals of perennial species were recorded. In the case of banana and bamboo, clumps were treated as individuals. Since it was not possible to conduct the study during the same season in all re- gions, seasonal crops including vegetables grown in the homegardens were excluded.

Tree Use Mafrik

Tree use matrix is a powerful technique that can be used to understand farmers' decision-making process in recognising the uses of different spe- cies of plants through interactions among the fannerslfamily members (Freudenberger, 1994). When the vegetation survey was completed at one homegarden, a list of the species present was made. A tree use matrix

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156 JOURNAL O F SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY

exercise was thcn conducted with thc farmer and hisher family members to determine the uses of different species in the homegardens.

Data Processing

All perennial plant species in the homegardens were recorded. To struc- tur'c the data sct, plants were broadly grouped according to functionsinto food and h i t producing species, timber species, spices and miscellaneous. Those species that could not be grouped under the first three categories were the ones classified as miscellaneous. For comparing homegarden fea- turcs among the regions, data were expressed on a per hectare basis.

Species dominance in each region was determined based on their Rela- tive Importance Values (RIV) and were calculated according to the formu- la of Myres and Shclton (1980) as: RIV = Rclativc frcquency + Relative density + Relative cover.

Species composition, dominance and use were sumrnarised by region in tabular and diagrammatic form.

RESULTS

Species Richness

A total of ninety-two perennial species were recorded from the set of 80 homegardens surveyed. The complete floristic list is given in the Appen- dix 1. Classified by plant form, 5 were herb, 10 were shrub and 77 were tree species. Classified by canopy stratum, 19 were upper canopy species (maximum heights > 9 m, all with fully exposed crowns), 51 were sub- canopy species (maximum heights >3 to 9 m, all with partial or h l ly exposed crowns depending on the continuity of the upper canopy species), 16 were lower canopy species (maximum heights > 1 to 3 m, all are partially shaded by the strata above) and the remainder six were ground vegetation (heights < 1 m, all are heavily shaded by the upper strata).

Marked variation in species richness was found in the homegardens of different regions. The highest numbers of species were recorded in the homegardens of the Deltaic (67) and Plain (56) regions with the mean of 30 (SE f m = 1.57) and 25 (SE f m = 1.39) species per farm respcctive- ly. Corresponding totals were 54 for the Hilly region and 46 for the Dry- land region respectively and mean number of species per farm respective- ly were 19 (SE f m = 0.91) and 16 (SE f m = 0.87).

Species Corrrposition

Species composition grouped according to functions indicated that the proportion of food and fruit producing species accounted for more of the

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Millal-e-Muslafa el al. 157

species present than any other functional group in all regions, followed by the timber species, the miscellaneous group and the spices, respectively (Figure 1).

Species Dominance

When all the 80 homegardens surveyed in the four regions were consid- ered individually, Musa and Mangifera indica were present in every homegarden in every region. Another 23 species were present in at least one homegarden in each region. The relative importance values of the 25 species common to all regions given in Table 2 are used to rank the species in different regions as shown in Table 3.

The mean dominance rank was determined by pooling the entire set of data for the 80 homegardens. From the table it is evident that the first five species with the highest important value indices are food and fruit produc- ing species and Musa spp. is the dominant species in the three regions except the Hilly region. In the Hilly region the most dominant species is Areca catechu. Albizia spp. is the dominant timber species in the Plain region while it is Samanea saman in other regions.

Uses of the Species

Most of plants grown in homegardens have multiple uses. Though farmers might grow a plant solely for a single purpose, such as fruit

FIGURE 1. Species composition of Bangladesh homegardens.

Deltaic Dryland Hilly Plain

Region

Food and fruit . Timber Spice 8 Miscellaneous

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TABLE 2. Relative Importance Values of the species common to all regions in Bangladesh homegardens.

Scientilic name Common Regions name Deltaic Dryland Hilly Plain

Aegle marmelos Albizia spp. Ananus salivus Areca catechu Arfocarpus helerophyllus Averrhoa carambola Bombax ceiba Carica papaya Citrus acida Cocos nucifera Colocacia indica Curcuma longa Erythrina variegata Grewia microcos Lannea coromandelica Litchi chinensis Mangifera indica Musa spp. Psidium guajava Punica granatum Samanea saman Spondiaspinnata Swietenia macrophylla Syzygium spp. Ziziphus jujuba

Woodapple Koroi Pineapple Betel nut Jack fruit Star fruit Silk cotton Papaya Jambura Cownut Aroid Turmeric Madar Asar Badhi Litchi Mango Banana Guava Pomegranate Rain tree Hogplum Mahagony Jam Jujube

production, it was rare to find species grown that did not produce addition- al such as timber, fuelwood and fodder. Eight major uses of the homegar- den plants were recorded in the present study (Figure 2): fruitlfood, tim- ber, fuelwood, spice, fodder, medicine, fencing and miscellaneous. The miscellaneous uses include brooms, handicrafts, shade, ornamental, cere- monial, environmental and aesthetic. The fanners usually did not plant any species specially for fuelwood, fodder, medicinal or miscellaneous pur-

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Millat-e-Musrafa el al. IS9

TABLE 3. Dominance rank of species by region in Bangladesh homegar- dens.

Scientific name

Regions Mean Deltaic Dlyland Hilly Plain dominance

rank

Musa spp. MangNera indica Cocos nucifera Areca catechu Artocarpus helerophyllus Samanea saman Psidium guajava Lannea corornandelica Ananus salivus Curcuma longa Carica papaya Erythflna variegate Syzygium spp. Swietenia macrophylia Aibizia spp. Bombax ceiba Coiocacia indica Ziziphus jujuba Citrus acida Lilchi chinensis Averrhoa carambola Spondias pinnara Punica granarum Aegle marmelos Grewia microcos

poses, but obtained these benefits incidentally from species planted spe- cially for food and fruit and timber.

DISCUSSION

The numbers of perennial species recorded from the homegardens of each region are consistent with 20-50 species reported for earlier invento-

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160 JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY

FIGURE 2. Uses of species by region in tradiional homegardens in Bangladesh.

Deltaic Dryland Hilly Plain Region

Food and fruit Timber . Fuelwood Spice Fodder

m Medicine Fence C4 Miscellaneous

ries carried out by the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute at differ- ent farming systems research sites b bed in and Quddus, 1990). The differ- ences in soecies richness arise from the environmental contrasts between regions, nbt withstanding the generally humid climate. Higher numbers of species were recorded from the Deltaic region where the agricultural land remains under water most of the year. Here, farmers have developed a homestead based subsistence system where they raise nurseries of valu- able species. The geographic isolation of this region is a likely cause for people to grow such a diversity of plant species because of the need to be self suficient with locally available resources. At the other extreme, in the Dryland region, adverse environmental conditions (such as low rainfall, intense heat and low soil fertility) restrict the variety of species that are rewarding to grow. The Dryland region is, as a result, the poorest in terms of species richness in the country.

The growing of plants in the homegarden is primarily with home con- sumption in mind. Thus food and fruit producing species predominate. Although no quantitative figure is available for species composition pat- terns in homegardens across the world, the studies of Boonkird et al., (1984) in Thailand; Leuschner and Khaleque (1987) in Bangladesh; McConncll and Dharmapala (1973) in Sri Lanka; Michon et al., (1983) in Java and Sommers (1978) in Philippines acknowledge the predominance of fruit and food producing species in Asian homcgardens.

Multiple uses and commercial values determine species dominance in the homegardens. With few exceptions species dominance varies with regions. As a cash earner Mum spp, is dominant in the Deltaic, Dryland and Plain regions. Mangifern indica is an important cash crop in the

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Dryland region. Due to the quality, mangocs from the Dryland region are in high demand throughout the country. The commercial value of mango thus makes it the second most important homegarden species in this region in financial terms. Similarly Areca nut produced in the Hilly region is high in demand throughout the country due to its more sedative property. Farm- ers maintain this species in the homegardens as a commercial crop and it is dominant in this region. Samanea saman is maintained as an insurance crop in homegardens in the Deltaic region to meet unforeseen expenses such as a marriage ceremony, building of new houses and buying of draught animals. A 12-15 years-old tree can be sold up to Tk. 15000.00 (US$ 375.00).

Farmers obtain a variety of products from the homegardens. The multi- purpose tree crops can provide shade, living fences, fodder and mulch, fuelwood, fruit, timber and poles. Other components provide food both for home consumption and for sale if a surplus remains, protection against pests, cash crops, medicines, spices and even simply ornament. One of the most striking features of homegardens observed throughout the country is that, due to the varied biological cycles of the homegarden species, having the effect of staggering production of food crops, small daily harvests can be made year-round for immediate home consumption. Similar observa- tion have been made by Kendaragama (1983) in Sri Lanka and Christanty et al. (1986) in Java.

The present study indicates that a wider range of plants are grown in the homegardens of Bangladesh. Regional differences, however, show that environmental factors operating on a large scale remain strong influences. Improving this traditional system by introducing multipurpose tree species (e.g., Acacia auriculiformis, Leucaena leucocephala, Albizia chinensis), sericulture and lac culture will help improve economic opportunities for the people.

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Fr. N

ees

Cin

nam

omum

zey

lani

cum

Blu

me

Citr

us a

cida

(Lin

n.)

Citr

us g

rand

is (L

inn.

) Osb

eck

Citn

rs lim

on (L

inn.

) B

um. f

.

Tolla

ban

s B

aijja

ban

s H

ijol

Silk

cot

ton

Pal

myr

a P

alm

G

utgu

tia

Kom

mch

a P

igeo

n pe

a P

apay

a S

onal

u M

injir

i Ye

w tr

ee

Bay

leaf

C

inna

mon

Ja

mbu

ra

Pom

elo

Lem

on

Del

taic

& D

ryla

nd

Hill

y &

Pla

in

Del

taic

& H

illy

All

regi

ons

Del

taic

, Dry

land

& P

lain

D

elta

ic 8 P

lain

D

elta

ic

Del

taic

, Dry

land

& H

illy

All

regi

ons

Del

taic

& H

illy

Del

taic

H

illy

Del

taic

, Hill

y 8 P

lain

D

elta

ic

All

regi

ons

Hilly

D

elta

ic, H

illy 8 P

lain

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Mem

oria

l Uni

vers

ity o

f N

ewfo

undl

and]

at 0

3:48

08

Nov

embe

r 20

13

Citr

us re

ticul

ala B

lanc

o C

om

nia

wrd

ifolia

Dc.

C

ocos

nuc

ifera

Lin

n.

Col

ocas

ia in

dica

(Lou

r.) S

pach

C

urcu

ma

long

a Li

nn.

Dal

berg

ia s

isso

o R

oxb.

ex

DC

. D

elon

ix re

gia

(Boj

er e

x H

ook.

) R

afin

. D

illen

ia in

dica

Lin

n.

Dio

spyr

os e

mbr

yopt

eris

Per

s.

Dip

tenc

arpu

s tu

rbin

atus

Gae

rtner

f.

Ela

eoca

rpus

robu

stus

Rox

b.

Ery

tbrin

a va

riega

ta L

inn.

E

ucal

yptu

s ca

mal

dule

nsis

Deh

n.

Eug

enia

java

nica

La

mk

Fer

onia

limon

ia (L

inn.

) S

win

gle

Fic

us ra

cem

osa

Linn

. G

lyci

ne rn

ax L

inn.

G

mel

ina

aibo

rea

Rox

b.

Ora

nge

Kou

gola

C

ocon

ut

Am

id

Turm

eric

S

issu

m

Kris

noch

ura

Cha

Ita

Gab

G

orio

n O

live

Mad

ar

Euc

alyp

tus

Sta

r app

le

Kat

h ba

el

Fig

S

oyab

ean

Gar

nar

Deh

aic

8 P

lain

D

elta

ic &

Hill

y A

ll re

gion

s A

ll re

gion

s A

ll re

gion

s D

ryla

nd

Hill

y D

elta

ic 8

Pla

in

Del

taic

. Hill

y 8 P

lain

H

illy

Hill

y 8

Pla

in

All

regi

ons

Dry

land

& H

illy

Del

taic

, D

ryla

nd &

Pla

in

Del

taic

D

elta

ic &

Pla

in

Del

taic

H

illy

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Mem

oria

l Uni

vers

ity o

f N

ewfo

undl

and]

at 0

3:48

08

Nov

embe

r 20

13

AP

PE

ND

IX 1

(con

tinue

d)

Sci

entif

ic n

ame

Com

mon

P

lant

C

anop

y F

unct

ion'

R

epor

ted

from

* U

ses'

na

me

form

' st

ratu

m

Gos

sypi

um h

erba

ceur

n Li

nn.

Cot

ton

plan

t S

L

M

Dry

land

3-8

Gre

wia

mic

roco

s Li

n n.

Hib

iscu

s ros

a-si

nens

is L

inn.

La

gers

troem

ia sp

ecio

sa (L

inn.

) P

ers.

La

nnea

com

man

delic

a (H

ow

.) M

err.

Law

soni

a in

errn

is L

inn.

Le

ucae

na b

ucoc

epha

la (L

amk)

deW

i. Li

tchi

chin

ensi

s S

onn.

M

angi

fera

indi

ca L

inn.

M

elia

aze

dara

ch L

inn.

Mel

ocan

na b

arnb

usoi

des T

rin.

Mic

helia

cha

mpa

ca L

inn.

M

orin

ga o

leife

ra L

amk.

Mor

us a

lba

Linn

. M

usa

spp.

Lin

n.

Oci

mum

san

ctum

Lin

n.

Odi

na w

odie

r Rox

b.

Asa

r C

hina

rose

J

a~

l

Bad

hi

Men

di

lpili

pil

Litc

hi

Man

go

Gho

ra N

eem

M

uli b

ans

Cha

mpa

ful

Saj

na

Mul

berr

y B

anan

a T

ulsi

Jiga

All

regi

ons

Hill

y D

elta

ic &

Pla

in

All

regi

ons

Del

taic

, Dry

land

& H

illy

Dry

land

A

ll re

gion

s A

ll re

gion

s D

ryla

nd

Del

taic

& P

lain

H

illy

Dry

land

Dry

land

A

ll re

gion

s D

elta

ic, D

ryla

nd &

Pla

in

Dry

land

P

hoen

ix s

ylve

stris

(Lin

n.) R

oxb.

D

ate

palm

T

M

F

Del

taic

, Dry

land

& P

lain

1,

3,8

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Mem

oria

l Uni

vers

ity o

f N

ewfo

undl

and]

at 0

3:48

08

Nov

embe

r 20

13

Phy

llant

hus

embl

ica

Linn

. P

iper

long

um L

inn.

P

olya

lthia

long

ifolia

(Son

nera

t) T

hwai

le

Pon

gam

ia g

labr

a Ve

nt J

ard.

P

sidi

um gu

ajav

a Li

nn.

Pun

ica

gran

atum

Lin

n.

Ric

inus

ccm

mun

is L

inn.

S

aman

ea s

aman

(Jac

q.)

Mer

r. S

chum

anni

anth

us di

chot

oma

Gag

nep.

S

esba

nia

sesb

an (C

av.)

Spo

ndia

s P

inna

ta (L

.f.)

Kur

z D

ehai

ciet

enia

mac

roph

yla

Kin

g.

Syz

gium

cum

uni (L

inn.

) S

keel

s Ta

mar

indu

s in

dica

Lin

n.

Tec

ona

gran

dis

L.f.

Term

inal

ia a

rjuna

W &

A

Am

olok

i P

ipul

D

ebda

m

Kar

ung

Gua

va

Pom

egra

nate

V

eren

da

Rai

n tre

e P

atip

ata

Doi

ncha

H

og-p

lum

M

ahog

ony

Jam

Tam

arin

d Te

ak

Arju

n

Del

taic

& H

illy

Del

taic

D

etta

ic

Del

taic

A

ll re

gion

s A

ll re

gion

s D

ryla

nd &

Pla

in

All

regi

ons

Hilly

& P

lain

D

elta

ic

All

regi

ons

All

regi

ons

All

regi

ons

Del

taic

& P

lain

D

elta

ic, H

illy

& P

lain

P

lain

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Mem

oria

l Uni

vers

ity o

f N

ewfo

undl

and]

at 0

3:48

08

Nov

embe

r 20

13

APP

END

IX 1

(con

tinue

d)

Sci

entif

ic n

am

e

Co

mm

on

P

lant

C

anop

y F

unct

ion'

R

epor

ted

from

' U

ses'

n

am

e

form

' st

ratu

m

Ter

min

alia

catw

pa L

inn.

K

at b

anam

T

U

T

D

elta

ic, H

illy &

Pla

in

2,3

Too

na d

liata

M.J

. R

oe

me

r P

om

a

T

U

T

Dry

land

& P

lain

23

Zin

gib

er o

f~id

na

le Ro

sco

e

Gin

ge

r H

G

S

D

elta

ic

45

Z

izip

hu

sju

jub

a (L

inn.

) G

ae

rtn

. Ju

jub

e

T

M

F

All

reg

ion

s 1.2.3.6

Use

s: 1

FO

od

l~it

, 2 =

Tm

ber, 3 =

Fue

lwoo

d, 4 =

Spi

ce. 5

= F

odde

r. 6 =

Med

icin

e, 7

= F

ence

and

8 =

Mis

cella

neou

s P

lant

For

m: T

= T

ree.

S =

Shr

ub, H

= H

erb

Func

tion:

F =

Fw

dlh

rit p

rodu

cing

spec

ies,

T =

Trn

ber a

nd fu

elw

wd

spec

ies.

S =

Spi

ces

and

M =

Mis

cella

neou

s spe

cies

. C

anop

y st

ratu

m: U

= U

pper

(> 9

rn).

M =

Mid

dle

(> 3-9 rn

), L

= L

ower

( >I-3 m) and G

= G

roun

d (<

1 m

)

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Mem

oria

l Uni

vers

ity o

f N

ewfo

undl

and]

at 0

3:48

08

Nov

embe

r 20

13