Plant Pests on the

Horizon?If you see something, say something…

Dr. Carol Sutherland

Extension Entomologist, NMSU &

State Entomologist, NM Dept. of Agriculture

Exotic vs Invasive?

More ‘practical’ considerations for NM---Is this organism established anywhere near NM? Could it disperse here?Could it ‘hitchhike’ into NM?Could it establish itself in NM? Then what???

Let’s begin with a ‘Success Story’ from NM

Shows the VALUE of our ‘Master Gardener Program’

Shows the VALUE of our ‘First Detector Program’

Are you Listening?

‘Emerald Ash Borer’---On The Way

Skinny beetle!

July 3-10; Rio Rancho, NM: YOU are There!

All About Discovery!

The Facts:

Lady has a dying tree in her backyard. Should I

(1) have it removed?...or…

(2) call those nice people on the Master

Gardener Hot Line?

MG Site Visit Volunteer conducts assessment

on July 3

All About Discovery!

D-shaped

emergence

holes!

Peeling bark; larval

tunnels criss-cross

vascular system!

Skinny beetles stuck under bark!

Tree dying from top down!

Water sprouts at base!

What Our MG Saw Worried & Alarmed Him…

Based on Evidence Presented, FIELD TRIP!

New Mexico State University

Russ Husted, MG,

Sandoval Co.

Carol Sutherland,

NMSU-CES &

NMDA

Bill Segura &

Connie Jones,

NMDA, Ent. &

Nursery Ind.

Lynda Garvin, Sandoval-CES

Graeme Davis, Bernalillo-CES

Host tree in RR was a ‘Honey Locust’

Insect WAS an Agrilus, but A. difficilis

(attacks honey locust)

What A. difficilis does to honey locust

mirrors what EAB does to ashkills it

Previous record of A. difficilis in NM (Nelson, et al. 2008.)

More difficilis found in honey locust since July, 2015

in ABQD

See?

Jennifer Shaughney, NMSU Arthropod Museum

RESULTS!

Sutherland’s ID confirmed by

USDA-APHIS,PPQ-James Zablotny

Congrats from USDA, APHIS, PPQ- Washington DC_

Students get in on the action, too…….

New Mexico State University

Bagrada Bug: Bagrada hilaris---FYIHemiptera: Pentatomidae

Feeding damage on cauliflower (l), cabbage (r)

Feeding damage on broccoli

Brown Marmorated Stink BugHalyomorpha halys

New Mexico State University

*Two white bands on

antenna

In New Mexico---

Deming, 2011

**Las Cruces**, 2014

(Burke Rd., apple

orchard), 1 spm.

Dark/light ‘checkerboard’ edge

On abdomen

*Smooth ‘shoulders’

Dark brown dotted body

dorsally; almost white

ventrally

What Kinds of Impacts Can Invasive/Exotic

Pests Have?

New Mexico State University

Minor---

Seen now and again?

Occasional pest?

Effective natural enemy

introduced? Or

competition by another

species already here?

Major---

Devastating effects on crop

yields, quality; marketability?

marketability to other countries?

Devastating effects on landscape

plants, appearance death

Control costs, options??? IPM

programs complicated

13

Honey Bee Pests Invaded NM, Also!

Pre-1987--Microbial diseases: American & European Foulbrood; Chalkbrood

Varroa mite (1987-88) & viral pathogens

Honey bee tracheal mite (1987-88) Small hive beetle (2014, Roswell, elsewhere?)

AHBs, too!

Pecan Weevil: Carya illinoinensis; Now in Lea CoConsidered ‘eradicated’ from Otero (early 1970s, 1998), Dona Ana (1999) & Luna

(2000) Cos.; this pest is native to eastern U.S.

Female

Male

Apple Maggot: Confirmed in North-Central NM, 2003

Adults emerge in summer; eggs in fruitlate summer; maggots feed & emerge late fall; winter underground 1-2 yrs.

Diptera, TephritidaeRhagoletis pomonella

Wing pattern likedroopy capital F

Adult<house fly.

Maggot< ¼” long

General fly survey Ovipositing flies

Opportunistic Discoveries or Targeted Surveys

Russian Wheat Aphids: New in 1986

New Mexico State University

Hosts: wheat, barley, triticale

Recently, less of a problem, BUT

new biotype has appeared in CO

Colonies inside ‘whorls’

Striping, vector of barley yellow

dwarf, boot stage ‘fish hook’

reduced or no grain yield

Close-ups of Two Yellowish Aphids, Features

New Mexico State University

Sugarcane Aphid (Melanaphis sacchari)

New to NM-2015

Sipha maydis---

New Mexico State University

Found near ABQ, 2014 spring

Potential pest on other small grains

Status now in NM???

Tess Grasswitz, NMSU

These specimens came

from an organic producer

who planted barley as a

‘green manure’…

Look for something ‘different’

Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii

Actual size:abt. 2mm

Detection Traps

Only males have spotted wingsNM has other species of Drosophila, mainly on over-ripe or damaged fruit

Bernalillo Co.Sandoval?Valencia?More???

Spotted Wing Drosophila Damage

Spotted Wing DrosophilaDistribution as of 2013 -*ND, NE, NM, OK, KS, MO, WY-as of 2013

*

Attacks a variety of previously soundfruit---stone fruits, grape, berries, etc.

Zaprionus indianus, African Fig Fly (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

---also present in northcentral NM---

Prefers over-ripe, rotting, or fallen fruit

European Elm Flea Weevil, Orchestes alniColeoptera, Curculionidae

Northern NM, WE WILL SEE THIS

Be tiny, jump, mimic damage of anothercommon pest, reproduce very early

Solenopsis spp. Ants, ‘Fire Ants’

Solenopsis xyloni, southern fire ant

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Solenopsis invicta, Imported Fire Ant

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Solenopsis = originally known from the New World; 280 species; pedicel w/2 segments

Can sting multiple times; can produce allergic reactions in sensitive humans

S. xyloni = native, southern fire ant, coast-to-coast in southern U.S.

S. invicta =invasive, originally from Mato Grosso, Brazil; now established insouthern U.S., Caribbean, Australia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, parts of southern China; highly disruptive to ecosystems

Head of invicta showing 3 clypeal ‘teeth’ Les Greenberg, UCR

Nest of Southern Fire AntJKClark, UC-IPM

Nest of RIFA in CALes Greenberg, UCR

This is NM’s USUAL PestHelicoverpa zea

Aka: corn earworm, tomatoFruitworm, cotton bollworm

(we need sophisticated toolsto determine when this onearrives in NM…)

What Exotic/Invasive Pests Might Be Near NM?

Trichoferus campestris—Col., Cerambycidae‘Velvet Longhorn Beetle’

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ris

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rce,

USD

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Origins: E. Asia Part of USDA’s Exotic Wood Borer/Bark Beetle Survey (EWB/BB)

Trichoferus campestris: Detections in North America

Ottawa, CANADA, 2002 & 2006

New Jersey, 1999Rhode Island, 2006Illinois, 2009, 2010, 2011Minnesota, 2010Ohio, 2009, 2010Utah, 2010*

How Is It Moved? Bonsai plants, wooden pallets, wood packing materials from E. Asia

Surveys? Night flying adults; black lights. No pheromone known or developed.

Trichoferus campestris, Velvet Longhorn BeetleHost Lists, edited for NM: Can be live (with some bark), recently dead, or dry wood

Potential Live Hosts

AppleMulberryPinesSpruceWillowMountain ashHoney locustBirch

Potential Dry Wood Hosts

BirchWalnut, Juglans (Chinese sp.)MulberrySprucePineZelkova (rel.: Chinese elm)Black locustGrape

Even More Potential Dry Wood Hosts

Fir SumacMaple ElmAlder OakEuonymusAshHollyPoplar, (cottonwood?)

Eggs Larvae Pre-pupa Adult

Life Cycle? 2 years, possibly more?

Polyphagous Shothole Borer(Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Euwallacea sp. maybe fornicatus?)

G.Arakelian, LA Co. Ag Commissioner

An ‘ambrosia beetle’ that brings a FusariumInfection to its various host trees death

From SE Asia? Africa?

1st detected in CA-2003

1st major damage detected-2010

1st damage to ag crop (avocado)-2012

What Pests Are On Our NM Radar?

Asian Gypsy Moth: Lymantria dispar dispar(Lepidoptera, Erebidae)

Female

Lymantria dispar: European GM Male

Male Female

AGM females can fly long distances (up to 25 miles)-could quickly infest forests & spread throughout the U.S.-host range is extensive (>250 tree/shrub species)-damage = defoliation, potential tree kill in 1 yr or weakeningtrees & making them susceptible to other pests

EGM females usually don’t fly very far from pupation sites

Both AGM & EGMcould spread byegg transport onfirewood, Xmastrees, personalitems (moving)

AGM – 1st detection in NA: 1991, Vancouver, BC; 2015 – WA, OR, SC and GA detections

Dendrolimus punctatus: Mason (Masson) Pine Moth(Lep., Lasiocampidae)

Eggs-in single rows

Larva-’fuzzy’

Pupa & cocoon

FemaleMale

‘2015 Forest Pest Bundle’

Dendrolimus pini: Pine Tree LappetLep., Lasiocampidae

Ukmoths.org.uk

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stry

.go

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Hantsmoths.ukHomeland: EurasiaFavorite host: Scotch pine. Other hosts: Swiss stone pine, Sitka spruce, Siberian larch,

silver fir, Douglas-fir, & common juniper

Pine Shoot Beetle-Tomicus piniperda et al.(Coleoptera: Curculionidae [Scolytidae])

What you’ll see: pines with twigs bored by beetles; twigs brown & fall from tree. Beetles reproduce in trunk, introduce blue stain fungi, killing the tree.

Pine Shoot Beetle-Tomicus piniperda(Coleoptera: Curculionidae [Scolytinae])

-Native to Europe, Asia & North Africa-• 1/8”-1/5” long; black• Cylindrical; grooved elytra• Antennae short, elbowed,

tip swollen

Adult boring throughpine twig pith

Ips

Dendroctonus

Scolytus

Genera in US

Adults bore into twigs

Reproduction-under bark• introduce blue stain fungi• destroy vascular system

Large Pine Weevil: Hylobius abietusEurasian Homeland

And more…..

Khapra beetle*

Pink bollworm*

Pepper weevil

Boll weevil*

Banded elm bark beetle

Japanese beetle*

White fringed beetle

*Eradicated from NM---so far

THE END---AT LAST!!!