Plant genetic resources in the global

genebanks – conservation

and exploitation

Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und

Kulturpflanzenforschung Gatersleben

Germany

A. Börner, M. Nagel, M. Allam, M. Agacka-

Mołdoch, M.A. Rehman Arif, M. Börner, R.

Tarawneh, U. Lohwasser, D. Riewe, J.

Wiebach, Th. Altmann

Contents

Plant Genetic Resources – The global view

Conclusions/Outlook

Inter- and intraspecific variability

Genetic studies

Seed conservation/longevity

The German ex situ collection at IPK Gatersleben

Metabolic profiling

1,750 Genebanks world-wide

130 > 10,000 accessions

FAO (2010) The second report on the state of the world‘s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture

7.4 Million accessions world-wide

Ex situ Collections

Svalbard

http://www.croptrust.org/main/arctic.php?itemid=217

NPGS USA 508.994

ICGR China 391.919

NBPGR India 366.333

VIR Russia 322.238

NIAS Japan 243.463

CIMMYT Mexico 173.571

IPK Germany 148.128

FAO (2010) The second report on the state of the world‘s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture

Ex situ Collections

The 10 largest world-wide germplasm collections by crop

Ex situ Collections

FAO (2010) The second report on the state of the world‘s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture

Crop Genus Accessions

Wheat Triticum 856.168

Rice Oryza 773.948

Barley Hordeum 466.531

Maize Zea 327.932

Bean Phaseolus 261.963

Sorghum Sorghum 235.688

Soybean Glycine 229.944

Oat Avena 130.653

Groundnut Arachis 128.465

Cotton Gossypium 104.780

In vivo In vitro Seeds

FAO (2009) Draft second report on the state

of the world‘s plant genetic resources

for food and agriculture

Ex situ Collections

Luftaufnahme

April 2002

Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und

Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben

The German ex situ Genebank

Cereals and Grasses 65.448 Wheat 28.111 Barley 23.245

Legumes 28.066

Beans (Phaseolus) 9.146 Peas 5.295

Vegetables 18.794

Tomatoes 3.544 Onions 1.532 Beets (Beta) 2.320

Oil-/ Fibercrops 9.737 Rapeseed 1.045 Linseed 2.338

Medicinal-/ Spiceplants 5.951

Others 2.684

Forage crops 12.406

Potatoes 5.874

Total 151.002

Collections Accessions

Reference Collections

416.000 Herbarium sheets

100.000 Seeds & Fruits

52.000 Cereal spikes

Oat 4.835

The German ex situ Genebank

151.002 Accessions

3.206 Species

783 Genera

Period

Main regions

Before 1950 Austria, Hindukusch, Tibet,

Balkan

1950-1959 China, Iran, Italy

1960-1969 Mongolia, Cuba, Soviet

Union (Amur region)

1970-1979 Czechoslovakia, Poland,

Spain

1980-1989 Italy, Georgia, Austria,

Libya, Cuba, Iraq, North

Korea, Ethiopia

1990-1999 Albania, Tunisia, Romania,

Italy, Iran, Uzbekistan,

Turkmenistan, Croatia,

Bulgaria

2000-2012 Uzbekistan, Georgia,

Armenia, France, Ireland,

Czech Republic, Germany

(Bavarian Alps), Jordan

The German ex situ Genebank

Working Instruction RGR-08-001

The German ex situ Genebank

Active sample Glass jars

-18°C

Basic sample Aluminium bags

Vacuum, -18°C

Safety duplicate

(triplicate)

Aluminium bags

Vacuum, -20°C

SVALBARD

http://www.croptrust.org/main/arctic.php?itemid=217

The Svalbard Seed Store

The Svalbard Seed Store

Safety duplicates 2.500 accessions in February 2008

15.000 accessions in June 2008

4.700 accessions in June 2009

~ 32 % of whole

collection

7.600 accessions in June 2011

6.700 accessions in October 2013

5.900 accessions in November 2014

6.300 accessions in May 2016

48.700

The Svalbard Seed Store

Ambient conditions

20°C; 50% RH

9-10% seed moisture content

Seed longevity

Ambient conditions 20°C; 9-10% seed moisture content

P 50 ~ 7 years

P 50 ~ 12 years

P 50 ~ 6 years

Seed longevity

Ambient conditions 20°C; 9-10% seed moisture content

Interspecific variation

P 50 ~ 4 years P 50 ~ 14 years

Intraspecific variation

Seed longevity

Built in 1970s

> 40 years

Oldest material from harvest 1974

Cold storage Cold storage; 5-6% seed moisture content

Historical germination

data (157,402)

Seed longevity

1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 38

YEARS

20

0

40

60

80

100

% GERMINATION

Cold storage

Wheat 23,031 observations

Seed longevity

1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 38

YEARS

20

0

40

60

80

100

% GERMINATION

Cold storage

Barley 20,878 observations

Seed longevity

1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 38

YEARS

20

0

40

60

80

100

% GERMINATION

Cold storage

Pea 4,565 observations

Seed longevity

1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 38

YEARS

20

0

40

60

80

100

% GERMINATION

Cold storage

Lettuce 2,305 observations

Seed longevity

C

1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

YEARS

20

0

40

60

80

100

% GERMINATION

Cold storage

Rye

Seed longevity

Cold storage; 5-6% seed moisture content

Genetic analysis

C

1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

YEARS

20

0

40

60

80

100

% GERMINATION

Rye

Seed longevity

Artificial Seed Deterioration

Genetic studies

Accelerated Ageing (ageing at 100% RH and 45°C)

Controlled Deterioration (ageing at 60% RH and 45°C)

Elevated Pressure of Oxygen (ageing at 18 MPa oxygen 40% RH

and 20°C)

2H

3.73 LOD 3.0

GBS0105

GBM1462

GBM1047 Zeo

GBM1498

GBR0421

AA

0.0

GBM1019

GBR0613

GBR0498

GBR0423

ABG356

GBM1023

GBR0760

GBS0335

GBR0258

GBR1347

2H

3.35 LOD 3.0

GBM1047

0.0

GBR0613

GBR0498

GBR0423

ABG356

GBM1023

GBR0760

GBS0335

GBR0258

GBR1347

CD

5H

3.76 LOD 3.0

GBS0576

GBM1064 GBM1164 ABG391

GBR304c GBR170 GBS0800

0.0

GBS0451

GBM1470

GBS0531

ABG473

GBS0682

GBM1176

GBR0232

ABC302

CD

7H

4.59 LOD 3.0

Nud GBR1478 GBS0405 GBR283

0.0

GBR0399

GBR0470

GBR0036v

GBR0633

GBR0660

GBR0905

CD

100

200

0

10

50

70

80

20

30

40

60

90

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

cM

Barley

Naked

caryopsis GA

metabolism

Genetic studies

1A

1D

2A

3D

2D

4A 6B

7A 3B

QL

ng

.ip

k-1

A

QL

ng

.ip

k-1

D.2

Q

Ln

g.ip

k-1

D.1

Q

Ln

g.ip

k-1

D.3

QL

ng

.ip

k-2

A

QL

ng

.ip

k-2

D

QL

ng

.ip

k-3

B

QL

ng

.ip

k-3

D

QD

or.

ipk-4

A

QL

ng

.ip

k-6

B

QL

ng

.ip

k-7

A

Genetic studies

Wheat

E46M51_99 36,8 E46M62_52 39,6

R

NS

A1

Na12H06 0,0

BRAS056 34,6

CB10079 132,6

Ab

n

R

A3

Na10E02 34,0

MD21 41,6 CB10574 42,8 E43M52_320 43,7

E46M62_78 49,9 Na12E01b 51,5

E32M59_162 60,6

E42M55_166 71,5

Ab

n-N

S

Ab

n-N

S-T

50

R

Ab

n-R

A

bn

A5

HMR389 79,5

E34M62_304 88,2

RS

AU

C

A6

E39M49_307 0,0

E44M58_101 16,4

Ra2G08 25,1 Na12B02 28,6

Ab

n-T

G

Ab

n-T

G

A7

E33M47_216 0,0

E46M59_160 9,5 HMR588a 10,8 BRAS039a 14,3 HMR307 16,9 E45M59_510 18,7 HMR353a 20,8 E45M51_344 21,9 E38M55_386 23,0 E31M53_515 24,0 HMR582 30,8 E45M51_302 31,5 E44M48_414 34,5 E32M51_301 36,9 CB10629 41,1 E39M59_106 42,1 E39M61_243 44,6 E43M62_222 45,4

E44M49_170 69,3 Ra1F06 72,5

NS

-Ab

n-R

S-A

UC

AUC

T1

0-T

G

RS

-T5

0

AU

C

Ab

n

A8

E39M59_186 0,0 E32M48_148 3,7

E44M51_350 13,2

E35M60_540 17,9

Na10B11 22,8

GMR013a 30,4

E46M59_87 37,0

HMR360 44,6 BRAS020 46,0

Na14C12 53,4 E46M59_79 57,7 E34M49_108 59,6

E42M59_96 64,5

MR216 77,6

E34M51_122 94,6 CB10373 97,6 Na10B07 100,2 E31M55_230 101,5 CB10476 102,6

E33M50_80 111,6 E45M61_233 115,9 E31M53_95 116,4

NS

-TG

-AU

C R

S

R

R

T5

0

Ab

n-T

50

R

Ab

n

TG

W

R

A9

E44M60_114 0,0

E34M62_109 9,3

E46M59_241 17,6 E39M59_142 19,9

E39M61_362 46,6 E43M51_349 48,0 E46M59_252 50,4

Na12E09 59,9 E44M48_137 62,3

Ol10B11 68,3 Na12H04 72,2

TG

-NS

-AU

C-T

10

AU

C

NS

-TG

-Ab

n-R

S-A

UC

-TS

W

RS

-NS

NS

A10

ExpV- 2005

ExpV- 2009

ExpV- 2012

LSmeans

Oilseed rape

Genetic studies

Mapping Population: Express x V8

23

%N

G-C

D

4.78

T50 Time needed to reach

50% of germination

AUC Area under the curve

6

% NG % Normal Germination

8

%T

G-C

D

4.83

% TG % Total Germination T

50-C

D

3.94

AU

C-C

D

3.44

AU

C-C

D

2.63

Tobacco Mapping Population: Florida 301 x Hicks

Genetic studies

Genetic studies

Conclusions/Outlook

A huge amount of accessions is stored in global

ex situ collections

Inter- and intraspecific variation for longevity

Genetic differences for seed longevity within the

species

Storability/longevity of the germplasm in seedbanks

is limited

Genetic loci determining seed longevity were detected

in several crop species

Lipid oxidation and hydrolysis events are responsible for

seed death

Thank you for your attention!