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Plant Diversity . Chapters 29 and 30. Characteristics of All Plants. Multicellular Eukaryotic Photosynthetic autotrophs Alternation of generations. Evolutionary History. Evolved from green algae Charophyceans are closest living relatives Homologous structures provide evidence: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Plant Diversity I
Plant Diversity Chapters 29 and 30Characteristics of All PlantsMulticellularEukaryoticPhotosynthetic autotrophsAlternation of generations
Evolutionary HistoryEvolved from green algaeCharophyceans are closest living relativesHomologous structures provide evidence:ChloroplastsWalls with cellulosePeroxisome enzymesFlagellated sperm
Adaptations for LandPreventing water lossSporopolleninWalled spores produced in sporangiaCuticleStomata
Adaptations for LandObtaining light,CO2, and nutrientsApical meristemsMycorrhizaeRoots & root hairsVascular tissuePhloemXylemLignin
Adaptations for LandDefense against herbivores and microbesChemical compounds
Four Main Groups of Land PlantsBryophytesPteridophytesGymnospermsAngiosperms
BryophytaSimplest land plants-None have roots, stems, or leavesMainly nonvascular
BryophytaAll have dominant gametophyte generation.
BryophytaLiverworts: No stomataHornworts: StomataMosses: Have stomata, and very simple vascular tissue.
BryophytaEconomically importantSphagnum moss, peat mossWater retentionOil spill controlFuel
Seedless Vascular PlantsPteridophyta (ferns & horsetails) are main groupAlso includes Lycophyta (club mosses)
Seedless Vascular PlantsSporophyte generation dominant
Seedless Vascular PlantsEvolution of vascular tissue:XylemTracheids dead, lignifiedPhloemAllowed increased height
Seedless Vascular PlantsEvolution of leaves
Seedless Vascular PlantsEvolution of rootsRhizomes
Seedless Vascular PlantsEvolution of sporophyllsSoriStrobili
Seedless Vascular PlantsFormed first forestsEventually formed coal burned today
Gametophyte EvolutionFurther reduced in seed plants.Protected in ovules and pollen grains.
Evolution of HeterosporyMegasporangia
MicrosporangiaEvolution of PollenAvoided need for waterAllowed greater dispersal
GymnospermsNaked seedsInclude cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes, and conifers.
AngiospermsContainer SeedFlowersFruits90% of all plants
Angiosperms
Angiosperms
Angiosperms
AngiospermsAngiospermsCoevolution: Pollinators & Flowers
AngiospermsFour Main Groups:Basal Angiosperms (.04%)Magnoliids (3%)Monocots (28%)Eudicots (69%)
Monocots vs. DicotsCotyledons
Monocots vs. DicotsLeaf Venation:
Monocots vs. DicotsVascular Tissue in Stems
Monocots vs. DicotsRoots
Monocots vs. DicotsFlowers
AngiospermsImportance:FoodLumber & PaperMedicineOxygen