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What is Biotechnology ?
Use of living organisms to solve problems or make useful products Use of cells and biomolecules to solve problems or make useful products Almost anything to do with biology & technology Use of living organism or parts of them to produce industrially goods or services
MicrobiologyBiochemistryMolecular Biology
Cell BiologyMolecular Genetics Engineering Processes
Biotechnology
Health Diagnoses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Food and Animal Feed Industry
Chemical Industry
Environment and Energy
Fermentation Industry
Progression of BiotechnologyThe Era before Louis Pasteur
Alcoholic drinks (Beer, Wine, Palm-wine) Fermented Food (Cheese, yoghurt, tape,
tempe, petis, terasi)
Alcohol (Ethanol, Butanol, aceton, glycerol) Organic acids (Citric acid, acetic acid) Aerobic waste treatment
Progression of BiotechnologyThe Era of Louis Pasteur
Progression of Biotechnology The Era of Antibiotics
Antibiotics (Penicillin, tetracyclin, streptomycin)
Vaccine (NCD, polio)
Steroid Transformation (DOPA)
Liquid Medium Fermentation Technology
Animal Tissue Culture Technology
Progression of Biotechnology The Era of Post-Antibiotics
Amino Acids (Glutamic Acid, Lysin, aspartame) Single Cell Protein Enzyme (Amylase, Glucose isomerase,
Glucose dehydrogenase) Cell and Enzyme Mobilization Technology Anaerobic liquid waste treatment technology
(Biogas) Polisaccharide bacteria (Xanthan, Trehalosa)
Progression of Biotechnology Modern Biotechnology Era
1973, The gene can be cloned for the first time 1974, Cloned gene expression on different
organism 1975, monoclonal antibody (Hybridome
Technology Technology of diagnostic test using antibody Genetic Engineering Artificial vaccine Insulin from alcoholic drink
The Most Used Terms in Modern Biotechnology
Transgene – Strange gene which is inserted into a species
Example – Cry gene (gene codes for toxic protein for Coleoptera)
Transgenic organism – an organism contains of transgene by the process of biotechnology (not a cross as in plant breeding process)
Example – Bollgard cotton Herbicide resistant maize
PRODUCTS OF MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE
GMO - Genetically modified organisms
An organism which has a new trait that is not found before as a result of addition of gene derived from another organism. Also called as Transgenic organism
Pest resistant Maize
Normal Transgenic
Bt toxin content can kill a corn borer Gene controls toxin production is derived
from bacteria
Cry gene designation Toxic to these insect orders
CryIA(a), CryIA(b), CryIA(c) Lepidoptera
Cry1B, Cry1C, Cry1D Lepidoptera
CryII Lepidoptera, Diptera
CryIII Coleoptera
CryIV Diptera
CryV Lepidoptera, Coleoptera
Virus resistant plants
papaya, orange, potato Resistance Gene is derived from virus
Herbicide resistant plants
already exist: soybean, maize, canola next: sugarbeet, cabbage, strawberry, alfalfa, potato, wheat Resistance Gene is derived from bacteria
HerbicideCommercial
NameHerbicide Tolerant Crops
Bromoxynil Buctril cotton, potato, tobacco
Glyphosate Roundupsugar beet, corn, cotton, lettuce, canola, soybean, tobacco, tomato, wheat
GlufosinateLiberty,
Ignite, Bastaalfalfa, sugar beet, corn, barley, melon, peanut, rice, canola, soybean, tomato, wheat
Sulfonylureascorn, cotton, tobacco, tomato, flax, soybean, sugar beet
Imidazolinones corn, canola, wheat
2,4-D potato, sweetgum, cotton
Sethoxydim corn
Triazines canola
HERBICIDE TOLERANCE CROPS (HTCs)
The Differences between Plant Biotechnology and Plant
Breeding
Plant Biotechnology allows the plant breeder a wider choice of traits to choose from and allows the trait to be realized in a more precise manner and within a shorter time period.
• Can only use genes from within one species or several closely related species or wild species, becoming a limitation due to loss of genetic diversity • Takes many years to develop an improved variety
Conventional plant breeding
Plant Biotechnology
Wheat Rye
Triticale
X
Interspecific crossing in Plant Breeding
New species, but NOT as result of Modern Biotechnology process
ATTCGA
ATTGGA
Gene target
New Gene
Mutagenesis treatment
Mutagenesis: New trait, without a strange gene
Mutagenesis changes DNA sequences of a gene allow to get a new advantageous trait
“While traditional breeding approaches have worked well, they can be very time consuming and sometimes inefficient. Each plant has tens of thousands of genes, so crossing two plants results in a multitude of combinations.
With advances in technology, scientists can now precisely identify through marker technology some of the individual genes responsible for producing a particular characteristic. Traits such as fruit color or resistance to a particular pest, make breeding new varieties quicker and more precise.
COUNTRY AREA (m Ha) CROP
USAArgentinaCanadaBrazilChinaSouth AfricaIndiaParaguayUruguayAustraliaRomaniaSpainMexico
47.616.25.45.03.70.50.51.20.30.20.10.10.1
Cotton, Maize, SoybeanSoybean, Maize, CottonCanola, Maize, SoybeanSoybeanCottonMaize, Soybean, CottonCottonCottonSoybean, MaizeSoybeanSoybeanMaizeCotton, Soybean
Table 1. Areas of Biotech Crop Growth 2004
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN HORSE AND SNAIL???
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN GRASSHOPPER AND
RICE???
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN SALMONELLA AND
PINE TREE???
ORGANISM
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGAN
TISSUE
CELL
ORGANELLES (MITOCHONDRIA, VACUOLE, GOLGI BODY, NUCLEUS, ETC.)
GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA)
GENETIC MATERIAL
MATERIALS USED FOR TRANSMITTING THE GENETIC INFORMATION FROM AN INDIVIDU INTO ITS OFFSPRING
HOW DO THE DNA DETERMINE THE CHARACTER OF LIVING ORGANISM?
DNA TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION PROTEIN
Character structure and process in an organism
All processes directed by enzymes
Enzyme the largest part of the protein.
WHY A CHARACTER CAN BE ENGINEERED??
………………………………
WHY IS GENETIC ENGINEERING PROSPECTIVE ??
KARENA KESAMAAN STRUKTUR MOLEKUL DNA PADA SEMUA MAKHLUK HIDUP
MEMUNGKINKAN REKAYASA (PEMINDAHAN, PENGGANTIAN, PENGURANGAN,
PENAMBAHAN) DARI SUMBER DNA YANG BERBEDA
Assignment for Each Student
Essay on Reviewing some journals on the application of Plant Biotechnology
Type it using MSWORD : 10 pages minimum, 1.5 spacing, Times New Roman 12”
Save in a directory named as your name and Student Identity Number
Be gathered in next 2 weeks (week 3th) Will be presented in week 5th