PLANT SCIENCES › files › parc_pk › Annual Reports › 2011-2012...Mango Malformation Disease in Punjab & Sindh Studies carried out showed that the incidence of MMD was found

PLANT SCIENCES

ANNUAL REPORT 2011-12 03

Identification of Resistance Sources in Wheat

National Wheat Disease Screening Nursery Four hundred and fourteen wheat lines including 99 commercial wheat varieties were planted at 10 key locations in the country. Eighteen commercial wheat varieties and 108 advance lines were found resistant to both leaf and yellow rusts while 58 commercial wheat varieties and 139 advance lines were found effective against prevailing races of leaf rust.

National Uniform Wheat Yield Trial Total thirty candidate lines received from the National Coordinated Wheat Programme were planted at 13 key locations in the country to evaluate against rusts of wheat. Out of 30 candidate lines, 4 lines were found susceptible, 12 lines resistant to moderately resistant, 6 lines moderately susceptible and 8 were found immune.

Screening of Wheat Cultivars Against Karnal Bunt (KB)

National Wheat Disease Screening Nursery (NWDSN) was comprised of 414 wheat lines including 99 commercial varieties and 292 breeders advance lines. Eighty three lines were found free of KB including 10 commercial wheat varieties and 73 advanced lines of breeders.

Ten lines from CIMMYT which were found free of KB last year were tested again in field, only three lines were found free of KB. Thirty candidate lines of NUWYT 2010-11 nurseries were evaluated under field conditions and four lines were found free of KB.

Study of Current Status of KB in Punjab and KPK

Two hundred and twenty samples from Punjab and 40 samples from KPK were collected for determination of prevalence and incidence of the disease. In Punjab, the prevalence of KB was 15 % and incidence ranged from 0-1%. Whereas in KPK the disease prevalence was 12.5 % and incidence ranged from 0-0.9%. The KB infected seeds from these samples were used to isolate the fungus Tillitia indica for morphological studies, pathogenic variability and identification of source of resistance. So far 5 isolates have been isolated, identified and purified.

Epidemiology of Wheat Rust Virulence Studies

Isogenic leaf and yellow rust wheat lines were planted at 13 locations in Pakistan for virulence studies. Virulence for yellow rust resistant genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr17, YrA and Yr27 were present at all locations. For genes (Yr3), Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr26, YrSP (Spaliding Prolific) and YrCv (Castrens V) virulence factors were not observed in field during this year, these genes are effective genes and recommended as resistance source for

Plant and Environment Protection

ANNUAL REPORT 2011-1204

introgression. Virulence for leaf rust resistant genes Lr22B, Lr1, Lr2a, Lr2b, Lr2c, Lr3, Lr3ka, Lr3bg, Lr9, Lr10, Lr11, Lr12, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr14b, Lr15, Lr16, Lr17, Lr18, Lr19, Lr20, Lr23, Lr24, Lr25, Lr26, Lr27+31(Gatcher)Lr29, Lr30, Lr32, Lr33, Lr34, Lr35and Lr13+ were in all locations in Sindh, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Leaf rust resistance genes Lr28, Lr36 and Lr37 showed avirulence at all locations.

Total 20 Leaf rust samples were collected from trap nurseries and farmers fields and all samples were revived. Thirty single pustules were made and each pustule was multiplied. Two different races TKT/RP and TKT/RN were identified. 15 Yellow rust samples were collected and multiplied for virulence analysis. Two different races 80E85 and 70E0 were identified. 30 stem rust samples were evaluated and race RRTTF was identified and confirmed the absence of UG-99 in Pakistan.

Bacterial Blight of Rice

A survey of selected districts of Punjab was conducted to determine the current status of bacterial blight. The incidence percentage ranged from 0-90, 0-100, 0-75, 0-70, 0-25 and 0-100 in Sialkot, Narowal, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, Hafizabad, and Zafarwal, respectively.

Mycotoxin in Groundnut

A survey for the incidence of mycotoxin producing fungi in groundnut under storage conditions at different locations (Punjab: District Rawalpindi, Attock, Chakwal, Jehlum), & Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (Kohat) of Pakistan showed the presence of 7 fungi viz., Alternaria, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum in groundnut farmer's fields and storage centres. Mapping was done for the incidence of aflatoxins producing fungi in groundnut at market and consumer level in Pothwar areas.

Viral Studies

Screening of Tomato Germplams Against Viral Diseases

In a replicated experiment of five tomato hybrid/lines grown under plastic tunnel at NARC, cultivar Sahil was found free from virus like symptoms and was without insect infestation.

Screening of Potato Germplasm Against Six Viruses under Field Conditions

In a replicated trial of twenty potato varieties, only one variety, Sarpo-Mira was found free from virus infection followed by NARC 17-19 with an infection rate of 10% with PVY. PLRV was not detected in the germplasm.

Screening of Garlic Germplasm Against Viruses

Data were recorded on garlic germplasm sown in NARC field for rust and smut appearance. Iranian, Italian and MJ-84 showed 50 % of rust and 100% of smut infection. Chinese variety



showed 100 % rust and smut infection. Only NARC-09 was apparently free from rust and smut infection. Maximum size of the bulb of Chinese, Italian, Iranion, JS-1 and NARC-09 were 8,2, 9.2 8.4, 6.2, 8.5 cm respectively with an average number of 12 cloves each.

Six exotic/local garlic germplasm (Chinese, Iranion, Italian, JS-1, NARC-09 and Local ) were screened under natural conditions. It was observed that cultivar elephant garlic (NARC 09) was highly resistant to OYDV. In addition, five plants of Italian and four of Iranian origin were found clean from viral infection.

Insect Pest Management

� Seedling Bulk Test of NUWYT-N 2011-12 was conducted to find out for resistance against Corn Leaf aphid; wheat line PR-102, V-05BT006 and BGWS-4 was found to be resistant. Antixenosis test of same lines showed that least preferred entries were V-08173, V-07076, V-76309 and V-05BT006. In Antibiosis test: Entries V-07096, V-07076, V-08171, V-0587014, SD-076309, 076377, CT-04192, TW-96007, HB-10, HB-11, PR-102, QS-111, NR-378, and NARC L. Check were least fecund.

� Screening of NUWYT-RF 2011-12: Resistant entries were NRL-0517, DN-73 and NR-397. In Antixenosis test moderately preferred entries were NRL-0517, AZRC-2008-1, NR-381, NR-390 and NR-391. In Antibiosis test least fecund entries were NR-397, AZRC-2008-1, 6-C016, NR-397, NR-392 and L. check. In Tolerance testcomparatively tolerant entries were KT-50 and NR-397.

� Evaluation of Maize Varieties: Varieties AGT-2002, EV 1098, EV 6098, Sadaf and Raka Poshi were resistant. In Antixenosis test best variety was Sahiwal-2002 followedby EV 1097, AGT-2002, BS-2, EV 6098 and Islamabad Gold.

� Seedling Bulk Test of Maize Hybrids: P-1543, NARC-2704 and JKMH-444 were found to be resistant. In Antixenosis results, NARC-2704, KERMESS (KWS), MT-1, ANTISS and AF-GOI were least preferred (LP).

� Screening of Oats Varieties: Avon, V- 97009, V-663, V-2088 and Stamped wereresistant. In Antixenosis results Dumont, Grizzly, 663, 85-125, 75526, Mar.100, Canadian, Grizzly, 11xs-81, 2088 and Nora were found to be least preferred against corn leaf aphid. In Antibiosis test: PD2-LV65, Avon, Canadian, 85-125, 663,Grizzly and S-141 were least fecund.

� Control of Red Pumpkin Beetle with Neem Water Extract Compared with Surf Emulsion and Deltamethrin: After chemical spray best results for beetle control were observed with application of 2% spray of neem as compared to 0.5% of neem extract, control and surf emulsion.

� Laboratory Studies for Repellency Against Cotton Mealy Bug: Mentha piperata, Citrullus colocynth, Ricinus communis, Sonchus oleraceous, Silybum marianum, Acacia Senegal, Trachyspermum ammi, Xanthium strumarium, Cnicus benedictus,


Bird cherry oat aphid Antixenosis TestMass rearing Seedling Bulk test Antibiosis Test Tolerance Test


st ndCassia fistula, Carica papaya were tested on 1 and 2 instars Cotton mealy bug after first, second, fourth and eighth week of extract application.

� Biological Observations and Predatory Potential of Coccinellid Beetles HarmoniaDimidiata, Menochilus Sexmaculatus and Coccinella Septempunctata Feeding on Different Aphid Species:

Harmonia dimidiate: The larval/grubs developmental duration and survival rate at four different temperature were 21.3,17.7,14.7 and 12.3 days at 20 ±1 °C, 24 ±1 °C, 28±1 °C and 32±1 °C. The survival rates were 92, 90, 78 and 62% and the predatory potential were 934, 856, 644 and 573 aphids/grubs. Adult longevity were 120, 95, 72 and 24 days with total fecundity of 956, 1234, 678 and 0 eggs at four temperature levels. Adult predatory potential were 9634, 10076, 7543 and 944 aphids/adult.

Menochilus Sexmaculatus: Development duration of M. sexmaculatus, feeding R.st nd rdpadi under laboratory condition indicates eggs duration was 3.4 days, while 1 , 2 , 3

thand 4 instars were 2.3, 2.5, 3.4 and 4.1 days respectively and pupal duration was 6.7 st nd rd thdays and predation capacity of 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 instars were 11.5 aphids, 19.4, 47.4

and 71.2 aphids per larvae respectively under laboratory condition. The adult female life stages indicate that pre-oviposition period was 5.2 hours, copulation period was 51.4 minutes and post-copulation period was 3.1 hours. Pre-ovipositon period was 5.3 days, oviposition period was 35.4 days and post-oviposition period was 5.4 days respectively. Fecundity, incubation and eggs hatching percentage of M. sexmaculatusindicates that fecundity was 376 eggs per female with incubation period of 3.8 days and hatching percentage of eggs was 67.8.

Coccinella Septempuntata: The larval duration were 29.55, 15.96 and 8.16 days at three temperature.e 20°°° C, 25 C, and 30 C with predatory potential of 573.70, 575.21 and 667.87 aphids/ grubs. Adult longevity was 60.36, 58.90 and 47.70 days and total fecundity were 123.75, 251.57 and 293.27 eggs/female at three temperature levels.


Cottn mealy bug repellency studies

Grubs of Harmonia dimidiate, Manochilus sexmaculatus and Coccinella septempunctata.


Mango Malformation Disease in Punjab & Sindh

Studies carried out showed that the incidence of MMD was found as in Multan (15%), Muzaffar Garh (10%), Bahawalpur (13%), Rahim Yar Khan (5%), and Khanewal districts (15%) of Punjab and Mirpurkhas 5%), Tando Allahyar (4%), Hyderabad (10%) and Shaheed benazirabad dictricts of Sindh (5%). Overall Severity of MMD was more than 50% at all locations. Samples of twigs and inflorescence of mango trees were collected and the fungi isolated were Fusarium mangiferae, Fusarium solani, Cladosporium sp. and Phomopsis sp.The pathogenicity showed that Fusarium mangiferae was causing the same symptoms in 2 years old green house plants when inoculated by flap method.Physiological studies are being done on the fungus to develop the management strategies for the management of the study.

Demonstration of Improved Mango Orchard Management Package

As a research output an improved mango orchard management package has been developed under ASLP Mango Project. The package includes balanced nutrition based on soil analysis, pruning, application of growth hormones, plant protection measures, irrigation through drip as well as furrow and basin irrigation and appropriate floor management.

Development of Improved Potting Mix for Mango Nursery Seedlings.

National IPM Programme under Australia Pakistan Agriculture Sector Linkages Program (ASLP) Project has developed a potting mix for Mango nursery plants which ensures good health of seedlings unless they reach grafting age. The ingredients of this potting mix include: silt, coconut fiber and beggas. The work has been done in Mango Research Station Shujabad Component.


Improved orchard management practices

Mango Demonstration plot Mango Demonstration plot

Mango Demonstration plot


Insect pests associated with Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Crop

Jassid is a major pest of Okra followed by White fly and Thrips. Spider activity was found in the crop along with others pests, for the control of which repeated spray of Imidaclopril was carried out at fortnightly interval. The crop yield and water usage efficiency were 16.96t/ha and 2.43 kg/ respectively. Okra crop could be grown on sandy loam soils using saline (marginal quality) ground water for irrigation.

National Insect Museum

Insect Collection Surveys

Surveys were carried out in Punjab (Shahdara, Rawal dam (Islamabad), Murree, Bharakahu, Simly, Lehtarar, Attock, Talahgung, Chakwal, Saghar, Mogla, Chakwal, Shakargarh, Multan, Bhawalpur, Muzaffargarh and Rahim Yar Khan), Khyber Pakhtun Khwa (Shangla, Swat, Buner, Mansehra, Haripur, Abottabad) and Baluchistan (Quetta and Loralai).

Identification of Insects

Insect species under following orders were identified and added to the National Insect Museum. Among these, five insect species were recorded first time from Pakistan.

Hymenoptera:Mostly beneficial as pollinators, honey producers and predators. However some are economic pests of fruits. During the year 2011-2012 a total of fifty species were identified including four new country records.

(L.)


Different ingredients of potting mix for nursery plantsBeggasSilt Coconut fiber

Potting mix containing farm yard manure Plants in potting mix without farm yard manure.

Differentiation between two Potting mix practices


Odonata:An important order of predatory insects that feeds on pests of agricultural and medical importance. In this order, 30 species of naiads (larvae) were collected under 8 families. Among these, one species is new to Pakistan.

Diptera:Includes important pest species of domestic as well as agronomic importance. Under this order, 22 species were identified. Among these, 05 species were collected under family Tipulidae, an important pest of grasses and other wild vegetation. However, 17 species including two new to Pakistan were collected for family Syrphidae which is a group of important pollinators and predatory species.

Neuroptera: Species under this order are important bio control agents of economic crop pests like of sugarcane, cotton rice and wheat. This year three more species were identified, now the total number for identified species becomes six.

Vertebrate Pest Management

Development of New Bait Formulation Against Wild Boar

Wild boar is a serious pest of agricultural crops in Pakistan. Its population is increasing day by day because no organized attempts are being made to cope with this menace. Application of acute rodenticide like sodium mono fluoroacetate (1080) in the first step and chronic rodenticide (coumatetralyl) thereafter was found very successful to control this pest when tested by PARC experts. Since the use of acute rodenticide kills the animal with in few hours of ingestion which reduces the cost of operation and thereafter less amount of chronic rodenticide bait is required to control the remaining population. But due to the non-availability of sodium mono fluoroacetate (1080) compound in the country there was need to explore an alternate acute rodenticide. Zinc phosphide compound is the only cheap and easily available acute rodenticide in the country. In past, attempts were made to use this compound against wild boar, but promising results could not be achieved due to the emetic effect of this compound.

The new bait was prepared in pellet form as shown in figure which included roasted cracked maize grains, wheat flour, meat sauce, molasses, zinc phosphide compound


Bumble Bee Syrphid FlyOdonata Larvae Chrysoperla

Plain pellet bait (without poison)


and anti-emetic agent. The pre-baiting with plain bait (comprising of only bait bases) for three nights is recommended prior to offer zinc phosphide bait. Initial trials conducted in forest plantations at Nilore, Islamabad and Taxila showed encouraging results Application of new bait for 03 nights resulted in the mortality of 29 and 45 wild boars respectively. The feasibility of this technology has been demonstrated and its large scale evaluation is recommended.

Farmers Field Training & Rodent Pest Management

During 2011-12 twelve farmers' field days/workshops have been organized in districts Hyderabad, T.M. Khan, Thatta, Badin and Karachi in which 1009 participants received training related to rodent pest and their management techniques to reduce crop losses.


Zinc phosphide pellet bait


Neutraceuticals DevelopmentIn recent past there has been an explosion of consumer interest in the health enhancing role of specific foods or physiologically-active food components, so-called “Neutraceuticals”. It is a broad term used to describe any product derived from food sources that provides extra health benefits in addition to the basic nutritional value found in foods. Food Science & Product Development Institute NARC works for the development of following neutraceuticals.

Nutritious Biscuits Supplemented with Natural Source of Zn, Fe & Protein

Recipe for biscuits with natural sources of zinc, iron and protein was developed using. fenugreek, pumpkin seeds, oats and chickpea along with wheat flour in different proportions. According to nutritional quality and sensory evaluation, biscuits containing 20% chickpea and 15% oat flour had the highest nutritional contents and sensory scores (7.25 % protein and 7.2 overall acceptability). Biscuits having 20% oat and 20% chickpea flour gave the highest mineral values.

Functional Foods with Bio-Active Compounds (Dietary Fibers)

Fiber has many nutritional benefits. In this study, sources of different types of dietary fibers were identified. Barley, oat, buck wheat and flax seeds flour were substituted in wheat flour at the rate of 5, 10, 15, 20 % for preparing crackers and bread sticks. Products were analyzed chemically and organoleptically. Increase in protein, fiber and minerals was observed with the increase in the levels of supplementation with barley, buckwheat flour, oat flour and flax seeds. Crackers and bread sticks prepared were acceptable up to 15 % substitution.

Nutritious Baby Foods for Children and Soups for Elders

Baby foods formulations from indigenous low cost ingredients were prepared not only to improve child's health but also decrease the heavy burden on house hold budget due to expenses on imported formulas for special groups.

Four different types of baby foods were prepared by using different proportions of cereals, pulses, oil seeds, potato and banana. Different processing techniques were applied to make the baby foods rich in protein and high in energy value Shelf life based on physical, chemical and microbial analysis was found safe up to six months in aluminum foil packaging. Similarly, four recipes of instant soups were formulated and prepared keeping in view the nutritional requirement of old age persons using economical indigenous raw materials. Theses were packed in polyethylene bags and stored for six months. Microbiological study shows that Total plate count, yeast and mould count

Food Science & Product Development

Bread Sticks


5 3were within the permissible range (TPC less than 10 CFU/g , fungal CFU/g <10 as per WHO requirement).

High Protein Muffins

Protein is the basic nutrient needed for growth, improvement and regulation of body activities. Feeding protein rich supplemented foods to children is a tough job therefore, this study was under taken to develop high protein products that are liked by children i.e. Muffins.

Different legume flours (soybean, peanut, chickpea, kidney bean and lentil) were supplemented in wheat flour at the level of 10, 20, 30, 40% and muffins were prepared. Muffins supplemented with 40% soybean had highest contents of protein. Peanut muffins supplementation up to 40% had about 20% protein content, best physical and sensory properties, therefore these are recommended to be used for the reduction of protein energy malnutrition in children.

Tatary Buckwheat Supplementation in Wheat Flour for Making Chapatti

Tartary buckwheat (TBW) grains have protein (with high biological value) and amino acids such as lysine, threonine and tryptophan in high concentrations. In this study supplementation of buckwheat flour @ 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent in wheat flour was done to improve the nutritional and functional properties of chapattis. In supplemented flour samples the percentages of moisture, ash, fat, fiber, protein, iron, phosphorus and potassium were increased. The addition of TBW flour at the level of 5 to 10 percent resulted in the production of nutritionally rich and acceptable chapattis, therefore it is suggested that TBW flour should be supplemented with whole wheat flour to produce nutritionally rich chapattis.

Food with Pre and Pro-Biotic

Pro-biotics are "friendly" bacteria that help to keep bad bacteria and yeast from growing in our intestinal tract and maintain a natural balance in the gut. Research suggests eating foods that contain pro-biotics may improve certain illnesses, offer protection against disease, and improve or boost overall health. A study has been initiated in which pro-biotic microorganisms will be isolated, multiplied and incorporated in food items to produce health beneficial products.

Pro-biotic microorganisms have been isolated from different sources including yoghurt, commercially available dehydrated pro-biotics in sachets (Ecotce, Enflor) and Cerelac baby food (Bifidus BL). Work on purification and multiplication of these cultures is in progress after which these will be incorporated into foods followed by studies on their shelf life and survival at different temperatures and pH.

High Protein Muffins



Determination of Tempering Conditions for Maximum Flour Yield from Pakistani Commercial Wheat Varieties

Tempering is a process in which water is added to the wheat grain before milling to facilitate the separation of bran from endosperm. The aim of this research was to determine the amount of water required to temper the different Pakistani wheat varieties. The four wheat varieties Inqlab 91, Bakhar 2002, Chakwal 50 and Auqab 2000 were evaluated. Samples were tempered at different moisture levels (12, 13,

o14, 15, 16), at temperatures (25, 30, 35, 40 C) and tempering time was 16 hrs. The result revealed that the flour yield increased with the increase in moisture content. Wheat samples tempered at 15 to 16

opercent moisture at temperature 30 to 35 C gave optimum yield of flour.

Survey of Cut Fruit Samples (Water Melon & Melon ) in Islamabad for the Assessment of Microbial Contamination

Fresh cut fruits and vegetables get contaminated with several types of microorganisms. Ttherefore stomach illness (diarrhea) is a common public health concern due to the consumption of cut fruits. A study was carried out in Islamabad area to assess the cut fruits microbial contamination.

Thirty water melons and twenty melons (Garma) cut fruit samples were collected from the road side vendors in different sectors of Islamabad and analyzed for total plate count, fecal coliform and E.coli. Results of these samples showed absence of pathogenic microorganisms (coliform and E.coli), while total plate count which indicates the general microbial population of non-pathogenic

2microorganisms was in the range of 2.3x10 to 29.4x10 .CFU/g.

These samples were within permissible limits set by The National Advisory Committee on Micro-biological Criteria for Foods (NACMCF) and therefore considered satisfactory and fit for human consumption.

Fruit Leather & Candy

Two fruit based products i.e. fruit leather and fruit candies were developed from mango, guava, apple and strawberry. Citrus peel candies were developed from peels of lemon, orange, musambi and grapefruit. All the products were organoleptically tested, chemically analyzed and subjected to shelf life studies. Result shows that all products were in

Tempered Wheat

Melon (Garma) cut fruit sample


Mango Leather

Sample of Water Melon


acceptable limits and can be stored for several months if refrigerated and properly packed.

Nutritious Fruit Based Beverages

Fruit based beverages/drinks formulations have been standardized and drinks were prepared at lab scale utilizing the fruits like apple, peach, falsa, mango and strawberry in their peak season. After successful organoleptic, chemically and shelf life studies these nutritious drinks are being sold out through PATCO at NARC.

Preparation of Different Products for PATCO

Different high quality products e.g. fruit juices/drinks (strawberry juice, mango juice, falsa juice, etc. based on seasons), Jam/Jallies (Citrus, Mango, Strawberry, etc), Strawberry chutney, banana bread and pickles are prepared at FSPDI. These products are made from hundred percent pure ingredients without addition of artificial colour and flavours. Products are marketed through PATCO (PARC Agrotech Company).

Trainings Imparted

Two Ph.D, Six M.Sc (hons) and Twenty Two students of B.Sc (hons) from different universities were trained in various food quality testing areas as well as development of new products.

Food Testing Services

Grain Quality Testing Lab. of FSPDI is providing accredited testing services to its clients according to international standards, in the field of cereals and cereal products, legumes, bakery, fruits, vegetables and their products etc.

Accreditation of Grain Quality Testing Lab

Grain Quality Testing Lab is successfully maintaining the status of accreditation according to ISO-17025 international standards for the last six years. These labs. are equipped with an extensive array of instrumentation and professional staff, all dedicated to serving the clients. GQTL chemical and microbiology labs. maintain a quality management system through

Strawberry Jam


Autokeldahl unit Farminograph Falling No.


internal checks (Internal Quality audits, Internal quality control, use of CRMs and calibrated equipments) external checks (ISO 17025 audits and regular participating in international proficiency testing schemes of BIPEA, France; FAPAS, UK; Norsk Matanolyse, Norway) for ensuring continuation of quality and monitoring of competence of personnel, equipment and testing methods.

Following is the detail of services provided during the year 2011-12.

Role of Pentosans in Pasting Properties of Wheat Flour

A study was planned to examine the role of water extractable and unextractable pentosans (WEP & WUP), when added at the rate of 1 and 2% level, on pasting properties of flours of eight hard white spring wheat (HWSW) cultivars. The result revealed that WUP did not induce significant (P < 0.05) influence on all the pasting parameters, whereas, WEP influenced significantly (P < 0.05) the paste viscosities of some of the varieties. It is thus concluded that WEP can be a good alternate dietary fiber source.



National institute of Bio-Remediation (NIB) is working to reclaim used water through Bio-Remediation. Waste water treatment technology is simple, applicable and cost effective which is based on indigenous resources i.e. stones, gravel, sand, polyethylene sheet, water plants, microbes and constructed wetland. The Institute is mandatory to develop human resource to various stakeholders at the doorstep by creating model activity at accessible points. The output of this Institute will not only eliminate pollution, promote health, alleviate poverty through allied integrated farming approaches but will also provide the pool of water fit for irrigation as per NEQ's. Ecotoxicology Research Program working under the umbrella of NIB has specialized in the pesticide residues monitoring system in biotic and a-biotic matrices. The salient achievements of NIB during August 2011-12 are provided below:

NIB Water Quality Lab

Water Quality Lab at NIB, NARC was strengthened by addition of new chemical parameters this year i.e. Turbidity, Hardness, Ca-Hardness, Mg-Hardness, COD and BOD. Other parameters regularly monitored i.e. pH, EC, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Salts, Salinity, Chlorides, Free Carbon Dioxide, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Phosphates, Dissolved Oxygen, Oil/Grease and microbial contaminats (Fecal Coliform and Total Coliform) in the waste water of two research stations (Bio-Remediation Garden and Bio-Remediation Orchard) at NARC and from different places across the country. Water quality monitoring reports from NARC research stations revealed that inlet waste water exceeded NEQ's which after bio-Remediation was brought reasonably under irrigation NEQ's defined by USDA and is fit for crop and soil health. All chemical and microbial methods were adopted from APHA, 1998 and were validated/spiked for their accuracy to obtain maximum precision in lab procedures for both types of parameters of water quality.

Coontail Experiment

An experiment was performed at Fisheries Department, NARC for efficiency of Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail plant) for Bio-Remediation of fish pond water enriched with ammonia, nitrates and chlorides. Experiment was conducted in the greenhouse which protected the experimental setup from insects and rain. 1 Kg selected plant was introduced hydroponically in a circular tank with 2500 L of Bio-Remediated water taken from fish pond in a completely randomized block design with three replicates. Twelve days of hydraulic retention time was used and levels of said contaminants in the water were monitored using standard procedures (APHA, 1998). Nutrient removal efficiency was found directly proportional to growth and biomass production of selected plant resulting in the reduction of 89%, 81% and 74% of ammonia, nitrates and chlorides respectively.

Bio-degradation of Aromatic Organic Pollutants

A study was conducted to assess the potential of Bio-Remediation Garden i.e. Site 1, NARC, Islamabad for the degradation of aromatic organic pollutants. Inoculum from the Garden Bio-Remediation facility was used to screen and identify various bacteria involved in the degradation of aromatic organic pollutants. Phenol was used as a model aromatic pollutant. The Garden Bio-Remediation facility receives the polluted water from all the central labs, administration and hostels. Enrichment of microorganisms capable of aerobic degradation of phenol was carried out in defined medium at room temperature. Phenol (5 mM) was used

Bio-Remediation


as sole source of carbon and energy. Enrichment cultures were streaked on the selective media containing 8.5 mM of phenol for isolation of colonies. The isolates were identified by 16S rRNA genetic marker with the collaboration of NIGAB. Strains resembling with Rhodococcus phenolicus, Rhodococcus zopfii, Pseudomonas geniculata, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Commamonas testosteroni and Microbacterium peroxidans were found to be phenol degrading. Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas and Commamonas strains are known for their ability to degrade phenol, however, this physiological trait has not been yet reported in Lysinibacillus sphaericus and Microbacterium peroxidans. While Lysinibacillus sphaericus is a soil bacterium, Microbacterium peroxidans is a clinical isolate. Further characterization of phylogeny and physiological traits is in progress.

Maintenance Operations at NIB Field Stations

Introduced integrated farming approach to benefit from the used water in the true letter and spirit. Aquaculture, poultry farming, livestock production, utilization of their dung for biogas production, utilization of biogas plant by-products as farmyard manure, organic farming, vegetable production and fodder production are aspects of utility of used water. All mentioned aspects are practiced at Bio-Remediation Orchard. Maintained high density fruit plantation (Lemon, Citrus, Pear, Date Palm, Mulberry and Pomegranate) at this station by drip irrigation system. Plant species i.e. Typha, Water cress, Water hyacinth, Water lettuce, Vetiver grass, Bulrush, Phragmites, Lesser Duckweed, Fat duckweed, Umbrella Plants, Papyrus sedge, Flat Sedge, Couch panicum, Giant Cane, Common reed, Water Pennywort, Muskgrass, Chara spp., Coontail, bluntflower rush, Cyperus rotundus L., Lesser water fern, Giant water fern, Salvinia molesta, Lemna punctata, Cyperus subnodulogus, weeping willow, water iris, water lotus, water lilly, Paspalum flavidum, Canna indica, Pteris viteta, Saccharum munja exist in the back up nursery of NIB which are maintained with laborious care. These plants were collected from different habitats from different fresh water ecosystems throughout Pakistan. The plants from this nursery are available on demand for phyto-remediation related issues throughout the country. A nursery of different species of ornamental plants, vegetables and fruits was also established along with the aquatic plants nursery and monitored to promote sustainability in the project. Integrated nursery helped in income generation through sale of seeds, ornamental plants etc.

At Bio-Remediation Orchard, hydroponics technique was employed for growing vegetables on water surface. Lemon grass, tomato, Mint spp. are successfully grown as hydroponics vegetables. Harvested 39 tons wet aquatic plant biomass at Bio-Remediation orchard for composting to meet nutritional requirements of nearly 30,000 fruit plants and backup fruit plants nursery. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes),Cattail (Typha latifolia), Cyperus (Cyperus papyrus) and Duckweed (Lemina minor) were composted owing to high mineral content at Bio-Remediation orchard.

Awareness Generation

Provided forum for awareness of Bio-Remediation processes, impact on environmental health and agriculture and its scope at national level has been highlighted to 2500 visitors which includes policy makers, legislators, think tanks, bureaucrats, farmers, academician and researchers. Visits include i.e. visitors from National Institute of Management, NCRD, Islamabad; visit of community members from AJK Rural Development Program through API; visit of State Minister for Agriculture to NARC; various student trips from universities

Bio-Remediation


i.e. Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad; Islamic International University, Islamabad; University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam and National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Environmental Sciences Department, Comsat, Islamabad.

In awareness generation campaign internships were offered to the students from different universities. In this regard trained four internees of M.Sc Environmental Sciences from Islamic International University, Islamabad; three internees of BS (Hons.) from Environmental Sciences Department, Comsats, Abbotabad Campus in basic analytical lab procedures of water chemistry and helped them in technical report writing. For promotion and dissemination of scientific methods regarding chemical aspects of water quality one M.Phil and a Ph.D student from NUAS are conducting research on bioremediation.

Projects Developed

A concept note on "Interaction of mercury with microbes" was formulated together in collaboration for International Convention on Elimination/Minimization of Mercury Use for Environmental Protection. � A project entitled "Aerobic and anaerobic microbial degradation of BTEX

compounds" is in preparation.� Developed a FAO project “Pesticide residues in the exportable fruits and vegetables

of Pakistan”.

Feasibility Studies Conducted

NIB team visited different places i.e. Chakri (RWP) and Volta Batteries (Hattar Industrial Estate), collected waste water samples to determine contamination levels as a part of feasibility study prior construction of Bio-Remediation facility. Along with the water quality reports complete feasibility reports were prepared discussing pros and cons of establishment of Bio-Remediation facilities therein.

ServicesGenerated income through sale of vegetables, fodder and vegetable seedlings at PATCO. Water Quality Lab analyzed irrigation water sample from the Jhang Bhaater for its fitness for the irrigation purposes and a water sample from the Agriculture State Minister (Moazzam Jatoi).

Ecotoxicology Research Program (ERP)

ERP is conducting research on Pesticide Residue Analysis in exportable horticulture crops, fruits and vegetables like Mango, Banana, Grapes, Dates, Apple, Plum, Potato, Tomato, Chilies, Garlic etc. Samples have been collected from different locations in the four provinces. Background information about the pesticide application on these crops, their application on human health (of farmer/orchard worker) and the owners level have been collected on a well structured questionnaire. Samples have been extracted and cleaned up to perform analysis. Preliminary investigation show high contamination level. Exact statistics will be made available at termination of the study.

Bio-Remediation


Heavy and Essential Metal Analysis

A monitoring study was carried out to assess the level of toxic metals such as Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As) and Mercury (Hg) and essential minerals like zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and magnesium (Mg) in different vegetables and animal feed samples grown in Sindh. Two hundred twenty five samples of vegetables and 50 samples of animal feed were collected from various farms at Karachi which were grouped into four categories viz., leafy, root and tuberous, cucurbits and fruity. In leafy vegetables, the concentration of cadmium, lead and mercury were found comparatively higher than other three groups of vegetables. The Cd and Pb contents of chilies found were within the permissible limits of WHO/FAO. The estimates of Cu and Mn were found to be sufficient, where as Zn and Fe were inadequate.

Bio-Remediation


Small Seed GraderQuality seed is essential for profitable crop production. Crop production can be increased by 10-20% by using seed, which is viable, free from weeds seed and diseases. One of the constraints in providing healthy seed to growers is the unavailability of small-scale seed processing technology. To address this issue, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Institute (ABEI), NARC Islamabad has designed and developed a prototype Small Seed Grader. The machine consists of main frame, feeding hopper, blower fan assembly, sieving box (2 sieves) and an electrical motor of 0.75 kW. Air blower can be adjusted for air volume and velocity control. The machine was tested at ABEI testing laboratory on wheat seed. It is suitable for processing of wheat, paddy, pulses, sunflower, peas and okra. Its capacity ranges from 100-150 kg per hour for different crops. Its operating cost is Rs. 1 per kg and saves Rs. 3 per kg as compared to traditional cleaning methods.

This grader is well suited for small farmers. A collaborative machinery manufacturer has started manufacturing of this grader.

Machine Specifications

Mobile Flat Bed DryerA mobile flat bed dryer was field evaluated for drying of spring ear-corn. The experiment was conducted at Pind Dadan Khan (Punjab). On average, dryer took 9.50 hours to dry 4.0 tons of ear-corn from 26.6% moisture content to 19.4% moisture content. Cost of drying of spring ear-corn was around Rs. 1.90 per kg and dryer was capable of drying produce of one acre per day.

A view of small seed grader.

Field performance:Labor requirement: One skilled laborVelocity of blower: 5.6 m/s Capacity (wheat cleaning and grading): 150 kg/h Grading efficiency: 95 %

Length Width Height weight0.80 m 0.39 m 0.79 m 70 kg

Agricultural and Biological Engineering


Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) signed a MoU with M/s Malik Engineering, Rawalpindi to manufacture the mobile flat bed dryer in order to market it for drying of groundnut, canola, sunflower and ear-corn. The machine was also demonstrated to the groundnut growers for drying of the crop. A number of groundnut and maize growers witnessed the performance of machine and appreciated the efforts made by PARC scientists/engineers.

Small Scale Olive Oil Extraction Unit

Agricultural and Biological Engineering Institute (ABEI) identified and selected a potential agricultural machinery manufacturer M/s Technology International, Faisalabad for manufacturing of a small-scale olive oil extraction unit. An MoU was signed between the collaborative machinery manufacturer and PARC. ABEI engineers provided technical assistance during manufacturing of the machine. The first prototype machine has now been manufactured. Pre-testing of prototype unit was done with stored olive fruit at ABEI Testing Lab. Minor modification and repair was made in the clutch system and the main drive shaft. The clutch system worked perfectly after rectification. The machine is now ready for its thorough performance evaluation. A typical view of the machine is presented.

A Mobile flat bed dryer in the field.

Olive oil extraction machine.



Milking Machine

In Pakistan, there is acute shortage of trained milk men (milk operators). Some of the progressive and large dairy farmers have installed mechanical milking systems for milking their cows but these are based on old and imported technologies. No indigenous mechanical milking system is available in the country. There was a need to develop indigenous mechanical milking systems for milking water buffaloes and cows.

Agricultural and Biological Engineering Institute (ABEI), Islamabad initiated the development of milking machine for water buffaloes and cows. An agreement was signed with a collaborative manufacturer M/s Al-Madina Engineering and Dairy Equipment, Okara for manufacturing of this machine. ABEI engineers provided technical assistance during manufacturing and testing of the machine. The design parameters of the machine were prepared. The first prototype unit could not be succeeded. However, the second prototype unit worked well and gave encouraging results. The machine was tested on water buffaloes and cows at a dairy farm in Okara. The machine is well suited for both cows and buffaloes with minor adjustment of vacuum control and replacement of teat-cups and claw piece (milking cluster). The machine is powered by a 0.55kW, 220V, 50Hz electric motor, fully sealed for safety and durability to the dry type vacuum pump. The unit has a vacuum tank with an 18 liter capacity. A 30 liter stainless steel milk bucket ensures sufficient capacity of milk.

The vacuum level (pressure) 46-48 kPa gave maximum average milk yield of 0.807 liters/minute for single cluster. For an average size teat of buffalo, a 25 mm dia. liner size worked well. The cost calculated for machine and manual milking of buffaloes was Rs. 0.50 per liter and Rs. 0.20 per liter, respectively. The machine milking seemed to be more expensive compared with hand milking as the initial cost of production of the machine was too high.

The machine was demonstrated at the Livestock Research Station, NARC, Islamabad to the local dairy farmers and other end users.

Chopper MachineChopper machine is used to crush the straw, hay, bushes, leaves of trees and grasses into small pieces to make a biofertilier which increases the fertility of the soil by adding natural nutrients into the soil. Agricultural and Biological Engineering Institute (ABEI), NARC Islamabad has developed a drum type chopper machine. The drum type chopper has cutting blades on the drum and on the bar type concave on equidistant. Length of intake material is limited according to the size of the inlet. From the inlet, the crushing material is sucked by the cutting blades and is cut into Typical view of chopper machine in operation.



small pieces (10-20 mm long) by the rotational force of the drum. Finely chopped material passes through the series of cutting blades and is thrown out from an outlet. The machine is powered by an electrical motor of 5HP.

Mango Picking and De-Sapping Machine

In Pakistan, mango harvesting involves the traditional method of manual picking which is time consuming and laborious job. Thirty percent of waste has been recorded in improper handling of mangoes during and after harvesting of the crop. In order to reduce these losses, save time and drudgery, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Institute (ABEI), Islamabad has designed a mechanical mango harvester equipped with pre-cooling or de-sapping facility.

The machine was developed at the workshop of M/s Javaid Industrial Company, Gujranwala. ABEI engineers provided technical drawings and assistance. The machine consists of a hydraulic platform equipped with mango picking bucket, hydraulic control system, trolley for water tank and a diesel engine of 20 HP. The machine can be hitched to a small tractor (20-25 HP) to move in the field. Its working height is from 8 to 35 ft and is able to pick mango from the entire tree. A water tank of 3000 liters is provided to supply water used for de-sapping of mangoes immediately after harvesting to improve the quality of mango. The operational cost of the machine is Rs. 500/- per hour and can harvest about 7 tons of mango per day by engaging 6-8 persons in all operations.

Directory of Successful Farm Machinery in PakistanAn updated and informative directory of successful farm machinery in Pakistan comprising over 160 pages was prepared and submitted to SAARC head Quarters for its publication and circulation among SAARC member countries.

Second prototype unit of mango picking machine.



Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources Genebank Management and Plant Genetic Resources Conservation is the core activity of Plant Genetic Resources Institute. The acquired PGRs are processed and preserved for end users. A total of 8337accessions were distributed among the stakeholders during the year under report. A substantial number of accessions was acquired (1328) and subjected to viability testing. Physical verification of 21840 samples in base collection and 6760 accession in active storage for seed quantity was conducted.

The exotic chili germplasm of diverse origin were invest igated. The germplasm investigated displayed variability for most of the attributes studied including colour, size, pungency and yield. The sufficient seed for most of the genotypes were obtained which will be allotted accession numbers and stored in the genebank

Seed of Mazri palm was received from WRRI, NARC for optimizing its germination conditions. We applied different treatments to the seed of Mazri palm and sown in different environments which include incubator, room conditions and open field. We got varying germination in different treatments. The highest germination (48.3%) was observed under field conditions when seed was sown along with pulp.

This year five genotypes of garlic including exotic germplasm were received from vegetable programme for conservation in the genebank. The germplasm received was in small quantity. The multiplication of garlic is being conducted. Germplasm was sown in October 2011 under field conditions. After the harvest the germplasm will be ready for further distribution.

Nursery was raised of the 19 onion cultivars (Phulkara, Dark Red, Mirpur Khas, Robina, Desi Red, Desi Large, Faisalabad Red, Early

AcquisitionDistributionViability

1328 901

8337

Exotic garlic

Diversity in chilies

Mazri plam

Agriculture Biotechnology and Genetic Resources


Red, Pusa Red, Red Imposta, PK10321, VRIO-1, VRIO-2, VRIO-3, VRIO-4, VRIO-5, VRIO-6 and VRIO-7) received from HRI, AARI, Faisalabad for seed increase and conservation at the genebank.

Radish germplasm from Russia and Thailand was grown in the field to see their performance at NARC. The exotic germplasm performed well and displayed better adaptability. The exotic radish germplasm was planted at four different locations in NARC providing proper isolation distance. Sufficient seed was multiplied.

A study was initiated to study the invigoration impact of magnetized seed and water on seed germination. For this purpose wheat, rice, mungbean, brassica and cotton seeds with low viability were subjected to magnetic treatments. It was observed that the treated water was more invigorative to seed germination with positive correlation to number of passing as compared to seed magnetization. The preliminary study indicated the utility of magnetic funnels to be used for germination enhancement of germplasm with low viability.

A study was initiated this year to screen drought tolerant tomato genotypes using Poly-Ethylene Glycol (PEG) as stress inducing agent under lab conditions. Initially PEG concentration was optimized through series of experiments. Later on 110 tomato accessions from the genebank including 13 commercial varieties were screened against PEG simulated drought stress. The data has been compiled. The selected genotypes showing tolerance to PEG are being tested under field conditions.

Thirty six accessions of spinach have been characterized, multiplied and shifted to genebank. Similarly, 14 elite lines of coriander including Chinese, Indian, Iranian and Thai accessions were multiplied and conserved in the genebank.

Onion cultivars

Spinach in field

Magnetic funnel

Thai radishRussian radish



Powdery mildew resistant and lodging tolerant Pisum sativum genotypes developed by IABGR were multiplied for further multilocational testing. These genotypes were developed by the blend of conventional breeding methodology through Single Seed Descent (SSD) methods and the Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) for powdery mildew disease using er1 gene on the basis of a DNA marker.

Eighty two tomato genotypes including 3 checks were evaluated during 2011 for various traits to assess the nature and magnitude of genetic variability including correlation as well as their contribution towards yield.

A total of 150 accessions of brassica oilseeds and related wild species were acquired from abroad for strengthening crucifer genetic resources in the country. 208 accessions of brassica oilseeds (acquired from abroad) were regenerated for seed increase and further storage in gene-bank, while more than 20 promising lines were multiplied for further seed increase in current cropping season and their possible use in future breeding.

Out of 2573 accessions, 1169 have been characterized and evaluated for agro-morphological traits under field conditions. During report period, 132 accessions of B.carinata and 78 of canola rapeseed were evaluated at NARC. Seed samples have been prepared and are being sent to NIFA, Peshawar for the assessment of seed quality traits. Ten accessions namely 27385, 27388, 27397, 27398, 27406, 27410, 27425, 27447, 27449, and 27450 have been identified on the basis higher yield, bold seeds, higher oil contents and low erucic acid/ glucosinolates. Selected lines have been multiplied for seed increase and further testing at farmers' fields for utilization in future breeding programs.

A total of 132 accessions of Brassica carinata, 78 accessions of canola rapeseed, 100 accessions of guar and 150 accessions of indigenous maize were subjected to SDS-PAGE of seed storage proteins using slab gel method. Results revealed limited variation among various accessions of brassica oilseeds and guar at intra-specific level, while a significant variation was observed among maize germplasm.

SSR analysis was carried out using 80 accessions of Brassica carinata, 24 parents and F2

Powdery mildew resistant and lodging tolerant advanced line derived from the hybrid Ps99102238/11760

Tomato in field

Brassica germplasm



hybrids of brassica, 28 lines of brassica oilseeds and their wild relatives and 30 breeding lines of rice for genetic diversity analysis on molecular basis. Some of the markers like Ra2-F11 showed diversity among various genotypes. The majority of SSR markers detected low level of variation among cultivars/accessions of oilseed brassica at intra and inter-specific level. Six genome-specific markers were identified. Among them BRMS029 and Na12D04 were specific to A-genome, while BM83B1, Na12B09, Na12H02, sORA21b were C-genome specific. Rice genotypes depicted high level of variability using SSR markers. RAPD analysis was also conducted for 30 accessions of guar for genetic diversity analysis on molecular basis.

Studies on identification of early maturing spineless lines in safflower, early maturity & high yielding germplasm in guar for Thal & Cholistan area, and high yielding lines of Taramira (Eruca sativa) for marginal lands was continued. A total of 34 early maturing and spineless accessions of safflower and Taramira germplasm was evaluated at Cholistan Institute of Deserts Studies, Islamiya University, Bahawalpur and Neelibar Agricultural Research & Training Station (NARTS), Burewala. Seven elite accessions of sesame and six promising lines of guar were also characterized for various quantitative and qualitative traits and their seed multiplied. Promising germplasm with higher seed yield and better grain size in rice, spineless safflower and high yielding sesame has been identified for its further utilization in future breeding programs and developing cultivars for marginal lands of country.

A total of 130 accessions of different medicinal and herbal plants have been collected from diverse ecologies of Pakistan to broaden gene-pool of aromatic plant species. Efforts were also being made to acquire germplasm from abroad. Germplasm of various medicinal herbs was characterized for agro-morphological traits under field conditions at NARC, Islamabad and out-stations for seed multiplication and identification of superior genotypes. A total of 21 demonstration plots of various herbal species including fennel, Ispaghol, Kalonji and Tukhm-e-balungoo were conducted at 15 locations in the districts of Bahawalpur, Lahore, Leyyah, Mianwali, Nankana Sahib, Sargodha, Vehari, etc. Besides demonstration plots, 20 cultivars of canola rapeseed, 10 elite lines of linseed and 50 accessions of Taramira

Safflower in field

Tukhm-e-balungoo germplasm

Taramera germplasm



were planted at NARTS, Burewala and Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies (CIDS), Islamiya University, Bahawalpur for identification of better performing lines. The process of registration of four promising lines one each from fennel, linseed, Methi and Taramira is underway with FSCRD, Islamabad. NARC-Kalonji and promising genotypes of fennel, guar, Ispaghol, linseed, Methi, Taramira and Tukhme-balungoo being registered with FSC&RD, have been multiplied on larger area at NARC for their seed increase and future distribution to the progressive growers in Pakistan. For conservation, multiplication, education and distribution of various seed and vegetatively propagated plant species, a herbal garden has been set-up at NARC, Islamabad under field conditions. Besides field grown medicinal plants, a number of herbal and flowering plants have also been established and maintained in pots/trays under glasshouse conditions.

Barley germplasm consisting of 206 local and exotic accessions from the genebank of IABGR, NARC was evaluated for eleven qualitative and four quantitative traits. Genetic diversity for agro-morphological characters was studied in the germplasm. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method classified the accessions into different groups on the basis of genetic diversity. SDS-PAGE analysis was also performed to assess the genetic diversity in the germplasm for seed storage proteins.

One hundred and seventy six oat germplasm and two checks were sown and evaluated in winter season 2011 for morphological characters. Variation was observed for morphological characters such as plant height, days to heading, number of tillers/plant, number of leaves/tiller, leaf width, leaf length and days to maturity.

The diversity of acidic subunits of 12S globulin in oat germplasm was studied by Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Total seed storage proteins were resolved on 12% SDS-PAGE. On the basis of variation in banding

Oat germplasm

Ispaghol germplasm


Check I II III IV V

12S globulin acidic subunits

12S globulin basic subunits

Oat accessions were classified into five variation groups based on variation in banding pattern of 12S globulin acidic subunits


patterns of acidic subunits, the oat germplasm could be classified into five variation groups (VG), i.e. VG-1, VG-II, VG-III, VG-IV and VG-V. The classification of 12S globulin acidic subunits into five distinct variation groups highlights the wide variation in acidic subunits among oat germplasm from Pakistan. The variation observed in acidic subunits of 12S globulin in oat germplasm could be further exploited for manipulating the nutritional quality of oat seed.

Ginger is not cultivated in Pakistan and almost all the ginger consumed in this country is imported from China and other neighboring countries. In order to evaluate its cultivation in Pakistan, and to meet objectives of conserving germplasm of this vegetatively propagated species, eight accessions of ginger germplasm were acquired. These germplasm were conserved using in-vitro method and their conservation was extended for 1 year by using growth retardants namely mannitol and sorbitol.

Ginger is a sensitive crop and can not withstand in sun light, therefore grows under shade conditions. It was attempted to grow it under shade house (green net) conditions and also as intercropping between either junter or maize. Maximum yield obtained was nearly 350 gm per plant starting from 25 gm rhizome planted initially. Ginger performed better when intercropped with maize than with junter as maximum yield obtained was 405 gm per plant whereas with junter, maximum yield was 283 gm per plant.

Ginger rhizomes have to be cut into pieces before planting and cut surfaces are prone to funagl infection. Therefore they have to be treated with fungicides. Two types of fungicides were evaluated, namely benlate, (2500 ppm) and cyclohexamide (100ppm). Benlate prevented fungal infection among 19 out of total 25 rhizomes treated but fungicidal effect depended upon the accession.

Six germplasm accessions of turmeric were acquired/ collected from different sources and their field performance evaluated. Moreover, 6 of citrus, 1 of betel, 1 of raspberry, 1 of pine apple and 6 of mint is being maintained as in-vitro or in field conditions.

Ginger experiment

Turmeric rhizomes harvested from field conditions



For the objectives of promoting kitchen gardening of ginger at house hold level 400 pots of soil mix were prepared and ginger was sown to evaluate their culture performance in pot conditions.

Nearly 150 grape accessions are being maintained in the field conditions and 2 accessions of fig and two accessions of loquat have been acquired and planted in open field conditions. One accession of strawberry from swat area was acquired and established in field conditions and its performance for its yield evaluated; maximum yield obtained per plant was nearly 250gm.

Wheat and rice collected from NARC tested for the presence of seed borne fungi by standard blotter method. A total of eight fungi were identified in the Rice germplasm viz., Penicilliumspp., Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Curvularia oryzae, Mucor spp, Pythium spp, Alternariaalternata, Helminthosporium oryzae, Pyricularia oryzae and Rhizopus spp. Fungi species predominately associated with wheat germplasm were; A. alternata, A.flavus, A. niger, Penecillium spp., Mucor spp., Pythium spp., Fusarium gramenarium and C. Lunata.

Antimicrobial potential of essential oil from three medicinal herbs i.e. Asavi mint, Catnip and basil was tested on five fungi viz. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Pythium spp., Alternaria alternata, and Penicillium spp. The antifungal activity of these three oils was observed through Disk diffusion and Agar dilution methods. Essential oils of three tested medicinal plants possess potential antifungal activity. Basil essential oil showed highest, Catnip with moderate and Asavi mint showed the least activity. All oils showed highest activity at 2500 ppm.

Penicillium spp. growth inhibition by Ocimum basilicum (basil) essential oil.

Antifungal activity of catnip oil against Penicillium spp using agar dilution method at different concentrations.


Percent infection of fungi in Rice germplasm Percent infection of fungi in wheat germplasm


Mint essential oils were screened against Gram +ve bacteria to assess the antibacterial potential. Mentha longifolia and M. Piperitashowed highest antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis.

Essential oils of 18 mint and 9 basil cultivars extracted through hydro-distillation and analyzed to determine the monoterpene, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated terpenoid contents thorough Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). Major compounds identified were á-pinen, â-pinen, Linalool, Citronellal, Borneol, Neral, Geraniol, Geranial, Limonene, á-terpineol, Menthyl acetate, Carvone, Carvone oxide, Menthol, dihydrocarveol, cis-dihydrocarvone, Bornyl acetate, á-caryophyllene, â-caryophyllene, ã-cadinene, calamenene, spathulenol, á-muurolol, germacrene D, cis-jasmone,menthone, Pulegone, Estragole, á-terpineol, Pipretone, caryophyllene oxide, ã-eudesmol, â-eudesmol, á-cadinol, á-eudesmol, C a m p h e n e , p - c y m e n e , 1 , 8 - c i n e o l ,isomenthone, neoisomenthol, ã-terpineol, cis-carveol, Menthyl acetate, isopulegyl acetate, ã-muurolene, spathulenol, Carvone, Piperitenone, á-terpeniol, Sabinene, neomenthol, Menthofuran, isomenthone, á-bisbolene, Nepeta lactone, â-Farnesene, á-humulene, Cadinene, Germacrene-D-4-ol, ä-3- Carene, Cis-ocimene, Trans-ocimene, Viridiflorol, â-myrcene, Eucalyptol, Cis-Pipertone oxide, Trans- Pipertone oxide, Thymol, Piperitenone oxide, Thymol acetate.

Essential oils from spice herbs including thyme, oregano, lavender and rosemary were subjected to GC-MS analysis. The compounds detected were á-thyjene, á-pinene, Camphene, â-pinene, Myrcene, á-terpinen, ñ-cymene, 1,8-cineole, 1,8-cineole, ã - t e r p i n e n e , c i s - s a b i n e n e h y d r a t e , Camphenilone, Linalool, á-thyjone, Borneol, Terpinene-4-ol, ñ-cymene-8-ol, á-terpineol, C a r v e o l , B o r n y l a c e t a t e , T h y m o l , Caryophelleneoxide, Terpinolene, Carvacrol, â-caryophyllene, Trans caryophyllene,

Antibacterial activity of M. Longifolia

Lavender and Rosemary Plants

Essential Oil Extraction through Hydro-distillation Unit


Mint Leaves for Essential Oil


Camphor, Limonene, Eucalyptol, cis- â-terpineol, 1, 5-dimethyl-1-vinyl-4-heneyl butyrate, Caryophyllene and á-Caryophyllene.

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� Documentation about (587) accessions of peas (180), wheat (02), barley (08), oats (02), sorghum (30), sudan grass (16), Lucerne (08), berseem (16), chilli (8), rice (91), cowpea (55) and tomato (171) acquired from National and International institutions were conducted.

� About 396 samples of sorghum, sudan grass, Lucerne, berseem, chilli, rice, cowpea, tomato and oats were assigned new accession numbers and added in the main database file.

� Documentation of millet (730), sorghum (920), wheat (800) and barley (700) of genebank location entries was conducted.

� National Information Sharing Mechanism (NISM) database system was established and linked with FAO website: http://www.pgrfa.org/gpa/nisms.htm

� Six catalogues were published to disseminate the information among the stakeholders for better utilization of PGR information for the crop improvement.

Rice and maize germplasm catalogue - 2011-12Rabi minor cereals germplasm catalogue -2011-12Kharif minor cereals germplasm catalogue - 2011-12Conventional oilseeds germplasm catalogue - 2011-12Non-Conventional oilseeds germplasm catalogue - 2011-12Germplasm catalogue of vegetable crops - 2011-12



National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB) has been established at NARC during 2007. It has two separate components; Plant Biotechnology Program, and Animal Biotechnology Program. Main thrust of the program is to identify new valuable gene(s) having quality and high yielding characteristics and to introduce them in crop plants through genetic engineering and to address the specific problems. This would help to develop environmentally safe local crop genotypes with economically important traits. Marker-assisted breeding and QTL mapping is another area of our research priority.

Genetic Engineering (GMOs development)

� First Pakistani Rust resistant transgenic wheat line � Drought and salt tolerant wheat � Drought and salt tolerant rice� Herbicide resistant transgenic Groundnut� Drought & Salt tolerant transgenic Groundnut � Identified genes for long staple length in cotton� Introgression of Insect resistance genes in local Cotton Cultivar

Plant Tissue Culture

� Production of disease free banana � Production of disease free potato� Micro- propagation of peer and female Papaya � Acquisition of high yielding banana germplasm� Micro propagation of date palm through tissue culture� In vitro propagation of exotic and local cultivars of sugarcane

Bioassay of Transgenic WheatCalli on Selection Media Regeneration of transformedcalli media

Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology

Production of disease free potato



GMOs Testing

� Bt genes detection & expression monitoring System in cotton

Microbial Biotechnology

� Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) from Pakistani ecology

� Boron and Halo-tolerant Bacteria from Pakistani ecology

� Pathogenic strains causing Bacterial Leaf Blight in Rice and cankar in Citrus from Pakistan ecology

� Identification of gene(s) involved in Boron transport from Bacillusboroniphilus.

Marker Assisted Breeding

� Marker assisted selection for abiotic stresses in wheat.� Development of populations for mapping QTL conferring resistance to wheat rusts and

salt tolerance.� Molecular genetic variation for stem rust resistance in Pakistani wheat.� Molecular characterization of Pakistani wheat varieties for quality traits� Studies on rice for salt-tolerance.

Gene Isolation & Functional Characterization

� Expression analysis of flowering genes� Studies on Mpf2-like MADS-box genes for fertility function in plants

Confirmation of Bt gene presence in Cotton

Yield enhancement by PGPR identified

Linkage maps developed in SH349 x Opata wheat population developed for drought tolerance analysis

M 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 9899 100 + -

Electropherogram of NWDSN wheat lines with marker for Lr34/Yr18 genes


Location of CAST gene on chromosome 5 of bovine

Electrophoretic patterns showing Prolactin gene polymorphism in Buffalo & Cattle breeds

� Isolation and functional characterization of lectin genes� Isolation and functional characterization of salt stress-responsive transcripts from rice

and Salicornia

Animal Biotechnology

� Genetics of milk production in indigenous cattle and buffalo breeds� Prolactin gene polymorphism in nili-ravi buffalo, sahiwal and achai cattle� Genetic analysis of cast gene polymorphism in indigenous sheep and goat breeds� Epigenetic profile study of milk production genes promoters in bovines

Future Research Areas

� Introduction of genes against sap-sucking pests (white fly, jassid, aphid) in cotton� Development of Bt cotton varieties with high level of toxin expression (~ 1.5µg/mg)� Introduction of genes against CLCuV in cotton. � Frost tolerant tomato transgenic plants� Insect resistant Bt transgenic Chickpea� Isolation of Sodium proton antiporter genes from different crops.

Isolation of Lectin gene from Garlic (Allium sativum) using PCR



Indigenous Hybrid Cotton Seed Technology

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council initiated the program for the development of indigenous cotton hybrids. Two approaches i.e. two line and three line system are being adopted. Two line is an expensive method which increase production cost up to Rs. 3000/Kg Three line system contain A,B and R line which reduce production cost up to 60% as it eliminate manual emasculation and pollination is carried out by Honey bees. The objective of this research are; Identification of best combining lines; Re-constitution and evaluation of new hybrid combinations; Identification of Cytoplasmic Male sterile line (A line); Development of Maintainer line (B line) and fertility restoration (Rf1) source.

Evaluation of New Hybrid Combinations� Five hybrids were planted on 100 acres of 10 farmers in Sindh and Punjab Provinces.

Hybrid No.2 and No.3 have shown considerable heat tolerance compared to control Tarzan-1 and MNH-886 in the Multan region fields. 35-60 bolls/plant were recorded in the month of July, 2011 which was 10-25 in Tarzan-1 and MNH-886. Three hybrids (1,2,3) submitted for evaluation at National levels (2011-12). The results of National Trials were as follows;

� All three hybrids were free of CLCuV th

� HSP-1: 8 position overall Pakistan (2303.3kg/ha)th th

� HSP-2: 5 position in Faisalabad Zone (2231 kg/ha), 6 in Sindh Zone (1825 kg/ha)th

� HSP-3: 8 position in Sindh zone (1821 kg/ha)� HSP-2 & HSP-3, top for fibre length (27.88 mm)

th� HSP-3, 4 position for GOT% (44.11%)

nd� Hybrids have been re-submitted for 2 evaluation (2012-13)

Development of A and B linesBackcross-1 has been performed for the conversion of promising female combiners (Bt-121, FH-113, Bt-3701, MNH-886, BB, AA, G-1002, RRL-6, RRL-2) into CMS lines.

The sterility of CMS plants was further confirmed by Potassium iodide staining of anther under microscope.

Cotton Hybrids

Potassium iodide staining of fertile and sterile pollen


Identification of Fertility Restorer SourceThe F1 Progeny (selected fertile plant x CMS plant) of 32 selected plants were analyzed at Glass house and segregation in fertility were observed . The progeny of R1, R15, R16,R17 and R18 were fertile and further PCR analysis successively tagged Rf1 gene with AF-094830 primer in above mentioned restorers

Conclusion

� Source of cytoplasmic male sterility identified� BC-1 was accomplished for development of B-line� Fertility restorer plants (R-1, R-17, R-15, R-16) confirmed� DNA marker (AF-094830) successfully tagged Rf1 gene� Application of AF-094830 will speed up conversion of local lines into restorers (3-

5 years).

Cotton Hybrids

Morphology of Sterile (left) and fertile flowers(right)

Tagging of fertility restorer plantsR-6 R-10 R-1 R 9 R 6 R 4 R 13 R 8 R12 R17 R18

Amplicon Size 360bp


High Density Orchards for Higher Fruit Production

Yields of fruit orchards are strongly related to tree planting density. The low yields of traditional orchards can be improved substantially with high density orchards, however our growers have very little or no experience. This system, popularly known as the High Density Planting (HDP), enables: earlier cropping, higher regular yields and improved farm management practices, leading to higher productivity with better quality and profitability.

According to Agricultural Statistics, the area under cultivation of fruits in Pakistan is about 875,000 hectares. Out of which we are getting 7,200,000 tones of fresh fruits annually. Our average production is about 8.23 Tones per hectare, which is very low as compared to advanced countries i.e. 20-25 Tones per hectare. There are many reasons for low production and there is need to increase the productivity, in order to meet the needs of increasing population and exports as well. To increase the production either we need to increase the area under fruit cultivation or to go for modern orchard establishment and management practices. Control of excessive vegetative growth in the tree for increased productivity is the major principle of high density orcharding. Horticultural practices most commonly known to control tree growth are training, pruning, use of dwarfing rootstock and growth regulators. High density orchards can also be intercropped with short duration fruits (Papaya, pineapple and strawberry) vegetables and pulses etc. Small land holding farmers can also get benefits from this method of cultivation, resulting in increased income.

Growing the Fig at High Density

The Common Fig (Ficus carica) is a large, deciduous shrub or small tree native to southwest Asia and the Mediterranean region (from Afghanistan to Portugal). Fig trees are cut back severely in fall or winter, depending on whether the crop is desired in the following summer or fall. Branches are often notched to induce lateral branching and increase the yield.

Figs plants are easy to propagate, propagation using seeds is not the preferred method since vegetative methods are quicker and more reliable. For spring propagation, before the tree starts growth, cut 15-25 cm (6-10 inches) shoots that have healthy buds at their ends, and set into a moist perlite/sandy soil mix located in the shade. Once the cuttings start to produce leaves, bury them up to the bottom leaf to give the plant a good start in the desired location.

Horticulture

High Density Plantation of Fig


Figs can be grown in High Density Plantation as high as strawberry in rows (2×1 ft. 21780 plants per acre). After one year of plantation during first fall before sprouting if pruned like Falsa (Grewia asiatica L.), one can get 60,000 to 70,000 cuttings from an acre for next planting. Every year one can harvest over 5 tones of fruit (200-250 gms. per plant) from the pruned plants as spring crop.

Evaluation and Selection of Orange Hybrids at NARC

Three mandarin hybrids (NARC , NARC , NARC ) were developed through crosses 04-4 04-5 04-6

between Musammbi and Kinnow grafted on sour orange rootstock, were planted in the area of Fruit Crops, HRI, NARC for evaluation studies during 2009. Growth data of plant height, spread and trunk girth was recorded for testing their adoptability. Better plant growth was recorded in the hybrids of NARC and NARC with plant height (199,196 cm), canopy 04-6 04-4

3volume (129.29, 120.94 F ) and trunk girth (20.75, 22.25 cm) respectively when compared to Musambi and NARC with a plant height of 145.0 and 178.75cm respectively. Developed 04-5

orange hybrids have initiated flowering during March, 2012. The data for fruit quality and quantity will be recorded for selection of the hybrids in Nov-Dec 2012.

Evaluation of Mandarin Hybrids in Citrus Growing Area

Four mandarin hybrids (NARC NARC NARC and NARC ) developed through 05-06, 05-14, 05-17, 05-18

crosses between Kinnow × Salustiana (orange) cultivar were planted at CRI, Sargodha for testing their performance. During 2011 two hybrids NARC and NARC initiated 05-18 0517

flowering and fruiting on small scale. Data of plant growth, fruit number, fruit weight, fruit size, rind thickness, number of seeds per fruit, juice content, TSS and acidity were recorded.

Horticulture

Growth data of Orange hybrids (Musammbi × Kinnow) for the year 2012Cv/Hybrids Plant Height (cm) Plant spread/canopy

volume Trunk Girth (cm)

145.00 47.03 14.50196.00 120.94 22.25178.75 62.21 18.00199.00 129.29 20.75

Musammbi NARC04-4NARC04-5 NARC04-6


Plant Growth

Maximum plant height (276 cm) was recorded in NARC followed by NARC (272 cm) 05-18 05-17

whereas NARC had the plant height of 252.75 cm which was higher than NARC05-06 05-14

(236.25 cm) and Kinnow (209.8 cm). NARC attained the maximum canopy volume 05-173(143.10 ft ) which was larger than NARC , NARC and NARC with canopy volume of 05-18 05-14 05-6

3 3 3117.30 ft , 100.77 ft and 94.63 ft respectively. Kinnow showed minimum canopy volume of 389.72 ft . Maximum trunk girth was recorded in NARC (27.7 cm) followed by NARC05-18 05-

(26.6 cm) compared to trunk girth recorded in Kinnow (21.92 cm).17

Fruit Production and Quality data

The number of fruits per plant on Kinnow ranged from 20-180 compared to NARC and 05-18

NARC ranged from 4-37 and 6-53 fruit per plant. 05-17

The NARC showed better performance in respect of juice contents (52.99%) and TSS 05-18

value (11.25°Brix) as compared to Kinnow (juice contents 51.87%) and TSS (11.0°Brix). The acidity content was lower in the hybrid NARC (0.78%) and NARC (0.87%) than 05-17 05-18

that of Kinnow (1.04%) when fruit harvested on 13-12-2012. In the evaluation trial two mandarin hybrids seem to be earliness in maturity but to draw the solid conclusion 2-3 consecutive crops are needed for evaluation and selection of the hybrids.

Evaluation of Potato Germplasm Against Late Blight

22 Potato varieties/clones were evaluated at Sharan, Mansehra (Khyber Pukhtun Khawa) against late blight which is a serious potato disease. Trial was planted on 1st June 2011 and

Horticulture

S. No. Varieties/Clones Blight Incidence (%)

1 CIP 393574-72

FD 70-1

FD 61-3

15%

2 20%

3 25%

4 Sarpo Mira 20%


blight incidence was recorded on 1-8-2011, 7-8-2011 and 18-8-2011. Minimum disease incidence was <25% on the following varieties/clones.

In variety Senna and potato clone FD 69-1 disease incidence was 30% and 40% respectively. Where as all other varieties/clones (16) were found highly susceptible to late blight ranging from 60-95% disease incidence.

Keeping Quality of Exotic Potato VarietiesBetter keeping quality of potato ensures product preservation and retention of its food value for longer time. To assess keeping quality of elite (exotic) potato varieties multiplied in spring, after harvest in May were stored and kept at 4±1°C storage temperature until 1st week of September.

Varieties with longer storage life are preferred over short lived ones as this would help minimize post harvest losses in such varieties. Potato Program is engaged in selection of potato varieties which are high yielding, disease resistant and have desirable quality attributes with wider adaptability.

Horticulture

Better keeping quality Poor keeping quality

Keeping qualities of potato varieties multiplied in autumn

*(0-9) 0 no Tuber wilting 9-Highly shrivelled.** (0-9) 9 Excellent-Highest Rank. 0-Poorest-Lowest Rank.

Varieties Tuber wilting(0-9 scale)*

Tuber sprouting /age

Sprout wt%gm

TuberRottage %age by nos.

Rottage by wt/age

Over all quality (0-9 scale)**

Kuroda 3.67 B 16.06 C 8.6 C 4.2 C 3.4 B 6.16 CKiran 3.5 B 49.46 B 8.5 C 2.5 D 1.9 B 6.3 BC Horizon 4.0 B 55.57 B 15.93 C 0 E 0 B 6.5 BC Sylvana 9.0 A 100 A 184.5 A 100 A 100 A 0 D Innovator 9.0 A 100 A 72.33 B 16.3 B 14.7 B 0 DSafari 3.5 B 8.5 D 21.53 BC 0.6 E 0.3 B 7 AB Cardinal 1.77 C 4.7 D 1.13 C 0.5 E 0.4 B 7.6 ALSD 0.6817 6.1064 23.513 1.7632 38.656 0.6677


Results

Results showed that potato variety Cardinal multiplied in autumn as well as in spring retained excellent quality during storage followed by varieties Safari (multiplied in Autumn).Sarpo Mira, VR 98-1111, Murato and Ronaldo (multiplied in spring) that retained overall tuber quality rating quite high. Potato varieties; Innovator Sylvana and Royal were found very poor in keeping quality: primarily due to high wilt rating and sprout and rottage percentage during storage.

National Uniform Yield Trial (NUYT)National Uniform Yield Trial (NUYT) is key factor and enables scientists to evaluate and recommend new clones as candidate varieties for commercial cultivation. 10 elite clones along with two controls (Asterix and Sante) were planted in replicated trial at NARC.

Yield is a prime trait which helps in selection of any new variety because farmers are concerned with this trait along with the quality ratings. The analysis of variance for yield showed significant differences among treatments. Yield ranged from 25.03 to 32.83 t/ha. The highest yield was recorded in FD 70-1 (32.83 t/ha) followed by Sarpo Mira (30.71 t/ha) and SH216-A (29.59 t/ha). These clones were at par with each other and significantly higher than control variety Asterix (26.89 t/ha). The poorest performance was shown by FD 63-1 with the value of 25.03 t/ha. This year crop was saved by plastic sheets from early frost damage. All the treatments yielded better than national average yield i.e. 20 t/ha.

Horticulture

Keeping qualities of potato varieties multiplied in spring.

*(0-9)0 no tuber wilting 9-Highly shriveled.**(0- 9)9 Excellent-Highest Rank. 0-Poorest-Lowest Rank

Varieties Tuber wilting(0-9 scale)*

Tuber sprouting %age

Sprout wt %gm

TuberRottage %age (Nos)

Rottage by %age/wt

Sarpo Mira 1.83 E 2.7 C 1.5 C 3.3 BC 2.66 BC Aziza 3.66 B 8.3 BC 16.63 A 3.1 BC 2.53BCRonaldo 2.83 CD 2.5 C 0.6 C 4.7 B 4.46 ABMurato 3.50 BC 2.0 C 1.13 C 1.5 CD 1.76 CRoyal 6.66 A 61.5 A 6.30 B 7.1 A 5.20 ARomeo 3.33 BC 12.6 B 8.06 B 1.7 CD 1.43 CComila 3.83 B 4.5 C 2.3 C 4.7 B 4.26 ABVR98-1111 2.16 DE 6.6 BC 2.2 C 1.5 CD 1.23 CCardinal 1.66 E 1.7 C 0.8 C 0.9 D 0.83 CLSD 0.7066 6.7757 2.7560 2.1769 2.4212

Over all quality (0 -9 scale)**7.50 A5.50C6.0 BC6.16 BC 2.50 D5.50 C6.0 BC6.50 B8.0 A0.8574


Exotic Potato Varieties Evaluation 2011-12In spring 2011-12 fifteen exotic potato varieties were provided by private sector for adoptability testing along with standard varieties which were tested in spring and autumn season at NARC. Emergence was satisfactory in all these varieties (more than 90%) lowest emergence was recorded in variety Dalida. In variety Sagitta, HZD00-112 and Folva 100% emergence was recorded.

Sagitta, Evora and Vivi were observed as high yielding varieties and produce yield more than 40 t/ha. Lowest yield was recorded in variety Axona 21.73 t/ha in Check variety Desiree yield was 23.10 t/ha. Maximum marketable yield was recorded in variety Dalida 94.50% followed by Vivi (92.43%) and lowest in Romeo (74%). Emergence was satisfactory in all the varieties and it was more than 90%. Highest emergence was recorded in variety Desiree (99.33%), lowest emergence was recorded in variety HZD -01-58 (93.33 %).

Vivi Sagitta, and Folva were observed as high yielding varieties and produce yield more than 30 t/ha i.e. 34.96, 32.96 and 32.68 t/ha respectively. Lowest yield was recorded in variety Axona 22.41 t/ha in check variety Desiree yield was 23.09 t/ha. Maximum marketable yield was recorded in variety Vivi 93.40% followed by Sagitta (92.94%) and lowest in Blue Dunube (79.78%). Sagitta and Vivi were found high yielding during both spring and autumn season.

Horticulture

Name of Varieties Emergence (%) Yield t/ha Marketable Yield (%) Color

Sagitta 100 A 40.33 A 85.63 W

Desiree 97.67 AB 23.10D 85.63 R

Evora 99.00 A 40.00A 87.63 W

HZD-01-58 97.67 AB 39.10AB 84.66 W

HZD-00-112 100.00A 39.66A 82.06 R

Vivi 10.00A 42.00A 92.43 W

Senna 99.00A 35.40ABC 86.30 R

Folva 100A 35.63ABC 88.03 W

Anais 92.33BED 35.63ABC 90.33 W

Dalida 90.00D 27.63BCD 94.50 R

Lacetta 95.67ABC 30.23ABCD 91.03 W

Chellah 91.00CD 35.63ABC 89.86 W

Romeo 97.67AB 30.46ABCD 74.10 R

Blue Dunube 98.00A 22.13D 87.96 Purple

Axona 99.00A 21.73D 84.63 W

Sarpo Mira 96.99AB 23.93CD 91.85 R

LSD 2.042 5.068

S No

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Performance of imported potato varieties during spring season 2011-12

Exotic varieties adoptability trial at NARC


Hybrid Development & EvaluationThe Program has made efforts for the indigenous hybrid development in tomato, bitter gourd and chillies.

Tomato

Preliminary Evaluation

The Program has indigenously developed fifteen determinate tomato hybrids. The preliminary evaluation of these tomato hybrids was under taken along with their seven parental lines and three international determinate tomato hybrids. The indigenously

Horticulture

Performance of imported potato varieties during autumn season 2011-12

2 Desiree 99.33 23.09 84.64 R

3 Evora 96.67 26.80 90.67 W

4 HZD-01-58 93.33 26.14 88.98 W

5 HZD-00-112 95.33 24.97 91.15 R

6 Vivi 96.67 34.96 93.40 W

7 Senna 94.67 26.17 86.74 R

8 Folva 94.67 32.68 92.68 W

9 Anais 95.00 28.80 84.23 W

10 Dalida 95.33 24.35 89.35 R

11 Lacetta 95.67 30.63 91.50 W

12 Chellah 95.67 25.01 89.60 W

13 Romeo 94.33 29.15 92.76 R

14 Blue Dunube 93.67 23.33 79.78 Purple

15 Axona 95.00 22.41 87.52 W

16 Sarpo Mira 96.33 27.35 89.98 R

LSD 3.342 2.60 1.91

S No Name of Varieties Emergence (%) Yield t/ha Marketable Yield (%) Color

1 Sagitta 97.67 32.99 92.94 W

Elite local determinate tomato hybrids developed at HRI. NARC

HYB. 15 (38.25 T/ha)HYB. 1 (39.47 T/ha)


developed hybrids performed well for yield and yield related traits. The maximum yield was recorded in Hybrid-1 (39.47 t/ha) following Hybrid-15 (38.25 t/ha), Hybrid-13 (37.51 t/ha) and Hybrid-5 (36.40 t/ha).

Performance of indigenously developed determinate tomato hybrids at NARC

Bitter Gourd


Fifteen locally developed bitter gourd hybrids were preliminary evaluated along with their eight inbred lines, two popular strains and two international hybrids. The maximum average fruit weight was recorded for Hyb-10-13, Hyb-10-17 and Hyb-10-19 with 114.4, 110.8 and

Horticulture

1 Hybrid-1 20.07 4.500 115.50 39.47 2 Hybrid-15 23.07 4.400 100.80 38.25 3 Hybrid-13 24.90 3.900 81.90 37.51 4 Hybrid-5 38.42 2.700 87.52 36.40 11 Hybrid-2 41.95 6.400 13.20 32.91 12 BalidarF1(Check) 25.45 4.100 65.20 32.05 13 Hybrid-8 35.71 2.600 74.85 31.55 14 Hybrid-9 23.76 3.300 72.80 30.48 15 Savera F1(Check) 31.98 3.200 85.35 30.4416 Hybrid-7 22.01 2.500 77.25 25.17 17 Hybrid-14 31.97 3.200 107.3 23.46 18 GuatumF1(Check) 23. 95 2.800 68.35 22.99 24 Parent-5 19.10 3.100 53.20 17.48 25 Parent-7 19.10 2.950 82.35 16.79

LSD (0.05) 3.015 0.6110 15.79 0.6110

Treatments No. of clusters/plant

No. of fruits/cluster

Single fruit weight (g)

Yield (t/ha)

Rank

HYB.10-13 (28.17 T/ha) HYB.10-17 (27.50 T/ha)


108.2 grams, respectively. The similar trend for these three locally developed hybrids was observed for fruit yield. The maximum fruit yield was recorded for Hyb-10-13 (28.17 t/ha) followed by Hyb-10-17 and Hyb-10-19 with green fruit yields of 27.50 and 27.08 t/ha respectively.

Performance of locally developed bitter gourd F hybrids at NARC1

Chillies


Twenty-one locally developed chilli hybrids along with their nine parental lines and five international hybrids were preliminary evaluated. Maximum green fruit yield (40.71 t/ha) was obtained in the local hybrid Hyb.10-12 followed by the Hyb.10-3 (39.93 t/ha), Hyb.10-10 (38.50 t/ha), 16/5 (37.76 t/ha) and Hyb.10-11 (37 t/ha).

Performance of indigenously developed chilli hybrids at NARC

Horticulture

Genotypes/ Hybrids

Av. f ruit Wt. (g)

Av. No. of

fruits/plant

Av. fruityield(t/ha)

Hyb.10-13 114.4 12.5 28.17 Hyb.10-17 110.8 12.5 27.50 Hyb.10-19 108.2 12.5 27.08 Hyb.10-14 102.6 13.0 26.08 Hyb.10-21 60.60 9.0 10.50 Hyb.10-22 59.18 8.5 10.38 Preeti F1 (Check) 58.36 8.0 9.14 Hyb.10-24 58.15 7.5 8.68 Kala Karela(Check) 58.35 7.5 8.66 Faisalabad Long(Check) 53.32 8.0 8.46 Sartaj F1 (Check) 52.00 6.0 5.96 I.B.L. 08 35.69 4.0 3.64

LSD (0.05) 10.06 0.953 1.94

Rank

1234

1314151617181927

Hybrid - 15Hybrid - 1

Hybrid/parental lines

Green Fruit Yield (t/ha)

Hyb.10-12 40.71 aHyb.10-3 39.93 abcdefgh

Hyb.10-10 38.50 ab16/5 37.76 abcHyb.10-7 34.6 abcd16/7 29.60 abcdefghiKHP -1 F1 26.96 bcdefghiKHP-3 F1 24.695 defghij16/4 24.34 defghijKHP -2 F1 24.19 defghijHyb.10 -5 20.98 hijChili long 20.49 hijKHP-4 F1 17.67 ghiHyb.10-14 17.63 ijShola 13.20 j

Rank

1234714172021223132333435

Hybrid rice


Development of Indigenous Rice Hybrids

Hybrid Rice Research and Development at NARC

The rice hybrid research at NARC was initiated with the aim at development of indigenous rice hybrids to save foreign exchange on imported rice hybrid seeds. The parental materials for development of hybrid seeds like A, B and R lines were neither available locally nor acquirable from the international sources. The only alternate to develop these lines was to transfer the genes of CMS and restorer from commercial hybrid into locally well adapted lines. Consequently, sixteen CMS plants (A-Lines) were identified from F2population of different rice hybrids. These CMS lines were crossed with elite varieties/lines for the development of CMS in true sense. Eight local varieties/lines have been converted into CMS lines. There will be a need for 5 backcrosses. F1 will be grown during 2012 crop season to decide status of male parents (Maintainer or Restorer).

Evaluation of IRRI Rice Lines for Irrigated EnvironmentTwelve entries (including checks) from IRRI were evaluated for yield performance under irrigated environment at Kala Shah Kaku. Eight entries out yielded the check variety, IR-6. The highest yield was produced by JH15-1-1-1 followed by HUS-564, WANXIAN-763 and SACG 4 with grain yield of 8.55, 8.23 and 8.10 kg per hectare respectively. These lines are true lines and would be further tested in the following season.

Evaluation of Rice Lines against Abiotic Stress

The trial was comprised of 14 entries for yield evaluation under drought condition. Three entries out yielded the check variety, IR-6. Eight entries were evaluated for salt tolerance at NARC, Faisalabad and Thatta. One entry out yielded the check variety, IR-6 at Faisalabad. No entry performed better than IR-6 at Thatta. However, one entry was identified as salt tolerant under lab conditions at NARC, Islamabad.

Evaluation of Candidate Rice Varieties/Hybrids in NUYT for Yield and Adaptability

Candidate Rice Varieties

Twenty one candidate rice varieties along with four check varieties were evaluated for yield performance at 10 locations. The data revealed that on average, all the candidate lines out yielded Super basmati and 5 lines out yielded Basmati-515 among the fine aromatic group. PK8892-4-1-3-1 produced the highest (4478 kg/ha) yield.

Among coarse varieties, 13 entries produced highest yield than KSK-133 and IR-6. However, NARC-10-6 produced highest yield (6668 kg/ha) against IR-6 (5578 kg/ha) and KSK-133 (5488kg/ha), respectively.

Hybrid riceHybrid rice

Rice


Rice Hybrids

Fifty eight rice hybrids were evaluated for yield and adaptability at 11 locations through out the country. On an average, 57 hybrids out yielded the check varieties, IR-6 and KSK-133. Twenty hybrids produced yield more than 8 tons/ha. VEC recommended 14 hybrids for approval by seed councils in 2011.

Crop Stand Establishment

Up-scaling of Rice Production Technology

Water saving rice production technologies like aerobic rice (direct dry seeding) and Alternate Wetting & Drying (AWD) were demonstrated at 58 sites covering over 400 acres in districts Hafizabad and Sheikhupura (Punjab). While, AWD technology was demonstrated in district Larkana. The field results showed that productive tillers were 52 % higher in aerobic rice over the conventional method. Water saving was recorded as 25-32 %, with grain yield increment of 43 % over conventional rice crop. While, in Shekhupura, productive tillers increased by 42 %, grain yield by 18 % and water saving by 15 % was recorded. Aerobic rice technology does not include rice nursery raising, its uprooting, shifting and transplanting, puddling, and continuous flooding the field. The farmers are very keen to adopt this technology, as it is cost-effective and highly productive. During rice crop year 2011, in Punjab, direct dry seeding technology was adopted on 13610 acres. The data revealed that farmers achieved monitory benefit of Rs. 32,550 per ha with direct dry seeding of rice. WithAWD technology farmers saved 18 % water over the conventional rice flooded condition.

Effect of aerobic and AWD technology on rice crop and yield.

Sowing Method

Conventional Rice (transplanted & flooded)

Aerobic Rice

AWD Rice

PlantHeight (cm)

130

122

128

Productive Tillers (No./m2)

280

441

292

Water Use (acre inches)

76

57

52

Grain yield (t/ha)

4.22

5.40

4.51

Rice

Economic benefit of aerobic rice technology.

Added Cost (A):- Seed 2100

- W eed Management 5000

- Dry land cultivation 10,500

Reduced Return (B): 0Added Return (C):- Yield increment 23,650Reduced Cost (D):- Nursery, Puddling, transplanting 11,350- Water use 17,700

Net Return (C + D) - (A + B): 35,100

Items Rs./ha


Evaluation of Planting Configurations in Direct Dry Seeding

Different planting configurations caused 6-19% increase in paddy yield over the least yielding configuration. The planting configuration viz 11.43 cm between two rows and 22.86 cm spacing after every two rows resulted in maximum paddy yield (4.84 t/ha).

Nutrient Management

Effect of Integrated Potash Nutrient Application on RiceThe objective was to study the effect of soil incorporated potassium sulphate when applied alone and in combination with FYM on the growth and yield of fine rice “Super Basmati”. The experiment was conducted at Kala Shah Kaku during 2011 using RCBD with three replications. Application of K SO @40 kg/ha incorporated with FYM@5 t/ha increased 2 4

paddy yield to 6.30 t/ha. Foliar KNO application of 2% solution increased paddy yield by 3

16% (6.06 t/ha) against soil application@ 70kg/ha.

Effect of Direct Rock Phosphate Application with FYM on Rice and Residual Effect on Wheat Crop

Two experiments were conducted at Rice research area, NARC during the year, 2011-12, to determine the availability of P from rock phosphate (RP) when applied alone and in combination with FYM on rice and residual effect on wheat crop in same layout. It is evident from the data that paddy and wheat yields were affected significantly when RP was applied in combination with FYM. Rock phosphate can replace the costly P-fertilizers as a cheaper and easily available P-source in the country without losing crop yields and produced paddy yield of 5.06 t/ha.

Dry direct seeded rice crop in Hafizabad area

Rice


Integrated Micro-macronutrient and Wheat Residues Management for Rice Production Under Aerobic Conditions

cal as compared to NPK alone and produced paddy yield of 7.09 t/ha. Application of phosphorus@30 kg/ha with wheat residues reduced 50% fertilizer expenditure and sustaining agricultural productivity.

Effect of Phosphorus Application Timings on Different Yield Parameters of Rice Crop

The experiment was conducted at PARC Rice Unit Farm, Kala Shah Kaku. The data revealed that optimum time of Phosphorus fertilizer application time was 7 days after transplanting to achieve maximum yield of rice as compared to the conventional method (at the time of puddling).

Integrated Pest Management

Screening of Rice Germplasm for Resistance to Insect Pests

Rice germplasm comprised of 21 candidate rice varieties, 58 hybrid lines and 20 rice lines from IRRI were screened for level of resistance against major pests. This germplasm was screened against Stem Borer (SB) under field condition at Agricultural Research Institute (South) D. I. Khan. The same material was screened against Leaf Folder (LF) and White Backed Plant Hopper (WBPH) under semi-controlled condition at NARC. According to the damage rating calculated using IRRI's Standard Evaluation System for Rice, one variety was found resistant and one was moderately resistant to SB. Six lines were also found moderately resistant to WBPH. However, rests of the rice lines/hybrids were found either susceptible or highly susceptible to all insects.

The data revealed that among the fine group, all the entries were highly attacked by SB and number of dead hearts (DH) was very high. Majority of the fine lines were damaged over 60% and were placed in highly susceptible category.

The use of [email protected] kg/ha was more economi

Phosphorus application timings on rice yield.

P. application at puddling time

128.7 298.3 25.83 72.0 3.52

P. application 7 days after transplanti ng

131.0 305.0 25.56 74.9 3.98

P. application 14 days after transplanting

128.4 298.6 25.56 73.7 3.72

P. application 21 days after transplanting

129.0 298.3 25.8 72.7 3.42

Untreated 128.7 293.3 25.23 69.6 3.27

TreatmentsPlant

Height(cm)

ProductiveTillers m2

Paniclesize (cm)

No. of grains/panicle

Yield (t/ha)

Rice


Screening of rice germplasm for resistance against major insect pests.

Effect of Changes in Rice Culture on Population of Rice Insect Pests, Damage Intensity and their Natural Enemies

Efforts were made to investigate the effect of aerobic rice culture, irrigation management (AWD) and effect of potash on the populations of insect pests of rice and their natural enemies. The data revealed that incidence of LF was higher in direct seeded crop planted at Hafizabad. It may be due to higher plant population and thick canopy. However, there was no significant difference between broadcasting and drilling methods of direct seeding. Among the varieties, rice variety Super Basmati was more damaged by LF than Basmati-370. Similarly, WBPH attacked more on rice line Ravi and less on Basmati-370.

The population of predators (spiders, coccinalids and paedirus) was also significantly higher in direct seeded rice as compared to transplanted crop indicating density dependent relationship between pests and bio-control agents. The data revealed that the population of WBPH was higher (106) per net sweep and of predators 34 per net sweep from aerobic rice. Similarly, leaffolder infestation was ranging 33% in aerobic rice in Hafizabad area. Predator population was 34, 26 and 27 per net sweep in aerobic, AWD and conventional rice planting, respectively.

Number of entriesStatus

SB LF WBPH

HR - - -

R - - -

MR - - -

MS 19 - 2

S 39 47 37

HS - 11 19

Total 58 58 58

Hybrid lines

NUYTNumber of NUYT entries

Status SB LF WBPHHR - - - R 1 - - MR 1 - 6 MS 5 - 2 S 6 12 6 HS 7 9 7 Total 21 21 21

Rice


The pests' population was comparatively less in potash applied field, because of stiffness of plants as Potash induces resistant to insect pests.

Factors Responsible for LF and BLB Occurrence in Punjab

A formal survey of rice growing areas of Punjab was conducted and more than 100 farmers were interviewed to determine the reason of LF and Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) occurrence and establish relationship of co-existence of two pests, if any. The officials of Agri. Extension Department were also interviewed. The data revealed that the reasons for LF & BLB occurrence were:

� Changes in physical environment� Growing of non-recommended varieties� Planting early crop � Use of combines � Salinity/alkalinity� Multiple cropping system� Heavy use of Nitrogen� Prophylactic use of pesticides

Regarding co-existence of both the pests, majority (more than 50%) of the farmers were of the view that early planting of non-recommended varieties, high use of nitrogen, use of combines, multiple cropping and salinity may be the major reasons. However, farmers were not sure, whether either of the pests is responsible for the cause of other. This hypothesis will be established under controlled conditions during crop season 2012-13.

Rice


Chickpea

During 2010/11 three types of experiments/ activities, acquisition and testing of exotic germplasm, generation advancement, and evaluation of advanced genotypes, were undertaken. Four filial generations (F -F ), 4 8

with 37cross combinations belonging to different populations were evaluated and advanced. Selections were carried out using bulk population method based on early maturity, plant type and seed size. Eighty Kabuli chickpea genotypes were tested for grain yield and 45 genotypes were selected for detailed studies on agronomic traits and disease screening. Evaluation of 15 Desi and 12 Kabuli type genotypes were carried out in two major varietal yield trials and 11 genotypes were selected for further evaluation. In the adaptation testing of 12 Desi genotypes, three lines (NCS-0601, NCS-0702, NCS-0612) were high yielding and selected for multi-location trial next year. The mean grain yield varied from 1454 to 2042 kg

-1ha . The significant (P<0.05) differences among 20 genotypes were found for days to flowering and days to maturity in Kabuli

1chickpea adaptation trial. In tested entries, mean grain yield ranged from 1058 to 2058 kg ha . Only five genotypes (F02-18C, NCS-0534, F05-58C, F02-73C & F03-101C) were selected for further evaluation to confirm their yield stability and disease reaction. The results of National Uniform Yield Trial (NUYT) on Desi and Kabuli chickpeas showed a wide range of variation for grain yield among locations and varieties. In Kabuli NUYT, the genotype NCS

-10709 from Pulses program, NARC stood second with mean grain yield of 1873 kg ha . The compiled results of nine locations on Desi NUYT revealed the significant (P<0.05)differences among genotypes. The genotype 03009 from AARI, Faisalabad gave the mean

1highest grain yield of 2293 kg ha .

Lentil

Generally, the lentil seed yield was good during the year of 2010/11. The genotypes, locations and their interaction were highly significant (P<0.01) in Lentil National Uniform Yield Trial. The check variety, Punjab Masoor-09, with across the locations mean seed yield of 1358 kg/ha significantly (P<0.05) out-performed rest of the genotypes. The varieties 01505, NARC-08-1, 03501, NARC-08-2, 04533 and 01512 were not significantly (P>0.05) different from each other and the check (Punjab Masoor-09) giving across the locations mean seed yield of 1305, 1288, 1285, 1284, 1277 and 1264, respectively. In Lentil adaptation Trial-1, the genotypes were highly significant (P<0.01) for seed yield. The entry 2 (8114x590/1) was outstanding and gave significantly higher yield (2141 kg/ha) than rest of the entries

Pulses

CMC-211S Desi Chickpea Candidate Variety

NCS-0701 Kabuli Chickpea Candidate Variety NCS-0701 Kabuli Chickpea Candidate Variety


including the check varieties. However, the entries 6 (590x7979/1) and 15 (NARC 06-1, check) were sharing the range and statistically the same in seed yield as of the top yielding entry. The wider adaptability would be checked next season when the trial will go to other locations. No disease symptoms recorded in the field and therefore no disease data reported. Similarly, in Lentil adaptation trial-2, the genotypes were significantly (P>0.05) different for seed yield. The entry 1 (Sh i r az -96xK-4 /7724x5883 /2 ) was outstanding and gave the highest seed yield of 2145 kg/ha as compared to the rest of the entries including the check varieties. However, a large number of entries, including the check varieties, were sharing the range with the high yielding entries by giving the seed yield in the range of 1351 to 1893 kg/ha. In Lentil Advance Yield Trial, the genotypes were significantly (P<0.05) different for seed yield. The check variety (Markaz-09, latest released variety) was the highest yielding genotype giving the seed yield of 2521 kg/ha. However, eight other genotypes (entry 15 (old check), 3, 4, 11, 13, 6, 8, 9) shared the yield range with the highest yielding check variety. The whole trial will be tested at multi-locations next season.

Mungbean

Three Mungbean experiments were conducted during 2010/11. Evaluation of available mungbean germplasm with pulses program was carried out to know the extent of genetic variability in germplasm. Fifty three mungbean genotypes were studied for seven agronomic traits. Based on these agronomic traits, the genotypes were grouped into four clusters through cluster analysis. Twenty six genotypes were selected for desirable traits. These will be evaluated for disease reaction and other morphological parameters next year. Mungbean major varietal yield trial consisted of 16 promising lines. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences for grain yield (kg/ha). The grain yield varied from 189 to 656 kg/ha. The 13 genotypes surpassed the check variety (NM-06) regarding grain yield. Mungbean National Uniform Yield Trial comprised 7 test entries and one check was conducted at 15 locations across the country. The data received back from 11 locations were subjected to analysis of variance to determine the level of significance of difference among the varieties, locations and variety x location interaction. Combined analysis of variance revealed that the differences among the genotypes, location and genotype x environment interaction were highly significant for grain yield (kg/ha). The genotype NM-10 (929 kg/ha) excelled all the genotypes including check. It was followed by NM-9 (884 kg/ha) and C2/94-4-36 (808 kg/ha). The two candidate varieties, NCM-257-2 and NCM-209, from Pulses Program, NARC performed well at NARC. Mean grain yield of these genotypes over the 11 locations was 750 and 688b kg/ha respectively.

Pulses Pathology

A set of 245 chickpea germplasm accessions was evaluated for blight resistance under field conditions. The seven genotypes with disease rating score 1 were found highly resistant, 73 genotypes with disease rating score of 3 were moderately resistant and all other accessions

Pulses

Breeder's Nucleus Seed (BNS) Production Field of Lentil Variety Markaz-2009 at NARC

Breeder's Nucleus Seed (BNS) Production Field of Lentil Variety Markaz-2009 at NARC


were either susceptible or highly susceptible. Eighty chickpea germplasm accessions were evaluated under controlled conditions against collar rot disease of chickpea caused by S.rolfsii. The germplasm was examined on the basis of disease rating scale and then classified into different disease reaction groups. Data suggested that four accessions were highly resistant to collar rot, 8 showed resistant response, 15 were tolerant, whereas 30 were moderately susceptible and remaining represented highly susceptible to collar rot disease of chickpea. The evaluation of 50 accessions for Mungbean Yellow Mosaic virus (MYMV) under natural field conditions of NARC, was carried out on the basis of arbitrary scoring scale. It was very high variation among genotypes. All the genotypes were categorized into six groups based upon disease severity. There was no genotype found to be highly resistant against MYMV out of 100 accessions. The effect of different culture media, carbon bases and nitrogen sources on the mycelial growth and number of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum causing stem rot of chickpea was investigated. Malt extract agar medium gave maximum mycelial growth and number of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum. Glucose and sucrose was regarded as best carbon source for mycelial growth and number of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum. Sodium nitrate and Potassium nitrate were most utilizable nitrogen sources for S. sclerotiorum whereas urea acted as the least utilizable nitrogen source.

Pulses


Sorghum Sudan Grass Hybrid

Two S. S hybrids (NARC hybrid-2) and (NARC hybrid-4) developed by Fodder Research Programme were tested in adap tab i l i t y t r i a l s a long wi th 15 exotic/indigenous hybrids contributed by different private Seed Companies.

Among 15 hybrids evaluated, NARC hybrid-2 nd thand NARC hybrid-4 stood at 2 and 5 by

producing average green fodder yields of 115 t -1 -1ha and 109 t ha respectively.

Among exotic hybrids Mabruk and Sweet- Matilda were superior to the other exotic hybrids tested in this study and yielded 118

-1and 110 t ha respectively.

The newly developed S.S hybrids (NARC hybrid 2 & NARC hybrid-4) produced 11.38% and 4.92% higher green fodder yield than check hybrid “Pak Sudax” (the first indigenous S.S hybrid (Pak-Sudax) developed by Fodder Research Institute in 1986). These hybrids are being registered with FSC&RD for commercial cultivation in the country.

Candidate Line of Oats “NZ-0034”

An exotic line of oats “NZ-0034” was evaluated in National Uniform Fodder Yield Trials under diverse agro-climatic conditions of the country for two years. It produced an average yield of 43t/ha against check variety of oats S-2000. It is a late maturing line with more foliage, stiff stemmed and medium plant height. Due to its good performance, its registration with FSC&RD and approval in VEC or Punjab Seed Council is in process.

Introduction/Evaluation of Fodder crops for Marginal lands

Spineless prickly pear or Opuntia has been planted on an area of one acre at NARC for further multiplication in marginal lands of dry areas. It can easily be grown from sea level up to 1500 meters and can survive in rainfall ranges from 150-1500 mm/year. It is drought tolerant perennial, succulent, evergreen plant and propagates through seeds, semi-hardwood cuttings and softwood cuttings. Being a Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) plant, it has potential for producing large quantity of forage to feed small and large ruminants in dry regions.

Fodder

NARC hybrid-4

NARC hybrid-2


Advisory Services/Dissemination of Production Technology

Advisory services on fodder crops production, problems and their solutions were provided to farmers throughout the country. Further 29.6 tons of basic seed of oats, maize, millet and Motgrass were produced at NARC for dissemination in the country. Total income of Rs 0.954 million was generated and an expected area of 757 acres was planted under these high yielding fodder crop varieties in the country.

Opuntia for further multiplication Plantation of Opuntia

Improved seed production of fodder crops

Crop Quantity(in tons)

Oats 21.0Maize 02.0Millet 01.0

Mottgrass cutting 05.629.6

S. No

1.2.3.4.

Total

Fodder


Genetic Improvement of Crops

Sunflower

Development and Maintenance of inbred lines:During 2011, 111 inbred lines were maintained for improving their purity/uniformity. Seed of 24 inbred lines (16 A, B and 8 Restorers) was multiplied.

Development of local hybrids: 18 hybrid combinations were produced at NARC and 6 at CCRI, Pirsabak during spring, 2011.

Rapeseed and Mustard

Development and Maintenance of Canola Inbred Lines: A total of 370 inbred lines (362 A & B and 8 R lines) and 288 new CMS lines and their maintainers were maintained during 2010-11.

Development of Local Canola Hybrids: Seed of 60 canola hybrids was produced from 60 CMS lines and one Restorer.

Evaluation of Hybrid Combinations: Out of 66 F1 hybrid combinations from different CMS, CRH 5516/10 produced the highest seed yield of 3259 kg/ha followed by CRH 716/10 (3185 kg/ha) at NARC.

Groundnut

Hybridization: A total of 28 crosses were made in kharif 2011 and 25 crosses were successful with 2 to 8 pods.

F1 and F2 Generations: Seed of 21 different F1 crosses were obtained and weight ranged from 10 to 280 gm. From F2 generation 4 to 12 single plants were selected for further evaluation.

Sesame

Hybridization: A total of 200 crosses were made using 8 diverse parents during 2011 out of which 51 crosses were successful.

Oilseeds

Elite Lines of Groundnut

Sunflower Trials at NARC

Maintenance of Inbred Lines

SG-27: Elite Line of Sesame


F Generation: All 10 crosses germinated and survived in F1 generation. 1

F Generation: A total of 21 single plants selections were made from populations of 8 2

crosses in F2, based on plant height, branches, pods, maturity and resistance/tolerance to shattering and diseases. F Generation: Out of 25 single plant progenies, 9 were selected on the basis of agronomic 3

characters, resistance to shattering and phyllody. F Generation: Out of 17 families, 11 were found promising with seed yield more than 700 5

kg/ha.M Generation: Out of 22 mutant families, 10 were resistant to shattering and phyllody with 5

seed yield of more than 700 kg/ha.

Germpalsm and Productivity Improvement of Crops

Germplasm

Chinese Rapeseed:Out of 40 Chinese rapeseed germplasm, 5 entries LMQY11-12 (2858 kg/ha), LMQY11-11 (2835 kg/ha), LMQY11-9 (2805 kg/ha), LMQY11-7 (2795 kg/ha) and LMQY11-8 (2776 kg/ha) produced better seed yield than Hyola-401 (2786 kg/ha).

Groundnut:In 50 accessions, dry pods yield ranged from 314 kg/ha (PG-11485) to 3384 kg/ha (PG-2308). Eleven entries were found better than check BARD-479(1963 kg/ha).

Sesame:Out of 125 accessions, 34 found better than Til-89 (705 kg/ha) with yield range of 711 to 1567 kg/ha in SG-47 and SG-117 respectively.

Linseed:Out of 55 entries, 22 out yielded the check Chandni (1000 kg/ha) producing yields ranging from 1022 to 1733 kg/ha.

Soybean:Seed yield of 14 entries ranged from 312 to 2437 kg/ha. The entry E-1360 gave maximum yield of 2437 kg/ha.

Productivity Improvement

Sunflower

National Uniform Yield Trials: Average yield of 47 hybrids evaluated at 13 locations during Spring and Autumn 2011 ranged from 1690 to 2668 kg/ha. Among local hybrids, SMH-1028 produced 2436 kg/ha yield.

Oilseeds


Evaluation of local hybrids: 95 local hybrids were evaluated in yield trials at various locations during 2011. Promising hybrids are given as under:

Effect of Sulphur and Irrigation on Growth and Yield: Highest seed yield (2260 kg/ha) of sunflower hybrid Parsun-2 was obtained when four irrigation were applied. Similarly, maximum seed yield of 2126 kg/ha was obtained when Sulphur was applied at the rate of 60 kg/ha.

Seed Production

Seed multiplication of parent lines: A total of 636 kg seed of 3 CMS and 3 R lines was produced at NARC, Chak Shahzad, ARI, Tarnab, CCRI, Pirsabak and MARC, Juglote.

Hybrid seed production: A total of 1850 kg seed of 2 local hybrids (SMH-0907 and SMH-0917) was produced with the collaboration of Allah Din group of Companies (17 acres at Multan and Charsada) and 1.5 acres at Lahore by Ali Akbar group. The seed produced was distributed free of cost among small farmers of Punjab and Sindh by the Companies.

Rapeseed and Mustard

Preliminary Mustard Yield Trial: Out of 10 mustard lines, SPS-J23 produced maximum seed yield of 2850 kg/ha which is 11.8% more than Khanpur Raya (2550 kg/ha).

Preliminary Rapeseed Yield Trial: Out of 10 promising rapeseed lines, SPS-N29 produced maximum seed yield of 3028 kg/ha which is 11.2% more seed than Hyola-401 (2722 kg/ha).National Uniform Mustard Yield Trial: Fourteen mustard entries were evaluated at 9 locations during rabi 2010-11, entry PAC-437 produced highest seed yield of 2716 kg/ha followed by entry Coral-432 (2686 kg/ha) and check variety Khanpur Raya (2475 kg/ha). Coral-432 and KJ-147 found stable entries.

National Uniform Rapeseed Yield Trial: Thirty rapeseed entries were evaluated at 9 locations during rabi 2010-11, entry RBN-03255 produced highest seed yield of 2588 kg/ha followed by entries KN-120-34 with seed yield of 2424 kg/ha and were found stable.

Trials Hybrids Tested

Location Promising hybrids and y ield (kg/ha)

Preliminary Yield Trials

81 NARC SMH-0907 (2649 ), SMH-0917 (2704 ), SMH-0924 (2828 ), SMH-0925 (2619 ), SMH-0934 (2674 ), Hysun -33 (2571) , NK-S -278 (2864)

Advance Yield Trials

12 NARC, S heikhupura, Sahiwal, Vehari , Golarchi

SMH-0907 (2135 ), SMH-0917 (1966 ), SMH-0925 (1965 ), SMH-1006 (2064 ), Hysun -33 (1995) , NK-S -278 (2133)

On-Farm Demo P lot

2 Vehari SMH-0907 (2561 ), Hysun -33 (2680)

Oilseeds


Adaptability Trials of Chinese Brassica/Canola: Fifteen Chinese entries including 2 checks were evaluated at 5 locations. Entry OP-09 (2924 kg/ha) produced higher seed yield than Hyola-401 (2509 kg/ha).

Evaluation of Rapeseed-Mustard Entries against Turnip Aphid in NUYT

Rapeseed: Minimum infestation of aphid was noted on AUP-4, Hyola-432, RM-4/06-1, MK-515, KN-120-33, KN-120-34 and SPN-7/28 ranging from 0.1 to 2.5 cm/shoot. Maximum yield (2279 kg/ha) was recorded from CRH-40/10.Mustard: Turnip ahid infestation ranged from 2.1 to 12.5 cm/shoot. Minimum infestation of aphid was recorded on BM-1 (1.5cm/shoot) with maximum yield (2062 kg/ha).

Seed Production

PARC Canola Hybrid: 15000 kg seed of PARC Canola Hybrid was produced during rabi 2010-11 and 7324 kg seed was sold to 2000 farmers at low price (Rs. 400/- per kg) through PATCO, PARC.

Groundnut

Preliminary Yield Trial: Out of eight, PG-1162 followed by PG-1163 and PG-1165 produced dry pods yield of 5573, 5265 and 5140 kg/ha, respectively.

Medium Maturity Yield Trial: Out of 7 advanced entries evaluated, PG-1169 had the highest dry pods yield of 5593 kg/ha followed by PG-1167 and PG-1132 with yield values

respectively against check BARD-479 (2265 kg/ha).

International Trials: Medium duration 15 Spanish entries from ICRISAT were evaluated at NARC. PG-1183 produced the highest dry pods yield of 4607 kg/ha followed by PG-1184 with yield value of 4568 kg/ha than check BARD-479 (3413 kg/ha). Whereas 15 confectionery type entries (ICRISAT) with one local check were evaluated. PG-1190 showed the maximum dry pods yield of 5696 kg/ha followed by PG-1195 with yield value of 4721 kg/ha than check (3521 kg/ha).

Short Duration Yield Trial: A set of 16 short duration entries was tested at NARC, Chakwal and Attock under RADP funding. PG-963 produced the highest average dry pods yield of 1861 kg/ha followed by PG-1133 with yield value of 1752 kg/ha.

Effect of row and plant spacing on yield of candidate entry ICGV-1058 E: Resultsshowed that row and plant spacing of 30x10 cm produced the maximum dry pod yield of 2970 kg/ha.

On-Farm Trial: Out of 6 entries tested at farmer's field, PG-1026 produced highest dry pods yield of 2740 kg/ha.

of 5308 and 5075 kg/ha, respectively compared to check BARD-479 (4810 kg/ha).

National Uniform Yield Trials: Seven candidate varieties were evaluated at 6 locations during 2011. PG-1171 and PG-1090 produced the highest dry pods yield of 2731 kg/ha followed by the PG-1166 and PG-1144 with yield value of 2530 and 2505 Kg/ha

Oilseeds


Seed Increase: A total of 800 kg genetically pure seed of approved and candidate entries was produced at NARC and farmer's field. Assisted farmers of the groundnut areas by providing seed of different entries (BARD-479, PG-972, PG-1026 and PG-1074).

Sesame

Preliminary Yield Trial: Out of 9 genotypes tested against check (TS-3), 5 genotypes viz. SG-45, SG-59, SG-79, SG-4 and SG-41 produced more seed yield compared to check TS-3 (816 kg/ha) with respective yield values of 1070, 897, 894, 889 and 888 kg/ha.

Advanced Yield Trial: All 7 entries namely SG-86, SG-62, SG-30, SG-71, SG-52, SG-68 and SG-36 were better than check (643 kg/ha) and produced seed yields of 992, 856, 840, 818, 746, 706 and 666 kg/ha respectively.

National Uniform Yield Trial: Eight candidate varieties were evaluated against check (TS-3) at 5 locations and SV-III, NS-102-1, and NS-22 produced higher seed yields of 625, 621 and 620 kg/ha respectively compared to TS-3 (591 kg/ha). NS-44-SP1 was a stable variety (b=0.956).

Evaluation of Entries against Pod Borer: Out of 10 entries evaluated, SG-49, SG-59 and SG-79 showed least pod damage (1.00-1.9%). SG-03 showed the highest pod damage (5.6%).

Linseed

Micro Yield Trial: Out of 10 entries, LS-10, LS-9, LS-21, LS-22 and LS-23 produced more seed yield compared to check (1444 kg/ha) with respective yield values of 1704, 1667, 1574, 1481 and 1463 kg/ha.

Advanced Yield Trial: Eight entries were evaluated and LS-19, LS-12, LS-2, LS-24, LS-32 and LS-8 produced seed yields of 2093, 1889, 1870, 1815, 1741 and 1648 kg/ha respectively compared to check with seed yield of 1611 kg/ha, respectively.

Soybean

Preliminary Yield Trial: Yield of 14 entries ranged from 262 kg/ha (NARC-2) to 2249 kg/ha. (Calland) followed by E-15-13 (2160 kg/ha).

Soybean Green Pods

Linseed Trials at NARC

Oilseeds


Sugarcane National Uniform Yield Trials ndSixteen sugarcane candidate varieties planted in NUYT 2009-11 2 Year (Plant Crop) were

screened against different insect pests. Highest termite infestation was recorded in Sugarcane variety S-2003-US-165 (11%) followed by S00-HoSG-1607 (7%) and HS-12 (4%) whereas sugarcane varieties HoTh-514, HoTh-544, S00-HoSG-315 and S-2003-US-247 were free of any termite infestation. All candidate sugarcane varieties were free from infestation of other major insect pests.

stThirteen sugarcane candidate varieties planted in NUYT 2010-12 1 Year (Plant Crop) were screened against different insect pests. Highest termite infestation was recorded in Sugarcane varieties CPSG-104 (7%) and S-2006-US-160 (6%) whereas sugarcane varieties HoTh-550, CPSG-25, CPSG-437 and S-2006-US-641 were free of any termite infestation. All candidate sugarcane varieties were free from infestation of other major insect pests.

ndSixteen sugarcane candidate varieties planted in NUYT 2009-11 2 Year (Plant Crop) were evaluated for their yield and yield components. Highest cane yield was recorded in

-1 -1sugarcane variety S01-HoSG-3481 (94.1 t ha ) followed by S-2003-US-165 (93.4 t ha ) and -1S-2003-US-778 (91.7 t ha ). Maximum sugar recovery % was observed in the variety

S2003-US-394 (16.36) followed by HoTh-544 (15.45) and HS-12 (15.08). Highest sugar -1yield was produced by sugarcane candidate varieties HoTh-544 (13.4 t ha ), S2003-US-394

-1 -1(13.2 t ha ) and S01-HoSG-3481 (12.7 t ha ) respectively.stThirteen sugarcane candidate varieties planted in NUYT 2010-12 1 Year (Plant Crop) were

evaluated for their yield and yield components. Highest cane yield was recorded in -1 -1Sugarcane variety HoTh-550 (102.1 t ha ) followed by CPSG-437 (98.3 t ha ) and S-2006-

-1US-18 (93.8 t ha ). Maximum sugar recovery % was observed in the variety HoSG-1257 (13.44) followed by HoTh-508 (12.50) and CPSG-2713 (12.19). Highest sugar yield was

-1produced by sugarcane candidate variety HoSG-1257 (11.9 t ha ) followed by CPSG-437 -1 -1(11.11 t ha ) and CPSG-2923 (10.27 t ha ).

Evaluation of Sugar Beet Varieties Sugar beet variety adaptability trials were conducted at Jhang, Leiah, Gujranwala, Muzaffargarh, Sahiwal and Toba Tek Singh areas of Punjab and NARC Islamabad, Pakistan during the years 2008-09 to 2010-11. The trials comprised SD-PAK04/06, SD-12970, SD-PAK09/07, SD-PAK03/06, SD-PAK01/07, SD-PAK07/07, Mira Bella, California, Magnolia, Ernestina, Sandrina, SD-PAK110, SD-PAK210 and SD-PAK310 sugar beet varieties. Over three years of variety adaptability trials conducted at eight locations best sugar beet varieties for beet yield were identified as SD-PAK03/06 (74.7 t

-1 -1ha ), SD-PAK01/07 (72.4 t ha ), SD-

Sugar Crops

Sugar beet varieties planted under adaptability trial at Toba Tek Singh


-1 -1PAK09/07 (69.6 t ha ) and SD-12970 (68.8 t ha ), and for sugar yield were SD-PAK03/06 -1 -1 -1 -(9.28 t ha ), SD-PAK01/07 (8.77 t ha ), SD-PAK09/07 (8.29 t ha ), SD-PAK07/07 (8.18 t ha

1 -1) and SD-12970 (8.08 t ha ). Further the best locations for sugar beet were found as Sahiwal, Jhang, Toba Tek Singh and Leiah districts of Punjab Province. The varieties SD-Pak-09/07 (Entek) and SD-Pak03/06 (Esteban) have been licensed by the Federal Government for import and their commercial cultivation in the country.

Testing of Plastic Film Mulching Technology in Sugarcane

Plastic film mulching technology was tested at farmers' fields in Thatta, Tando Mohammad Khan, Shaheed Benazirabad and Hyderabad districts.

In general, germination percentage was recorded as 50% higher and 7-10 days earlier in mulching plots compared to non-mulching ones. This technology saved 4 irrigations in sugarcane.

The evaluation of multifunctional plastic film imported from China was tried at different locations for moisture preservation and better germination in sugarcane during winter. In lower Sindh after the harvest of paddy, sugarcane cannot be planted due to shortage of irrigation water and cold weather during November and onward. Even if irrigation water is available the sugarcane is not planted due to low temperatures which significantly reduce sugarcane germination. The application of plastic film after planting of sugarcane increased soil temperature by 4 °Cwhich help sugarcane germination in late autumn plantations.

The research on the performance evaluation of plastic film is ongoing and efforts are being made to formulate this film from local market, which will help conduct experimentation on large scale sugarcane plantations and demonstrations. This technology is expected to bring more acreage of late autumn sugarcane plantations (cold weather) under cultivation with residual moisture of paddy fields and shortage of available irrigation water.

Sugar Crops

Experiment on plastic film mulching in sugarcaneat Tando Mohammad Khan

Evaluation of plastic film technology at farmer's field


Sugarcane Germplasm and Flowering Studies (Collection, Drying and Storage of Fuzz)

590 varieties/lines of sugarcane were maintained at NSCRI, PARC Farm Thatta during 2010-11 for flowering studies. Out of 590 sugarcane varieties/lines, a total of 28 sugarcane lines/ varieties flowered up to 31-12-2011 and produced fuzz. Additional 5.75 kg local fuzz of different sugarcane varieties, i.e. Triton, MT/76-2 CPF-240 and Sheedi collected from the adjoining areas of Thatta. Fuzz collection activity continued up to March 2012. The collected fuzz, has been dried, preserved and is used for variety development program of the institute and also provided to different national institutes for their variety development program. Thirty eight sugarcane varieties selected according to their synchronization were also planted for poly-cross fuzz production at extreme coastal area near Garho.

Nursery Development

During the year, local fuzz from ten different sugarcane varieties was sown and 2500 seedling clones were germinated. Out of which, total 1013 seedling clones were transplanted to the field in single clone trial for further evaluation and selection. Fuzz of 29 sugarcane crosses from Srilanka was also obtained through Sugarcane Research Institute Faisalabad

Sugar Crops

Nursery development from sugarcane fuzz at NSCRI

Testing of Plastic Film Mulching Technology in Sugarcane

LocationsSarfraz Nizamani, Agriculture Farm, Jhirk site, Thatta

Remesh Agricultural Farm, Chohar Jamali, Thatta

Tando Muhammad Khan Sugar Mills Farm, Tando Muhammad Khan

Faran Sugar Mills, Sheikh Bhirkio, Hyderabad

S. No. 1

2

3

4 5

Habib Sugar Mills, Shaheed Benazirabad.

Sugarcane flowering at Thatta


and a total of 2613 seedlings germinated out of which 1456 seedlings have been shifted to for stevaluation in 1 cycle.

Evaluation and Maintenance of Single Clone Trial

During 2010-11, a total of 2500 seedling clones obtained from nursery and were transplanted to the main field in single clone trial. All single clones were advanced to first cycle for further evaluation and selection.

stEvaluation and Selection of Sugarcane Clones in 1 CyclestDuring 2010-11, a total of 560 clones were maintained and evaluated in 1 cycle. Out of the

entire clones tested, a total of 92 were advanced to second cycle for further evaluation and selection.

ndEvaluation and Selection of Sugarcane Clones in 2 cyclendDuring 2010-11, a total of 314 sugarcane clones were maintained and evaluated in 2 cycle.

rdOut of which a total of 50 sugarcane clones were advanced to 3 cycle for further evaluation and selection.

rdEvaluation and Selection of Sugarcane Clones in 3 CyclerdDuring 2010-11, 72 sugarcane clones were evaluated in 3 cycle in three replications. The

clones were screened against check variety Thatta-10. Out of 72, only 7 clones viz. Th-1101, thTh-1102, Th-1103, Th-1133, Th-1156, Th-1166 and Th-1170 were shifted to 4 cycle for

further evaluation and progression.

thEvaluation and Selection of Sugarcane Genotypes in 4 cyclethDuring 2010-11, a total of 29 clones were evaluated and tested in 4 cycle. Out of the total

clones tested, only eight clones viz. Th-1013, Th-1058, QTh-1112, QTh-1008, QTh-1009, QTh-1031, QTh-1029 and QTh-1049 were advanced to Preliminary yield trial for further evaluation and selection. Selection of clones was made on the basis of qualitative and quantitative characters. The remaining 21 clones were rejected on the basis of poor performance.

Sugar Crops

Nursery maintained as single plant in polythene bags shifting to the field sugarcane fuzz, at NSCRI


Evaluation of Different Sugarcane Genotypes in Preliminary Yield Trial

During 2010-11, eight different promising sugarcane lines viz. Th-962, Th-9121, Th-9211, thTh-9126, Th-911, Th-931, Th-986 and Th-920 selected from 4 cycle (2009-10) along with

Thatta-10 as check was planted for further evaluation and selection. The data on cane yield, yield parameters and CCS% were collected. The genotypes Th-962, Th-920 and Th-9121exhibited better performance in terms of average cane yield and yield parameters,. While, in case of commercial cane sugar percentage, the genotypes Th-9121, Th-911 and Th-962 produced better results as compared to check variety Thatta-10.

Evaluation of Chinese Sugarcane Varieties

During 2010-11, Chinese varieties; Roc-1, YT-53, YT-55 and YT-236 from Guangzhou Agricultural Research Institute, China under Pak China Cooperation project on agriculture were imported. YT-55 and RoC-1 exhibited better performance and produced maximum cane thickness, plant height and weight. While YT-53 and YT-236 showed satisfactory performance for yield characters. In case of commercial cane sugar percentage (CCS%) the variety YT-53 remained on top followed by YT-55, YT-236 and RoC-1. The seed has been replanted at different locations for multiplication and evaluation.

Seed Multiplication of NSCRI Developed Promising Sugarcane Varieties in Sindh

The evaluation of NSCRI developed sugarcane varieties for zonal studies at different locations of Sindh is also a source of seed multiplication. Based on the performance at farmers' field, the seed of these varieties is multiplied. Continuous follow up of the varieties, close interaction with the growers and Sugar Mill's cane department individuals is being made to draw out cane yield and sugar recovery potential of the same varieties.

Sugar Crops

Chinese varieties evaluation at NSCRI


Sugarcane Tissue Culture

Several Chinese as well as local sugarcane varieties were optimized for hormone concentration and laboratory conditions. Shooting response of HoTh-300, Hoth-409 and YT-236, YT-5, YT-55, Roc-1 for kinetin was optimum in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L and rooting was best at 2 mg IBA/L.

Technology Developed/Achievements

National Sugar Crops Research Institute, Thatta over years of research have developed many new sugarcane varieties. The variety Thatta-10 (developed from local fuzz of L-113 commercial sugarcane variety) has been approved by Government of Sindh and is being cultivated on almost 25 percent area in Sindh.

Proposal of Thatta-300 sugarcane variety (developed through exotic fuzz from Houma) has been submitted to Variety Evaluation Committee (VEC) PARC, Islamabad. The proposal for Thatta-127 has also been prepared and will be submitted to VEC.

Moreover, seven more promising sugarcane varieties viz. HoTh-2109, HoTh-311, HoTh-318, HoTh-326, HoTh-344, HoTh-348 and HoTh-409 have been registered with Federal Seed Certification Department, Government of Pakistan.

Varieties from China viz. ROC-01, ROC-16, ROC-20, ROC-22, YT-53, YT-55 and YT-236 are under testing and evaluation. Multi functional Plastic Mulching Technology under Pak China Cooperation Project on Sugarcane is also under experimentation. This technology will be used for late autumn planting in sugarcane.

Sugar Crops


Crop Improvement

NARC 2011: Variety Released for Irrigated Wheat Areas

NARC 2011, (NR-356) an advance line developed by Wheat Program preformed excellent by producing 7.2 tonnes/ha in National Uniform Yield Trials under irrigated conditions. It carries desirable resistance against yellow rust (YR) and leaf rust (LR) (With RRI 9 both for YR and LR during 2008-09 and 7.4 and 9 respectively during 2009-10). Moreover, CIMMYT disease data showed that it also possesses resistance potential threat of stem rust race Ug99).

Wheat

Genetic Information Regarding Rust Resistance in NR-356 (NARC-2011)

Yellow RustNARC-2011 has race-specific resistance gene Yr31 with Yr29 and Yr30 (and perhaps 1-2 additional minor genes)

Stem RustMajor gene resistance (Sr 25) against stem rust race of Ug99. NARC-2011 was also tested at Njoro Kenya for Ug99 resistance. It shows resistance during 2009 and 2010 (10R and 1RMR).

Leaf RustNARC-2011 has race specific resistance gene Lr25 (located on the same translocation as Sr25)+ slow rusting resistance gene Lr46


NR-356 has good quality traits and suitable for chapatti making. It will complement the already existing wheat varieties in the irrigated areas. Recently, it has been approved by Punjab Seed Council as “NARC-2011” for general cultivation in irrigated areas of Pakistan.

thThis is 6 wheat variety released by Wheat Program, NARC.

Contribution of Advanced Lines for National Uniform Yield Trials (2011-12)

Four advanced lines (NR-378, NR-379, NR-399 and NR-400) were contributed for testing in National Uniform Trials under irrigated conditions. Moreover, seven advanced lines (NR-381, NR-390, NR-391, NR-392, NR-397, NR-399 and NR-400) were included for testing in rainfed areas of Pakistan.

Crop Management

Some of the important conclusion of various experiments conducted are mentioned below.

No significant differences among different nitrogen and phosphorus combinations w e r e observed for biological and grain yield due to drought in early growth period. The crop growth was poor due to low moisture at planting and early growth period. Advance lines NR-381 had comparable biological and grain yield with NARC-09; however, NR-356 yield was lower than NARC-09 under rain fed condition.

Soil and foliar application of zinc did not have significant effect on wheat grain and biological yield. Foliar application at booting stage resulted in higher Zinc accumulation in comparison with foliar application at grain filling stage. This finding suggested that early foliar application of Zinc might be more effective for accumulation of 10-15 mg/kg Zinc contents in wheat grain

The survey was conducted to determine productivity constraints and opportunities in Shiekhpura, Gujranwala, Sialkot and Hafizabad districts of the Punjab. These districts are predominantly Basmati rice growing area in the country. Rice is cultivated on 87% and fodder on 8% of the total area during kharif while wheat on 75% along with berseem on 14% of total area during rabi season. Almost 81% rice and more than 50% wheat is harvested with combine followed by burning of residues. Stagnation in yield of rice and wheat is reported mainly due to uninterrupted sequential rice-wheat cropping which cause low fertility, increased weed problem, more disease and insect invasion leading to yield losses. Berseem crop rotation can break this yield plateau and improve the productivity of the system. Farmers are aware of the beneficial effects of this crop rotation and believed that this rice-berseem rotation control weeds in the next wheat crop along with yield improvement of both rice (up to 5.4 maunds per acre) and wheat (4.4 maunds per acre).

Wheat


Maize, Sorghum and Millet Research Programme NARC strives to enhance productivity of these crops through hybrid development, cross breeding of local germplasm with exotic one, screening and selection against insects and diseases. The achievements made during the year are given as under:

Variety and Hybrid Development

Population improvement in maize is a continuous process for varietal development by advancement in six Pools through fulsib recurrent selection and testing. Six Pools are Pool-10 (Early Yellow Flint), Pool-20 (Early White Flint), Pool-30 (Medium Yellow Flint), Pool-40 (Medium White Semi Flint), Pool-70 (Quality Protein Maize Yellow) and Pool-80 (Quality Protein Maize White). On the basis performance (maturity, yield, plant vigour, disease score), the top 10 progenies in Pool-10, 20, 30, 70 and 80 and produced 15%, 26%, 18%, 16%, % and 13% respectively more grain yield than checks. Varieties developed from these pools are at different stages of testing.

In maize hybrid development, 96 inbred lines were maintained. New hybrid Combi-nations (721) were developed, out of which only one was selected performing excellent in all respects. Three best hybrids are in pipe line. Purified maize parental lines for hybrid development and mass production of hybrid seed. Seed production of already developed hybrid NARC-2704 is being done which will be sold through PATCO.

Among 10 newly constituted sorghum hybrids at NARC, ICSA-605 x Johar produced grains 4917 kg/ha and ICSA-676 x Johar with 3083 kg/ha, while ICS-605 x ICSR 165 and ICSA-321 x ICSR-165 showed good stalk yield potential each produced 28.33 t/ha. The hybrids 605 x ICSR-165, ICSA-29001 x ICSV-700 and ICSA-480 x ICSR-160 also possessed high percentage of sugar content (15-21Brix) which can be exploited to produce ethanol for bio-fuel production.

In plant density trial, 85,000-90,000 plants were found to be the optimum plant population for getting maximum grain yield from newly developed varieties viz. Islamabad Gold and Islamabad White.

Seed Production and DisseminationPre basic and basic seed of elite maize varieties viz. EV-1097, Islamabad Gold, Islamabad White, Rakaposhi and EV-7004 was increased for experimental purpose.

About 150 kg seed of maize variety “Islamabad Gold” was produced and being distributed to the farmers of AJK, Agriculture departments for seed production, demonstration and dissemination. Also produced 222 kg seed of sorghum variety “Johar” and 1112 kg seed of millet variety “Bajra Super-1”.

National Uniform Adaptability TrialsThirty-three promising maize hybrids provided by public and private sectors were evaluated in Adaptability Maize Hybrid Trial during autumn 2011. P-4546 ranked top in grain yield (10911 kg/ha) followed by HP-22 (10512 kg/ha), 5760 x 13 (10480 kg/ha) NT-6248 (10436

Maize, Sorghum and Millet


kg/ha), 25-28 x 9-12 (10407 kg/ha) and 53-36 x 5-8 (10296 kg/ha).

Ten promising maize varieties provided by public sector were evaluated in Adaptability Maize Varietal Trial during autumn 2011. EV-1097 ranked top (5671 kg/ha) followed by Agaiti-2002 (5658 kg/ha), Soan-3 (5581 kg/ha) and Sadaf (5499 kg/ha).

Ten promising sorghum varieties provided by public sector were evaluated Adaptability Sorghum Varietal Trial during autumn 2011. RS-29 ranked top (344 kg/ha) followed by CSV-15 (3400 kg/ha) PARC-SS-2 (3167 kg/ha) and BMR Gold-II (3139 kg/ha).

Ten promising millet varieties/hybrids provided by public and private sectors were evaluated in Adaptability Maize Hybrid Trial during autumn 2011. Hybrid FBS JK 887 ranked top(3177 kg/ha) followed by variety DB-2013 (3160 kg/ha), hybrid Sitara 501 (3087 kg/ha) and hybrid 86 M 86 (3048 kg/ha).

Maize, Sorghum and Millet


Salinity Tolerance Evaluation of Wheat

30 genotypes including advance wheat lines; NR-378, NR-379, NR-381, NR-388, NR-390, NR-391, NR-392, NR-397, NR-399, NR-400, NR-401, NR-402, NR-403, NR-404, NR-405 and wheat synthetics; N-7, N-9, N-10, N-11, N-12, N-13, N-14, N-15, N-25, N-26, N-31, N-33, N-34 with a check variety (Shorawaki) were evaluated for salinity tolerance in hydroponics culture solution at Plant Physiology Program, CSI, NARC, Islamabad. Thirteen

-1day-old wheat plants were exposed to 100 mM NaCl ˜ 10 dSm . Physiological parameters + +like K : Na discrimination and chlorophyll contents were recorded after salinity application.

Based on biomass and physiological attributes, wheat genotypes; NR-397, NR-392, NR-381, NR-378 (Wheat Coordinated Program) and Shorawaki, N-13, N-33 and N-10 (Wheat Wide Crosses, NARC) were found salt tolerant.

Wheat Drought Tolerance EvaluationThirty wheat genotypes including advanced lines from the wheat program, NARC, i.e. NR-378, NR-379, NR-381, NR-338, NR-390, NR-391, NR-392, NR-397, NR-399, NR-400, NR-401, NR-402, NR-403, NR-404, NR-405, NR-406, NR-407, NR-408, NR409, 412, 433, 435 and wheat land races i.e. 11809, 12161, 18672, 18675, 18800 from drought prone area collected by IABGR along with check varieties Chakwal-50 and Sussui, were planted for drought tolerance assessment in glasshouse. Plants were subjected to drought (10% soil moisture) at the stage of anthesis. Drought stress significantly reduced grain yield in all the genotypes On the basis of high yield potential i.e. grain weigh and numbers per spike and 1000 seed weight under control and drought stress the wheat genotypes; NR-378, NR-379, NR-397, NR-408 and NR-409 were found drought tolerant. Wheat variety Sussui yield per spike was as much as that of the check cultivar. Under water stress there was a good correlation between chlorophyll, proline concentrations and drought tolerance of wheat.

Wheat Heat Stress Tolerance EvaluationIn heat stress experiment, as well, 26 wheat genotypes including advanced lines from the wheat program, NARC, i.e. NR-378, NR-379, NR-381, NR-338, NR-390, NR-391, NR-392, NR-397, NR-399, NR-400, NR-401, NR-402, NR-403, NR-404, NR-405, NR-406, NR-407, NR-408, NR-409 and wheat land races i.e. 11809, 12161, 18672, 18675, 18800 from drought prone area collected by IABGR and 2 varieties; Chakwal-50 and Sussui were planted in glass house for heat tolerance assessment. Three pots of each genotype were kept in natural environment, as control. While three pots of each genotype were exposed to high temperature (40-45°C) in a glass house at post-anthesis growth stage, for 3 h daily, for 7 consecutive days. After the heat stress treatment, flag leaf was analyzed for proline and chlorophyll content. Relative membrane injury was also measured. Based on yield attributes wheat genotypes; NR-381, NR-404, NR-409 and variety Sussui and chackwal-50 were found heat tolerant. The same genotypes also showed less degradation of chlorophyll and less membrane injury under high temperature.

Plant Physiology


Low Input Wheat Evaluation (P-use efficiency)Fifteen wheat land races viz., NR-378, NR-379, NR-381, NR-388, NR-390, NR-391, NR-392, NR-397, NR-399, NR-401, NR-403 and 4 varieties; Chakwal-50, Faisalabad-08, Raskoh-05 and Sussui were evaluated for P use efficiency under deficient (20 mg /kg soil) and adequate P levels (100 mg/kg soil). Analysis of total P-uptake and P use efficiency showed higher phosphorus efficiency in Raskoh-05 (93.7%) followed by NR-391(88.0%) and NR-381 (84.0 %).

Salinity Tolerance and P-efficient Genotypes Evaluation of Wheat (Lab. Studies)

Drought Tolerance Evaluation of Wheat (Glasshouse studies)

Plant Physiology


In Pakistan, the tea requirements are met through imports from the tea producing countries and during 2010-11 Pakistan imported 127,316 tons of black tea costing Rs. 25.03 billion with the highest share from Kenya (55.01%) followed by India (17.13 % ) and Rwanda (5.69 %). Green tea import was 3322 tons with the value of Rs. 353 million. Vietnam (with 64.38 % supply) ranked first in the import bill of green tea followed by China (29.76%).

National Tea Research Institute was established with the objectives to conduct research and developmental activities to introduce and promote indigenous tea cultivation in the potential growing areas of the country. Through its research and extension activities, NTRI has developed a complete package of tea cultivation and processing technology. This includes nursery-raising, planting methods, fertilization, training of tea bushes, pruning, plucking of tea leaves, selection of high yielding clones and their multiplication, evaluation of tea germplasm, inter-cropping, insect pest and disease management and tea quality evaluation. Technical assistance and training are provided to the stakeholders in cultivation, management and processing of tea. In order to conduct a systematic, problem oriented research along with timely provision of services to the tea growers, various disciplines i.e. Horticulture/Breeding/Agronomy, Soil Science, Entomology/ Pathology, tea quality and transfer technology have been created at NTRI.

The achievements of the Institute during 2011-12 are summarized below.

Research

Results of the experiment conducted for investigating the effect of different pruning timings i.e. 10th November, 10th December, 2010, 10th January, 10th February and 10th March 2011

2on the yield of tea at NTRI showed that maximum number of plucking points/m (305.45), shoot growth (95.76 cm) and fresh tea leaves production (7242.46 kg/acre) was recorded by tea bushes pruned on 10th December, 2010, followed by pruning on 10th January, 2011 with the production of 6202.20 kg fresh tea leaves per acre and 86.54 cm shoot growth. Pruning on 10th March 2011 produced the minimum number of plucking points/m2 (246.90), shoot growth (76.80 cm) and production of fresh tea leaves (5864.82 kg/acre).

Among the 14 tea germplasm evaluated for their nursery performance at NTRI, the cultivar Qi-men recorded the highest plant height (48.13 cm) followed by Huangshan, Turkish and NTRI Clone (Aa-117) with plant height of 47.58, 46.18 and 43.15 cm respectively. Number of leaves

Tea


per plant was highest (26.42) in Roupi followed by Huangshan (26.40) and P-3 (26.26). Maximum stem girth was recorded in Huangshan (1.85 cm) followed by Chuye (1.81 cm) and Qi-men (1.80 cm). Huangshan also produced the highest fresh shoot weight (15.70 g), fresh root weight (11.21 g), dry shoot weight (6.89 g) and dry root weight (4.90 g). Number of primary roots was highest in Chuye (6.26) while Roupi recorded the longest roots (29.40 cm). Maximum length (10.63 cm) and width (4.73 cm) of 3rd leaf was recorded in Sri Lankan. Internodal length of 2nd and 3rd leaf from the top was highest in Qi-men (3.91 cm).

Different media i.e. sand, plastic bags, gunny bags, charcoal and saw dust was used for the preservation of tea seed viability and its effect on the growth of tea seedlings. Fresh tea seeds were picked on 1st Nov. 2010 and was sown on 10th Nov., 30th Nov., 20th Dec. 2011, 10th Jan. 30th Jan., 20th Feb. and 12th March, 2012.It was found that seed preserved in plastic bags and sown on 10th January, 2011 gave the maximum plant height (31.30 cm) followed by seeds preserved in Gunny bags with plant height of 29.60 cm. Maximum number of leaves per plant (13.30) was recorded in seeds stored in gunny bags when sown on 10th January. Seed preserved in plastic bags produced maximum root length (25.63 cm) followed by seeds stored in charcoal and sand with 24.63 and 24.00 cm long roots when seed sowing was done on 20th February, 2011. Maximum shoot weight (7.42 g) was recorded when seed was preserved in sand, followed by saw dust with shoot weight of 7.31 g when seed was sown on 20th February, 2011.

Eight clones of three cultivars i.e. Rupi (Aa/NTRI-101, Aa/NTRI-108, Aa/NTRI-561), Chuye (Aa/NTRI -117, Aa/NTRI -122 ) Qi-men (Bb/NTRI -470, Bd/NTRI -180, Ab/NTRI -219) of Camellia sinensis were studied for drought tolerance at National Tea Research Institute (NTRI) Shinkiari Mansehra (KPK) during 2010-11. Four treatments (Control, Nursery, Room temperature and open Sun light) were applied. Data was recorded on morphological characters, soil and leaves moisture contents. Significant variations were observed in all the studied parameters among cultivars. In control conditions all clones showed best results in all parameters. In nursery conditions there was no growth in any clone but maximum number of leaves, branches, buds, flowers, soil moisture contents and relative water contents of leaves were observed in clone Aa/NTRI 117, Aa /NTRI 101, Aa /NTRI 122, Bb/NTRI-470 as compared to the others. On the other hand at room temperature, there was no growth in any clone however maximum number of leaves, branches, buds, flowers, soil moisture content and relative water content of leaves were observed in Bb /NTRI 470, Bd/NTRI 180, Aa/NTRI 101, Aa /NTRI 219. Sunlight conditions exerted severe drought stress but clones Aa /NTRI 101, Aa /NTRI 117, Bb /NTRI 470, Bd/NTRI 180 survived and showed maximum response to conditions applied, revealing that these clone i.e, Aa /NTRI 101 of Rupi, Aa /NTRI 117 of Chuye and Bb /NTRI 470, Bd/NTRI 180 of Qi-men are proved drought resistant.

Tea is cross pollinated and heterozygous plant and there is wide variability in all quantitative and qualitative traits so the superior clones should be selected for high yield and drought tolerance. In present study nine elite tea bushes 101aa.105aa.108aa. 561aa. 117aa .219ab 470bb. 180bd were evaluated for their nursery performance. The clone 105 shows maximum shoot growth (12.31cm) maximum no. of leaves (6.06) maximum no of callus (14.66). The clone 117 shows maximum fresh leaves weight per plant (0.415 gm) and maximum dry leaves

Tea


weight per plant (0.17 gm). The clone 105 shows maximum no of callus (14.66) while the clone 101 showed the minimum no. of callus (2.16) The clone 108 shows maximum no. of roots

-1 -1 -1plant (7.06) and maximum root length plant (6.33cm) fresh root weight plant (0.05 gm), -1 -while the clone 180 showed the minimum no. of roots plant (1.33) maximum root length plant

1 (4 cm). The clone 105 shows maximum fresh root weight (0.05 gm).

Experiment was conducted in 2010-11 at NTRI nursery to find the effect of different fertilizer mixture on the growth of tea cuttings with the objectives to determine the optimum dose of fertilizer mixture for vigorous growth of tea cuttings at nursery stage. Experiment was laid out in RCB design, repeated 4 times with 100 plants/treatment. Treatments used were T1 (control), T2 (30-30-30 NPK kg/ha), T3 (45-45-45 NPK kg/ha), T4 (30-30-30-10 NPK & Mg kg/ha) T5 (30-30-30-03 NPK & Zn kg/ha) & T6 (30-30-30-10-03 NPK & Mg & Zn kg/ha). The data on various parameters were recorded after 6 months & 12 months respectively. Data revealed that fertilizer mixture applied as foliar spray @ 30 30 30-10-3 N-P-K- Mg-Zn kg/ha increased shoot length (13.25 cm), shoot weight (5.05 g), no. of roots per plant (7.55), root length (4.49 cm), fresh root weight(1.87 g), and dry root weight (0.75 g). Maximum plant survival (60.00%) was observed in control. The data indicated a significant reduction in soil pH under all the fertilizer treatments. However, the highest level of pH reduction i.e. from 6.20 to 4.51 was observed under the treatment 45 45 45 NPK kg/ha.

To find out the effect of foliar applied nitrogen in the form of urea, experiment was conducted at NTRI during 2011 with Nitrogen levels of 0, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 kg/acre along with basal dose of 50 kg P O 2 5

and 30 kg K O/acre. Results showed that maximum 2

fresh tea leaves 6892 kg/acre & 1378 kg made tea /acre were obtained from the treatment receiving 105 kg nitrogen/acre applied as foliar while 4313 kg/acre fresh tea leaves and 864 kg made tea/acre was recorded in control.

Effect of foliar applied nitrogenous fertilizers (urea) on the growth and yield of mature tea (Camellia sinenesis L.)

Tea

Treatments (NPK kg/acre) Fresh leaves yield (kg/acre

Made tea yield (kg/acre)

T1: 0-0-0 4313 864T2: 45-50-30 4957 1018T3: 60-50-30 5588 1118T4: 75-50-30 6137 1227T5: 90-50-30 6447 1308T6: 105-50-30 6892 1378


An experiment was initiated during 2011 with the objectives to find out the optimum doses & role of phosphorus along with basal dose of nitrogen and potassium for the successful growth & maximum yield of tea. Soil samples were collected before application of fertilizers to determine soil pH, soil texture and organic matter %age. Six pluckings data were recorded. The result revealed that maximum yield of tea (6366 kg/acre) was obtained when Phosphorus was applied @ 70 kg/acre followed by T3 (6303 kg/acre) when Phosphorus was applied @ 50 kg/acre while T0 (control) gave the production of 4103 kg tea leaves per acre.

Experiment was conducted at National Tea Research Institute, Shinkiari, during 2011-12 with the objectives to examine the efficacy of some botanical products i.e. neem extract, garlic extract and tobacco extract on aphid infestation on growing shoots and their control at nursery stage. The mortality of aphid on tea cuttings significantly affected under botanical pesticides application after 24 hours. Tobacco extract at 2% caused highest mortality of 98% of aphid, where its population reduces up to 5% per treatment over the population of 386. The observation on infestation of aphid after 72 hours showed that Tobacco extract at 2% showed highest efficacy against the target insect and resulted mortality of 96% whereas its population reduced in 11% treatment. Neem extract at 2% ranked second in relation to efficacy against the target insect with mortality of 68% where as the efficacy of garlic extract at 2% was the minimum with lowest mortality i.e. 66%. It was observed that the entire botanical pesticides showed high efficacy against aphid and spray with tobacco extract effectively control aphid population followed by neem extract and garlic extract remained least effective against aphid.

Tea Processing

During 2011-12 Black and green tea was processed from fresh tea leaves plucked from NTRI and farmers tea gardens. The following quantity of black and green tea was produced during the period under report.

Tea

Month wise production of black and green tea at NTRI during 2011-12

Black tea Green tea Month

Fresh tea leaves (kg)

Made tea (kg)

Fresh tea leaves (kg)

Made tea (kg)

July 2011 15138 2941 696 135 August 2011 17057 3329 132 26 September 2011 10685 2160 - - April 2012 3256 630 450 89 May 2012 7209 1340 660 132


Nursery Raising

Raised 0.09 mill. tea nursery plants at NTRI Shinkiari, Mansehra from seed as well as from cuttings.

Managed 0.30 mill. tea nursery plants already raised at NTRI Shinkiari, TRAU Battagram (0.042 mill.) and TRAU Swat (0.120 mill).

Managed 0.110 mill. tea nursery plants at tea nursery, Abbaspur AJK.

Tea


Tissue Culture Work

Tissue culture laboratory facility have been developed at NSCRI, PARC Thatta. Protocols for banana shooting and rooting and hardening were established. Four varieties of banana were used for the culture i.e. one local (Bombay) and three Chinese (B-10, W-11 and Pisang).

Explants were grown on standard MS medium containing vitamins and hormones. The plants were grown under cool white fluorescent light at 25-26 C.For induction of shoots in banana, various concentrations of BAP were tested. Three (3) mg/L of BAP was found optimum for proliferation of the shoots. More than 4500 shoots were produced in this way but most of them could not survive due severe contamination and delay in medium change due to malfunctioning of laboratory equipment from time to time. As mentioned above, the conditions of the laboratory are being improved. For banana rooting, several concentrations of IAA were tested and 2 mg/L IAA was found optimum for induction of root in banana.

Tissue cultured plants grown under artificial conditions in the laboratory need to be acclimatized before they are shifted to the field. Banana plantlets were grown in plastic bags containing about half kg of sand and supplied with full nutrient solution. The plants were then shifted to the field. Plants with better roots survived better during hardening in the greenhouse.

Harden banana plants

Banana

Shoots of banana plants


Floriculture, Landscaping and Bio-prospecting

Floriculture and Landscaping is one of the important component of National Agriculture Research Centre. The directorate is responsible for landscape maintainance and developmental activities at NARC, PARC campuses as well as residential areas of NARC. A plant nursery comprised of different indoor, avenue and shelter plants is in operation.

Some activities including research and development on different aspects of flowers, bulbs, indoor and outdoor plants are being undertaken. The seedlings and cuttings of ornamental plants and roses are prepared for both summer and winter season in the nursery which are planted in the beds for landscaping throughout NARC. In addition, the Directorate also offers advisory services.

Achievements

� As part of the goals of the directorate several students were trained and they were briefed about the ornamental activities about roses, bulbs gardens development and maintains etc.

� Provided technical information on roses and other ornamental plants to interested farmers, students and trainee scientists.

� Two students have completed their internship from the directorate of FL&B, under the following titles.a. “Classification and Landscape Uses of Rosa Sp.”.b. “Establishment and Management of Ornamental Plant Nursery with Landscape Uses of Some Ornamental Plants”.

� Advisory services were provided to the visiting farmers.� Redesigned the front lawn of Admin block, NARC with plantation of lawn grass,

shrubs, bulbous plants and annuals and improved the physical beauty of the admin block.

� Developed a Herbal Garden at NARC. Collected different herbal/medicinal plants in different areas of Islamabad. More than 40 varieties of herbal and medicinal plants have been collected and planted in the garden at NARC.

Floriculture, Landscaping

Inner side of NARCInner side of NARC


Rose Garden

Herbal Garden

Rose Gardens in Front of Hostel

Scented Garden

Multicolour hybrid roses planted in various rings like structure presents excellent scene of NARC cafeteria.

Moon Garden decorated with multiple species

Moon Garden

Floriculture, Landscaping

Documents

PLANT SCIENCES › files › parc_pk › Annual Reports › 2011-2012...Mango Malformation Disease in Punjab & Sindh Studies carried out showed that the incidence of MMD was found