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8/3/2019 Planning Tools & Techniques Final
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Planning Tools &
Techniques
Muhammad FarhanAdeel Ur Rehman
Muhammad Anees
Zahid Ali Khan
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Objectives
Techniques for assessing the environment
Techniques for allocating resources
Contemporary planning techniques
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Assessing the Environment
Environmental scanning The screening of large amounts of information
to anticipate and interpret changes in theenvironment.
Used by both large and small organizations, andresearch has shown that companies withadvanced environmental scanning systemsincreased their profits and revenue growth
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Assessing the Environment
SWOT analysis:
An analysis of an organizations strengths,weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. It bringstogether the internal and externalenvironmental analyses in order to identify astrategic niche the organization might exploit.
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Assessing the Environment
Competitor intelligence:An environmental scanning activity that seeks to
identify who competitors are, what they aredoing, and how their actions will affect theorganization
Global Scanning:
Another type of environmental scanning is globalscanning in which managers assess the changesand trends in the global environment
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Assessing the Environment
Methods of Forecasting1. Quantitative forecasting relies on numerical data and mathematical
model to predict future conditions.
2. Technological Or Qualitative aimed primarily at predicting long-term trends in
technology and other important aspects of theenvironment
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Assessing the Environment
Benchmarking
the search for the best practices amongcompetitors or non-competitors that lead totheir superior performance.
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Assessing the Environment
Steps in Benchmarking
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Allocating the Resources
ResourcesThe assets of the organization that includes financial,
physical, human, intangible, and structural.
Budgeting:
A numerical plan for allocating resources to specific
activitiesPopular because theyre applicable to a wide variety
of organizations and units within an organization
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Allocating the Resources
Types of Budgets
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Allocating the Resources
Scheduling:involves a list of necessary activities, their order of
completion, which is to do each, and time
needed to complete them
The Gantt chart
named after Henry Gantt, is a scheduling chartthat visually shows actual and planned outputover a period of time with time on the x-axis andoutput on the y-axis
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Allocating the Resources
A Gantt Chart
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Allocating the Resources
The Load ChartEvolved from Gantt chart, it list either entire
departments or specific resources. It schedulescapacity by work areas
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Allocating the Resources
A Load Chart
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Allocating the Resources
PERT, or Program Evaluation and Review TechniquePERT is a network planning method for managing and
controlling large one-time projects. It is atechnique for scheduling complicated projectscomprising many activities, some of which areinterdependent
is a flowchart like diagram that depicts thesequence of activities needed to complete aproject and the time or costs associated with
each activity
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Allocating the Resources
Events & activities in constructing an OfficeBuilding
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Allocating the Resources
A visual PERT Network for Constructing an OfficeBuilding
Critical Path: A - B - C - D - G - H - J - K
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Allocating the Resources
Breakeven analysis
A technique for identifying the point at whichtotal revenue is just sufficient to cover totalcosts
The Formula
CostsVariableUnit-PriceUnit
CostsFixed:
Total Breakeven
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Allocating the Resources
Breakeven Analysis
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Allocating the Resources
Linear programming:A mathematical technique that can be used to solve resource
allocation problems.
LP is a quantitative tool for planning how to allocate limitedor scarce resources so that a single criterion or goal (oftenprofits) is optimized
It is the most widely used quantitative planning tools inbusiness
There are optimal conditions for using linear programming
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Allocating the Resources
Production Data for Cinnamon-Scented Products
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Allocating the Resources
Graphical Solution to LP Problem
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Contemporary Planning Techniques
Project:
One-time-only set of activities that has adefinite beginning and ending point in time.
Project Management:
The task of getting a projects activities done ontime, within budget, and according tospecifications
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Contemporary Planning Techniques
Project Planning Process
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Contemporary Planning Techniques
The role of the project manager
a. The only real influence project managershave is their communication skills and theirpower of persuasion
b. Team members seldom work on just oneproject; theyre usually assigned to two orthree at any given time.
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Contemporary Planning Techniques
Scenario planning:A scenario is a consistent view of what the future is
likely to be
1. Developing scenarios also can be described ascontingency planning2. The intent of scenario planning is not to try to
predict the future but to reduce uncertaintyby playing out potential situations underdifferent specified conditions
3. Scenario planning is difficult to use whenforecasting random events
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Thank You
References
ManagementStephen P. Robbins, Mary Coulter
Principles of ManagementVirtual University of Pakistan