Planning Part_8 - Special Cases Indoor and Tunnel Environments

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    SpecialSpecialCasesCases: Indoor andTunnel

    Environments

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    Module objectives

    DESCRIBE HOW TO IMPROVE INDOORCOVERAGE

    EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPLES OF INDOOR

    PLANNING

    DESCRIBE THE BASICS OF TUNNEL PLANNING

    LIST THE BASICS OF REPEATERS

    At the end of this module you will be able to

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    Content of Special Cases INDOOR PLANNING

    TUNNEL PLANNING REPEATERS

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    Special Cases INDOOR PLANNING

    TUNNEL PLANNING

    REPEATERS

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    Why Indoor Sites?

    Normally two reasons to build an indoor site

    Improve poor indoor coverage

    Free capacity to outdoor cells

    Indoor cell's interference area vs outdoor cell's interference areais much more limited

    High buildings, interference come as far as tens of kms =>

    partition indoor frequency plan from outdoor frequency planProblem: Strong signals coming from outdoors to indoors

    Buildings

    Public (shopping malls, railway stations etc.) => improves the networkquality and service => operator finance

    Private (companies etc.) => possibility to sell mobile services => possibilityto offer special tariffing => tie up the company to operator

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    Building LossesBasics

    Signal levels in buildings are estimated by a applying a buildingpenetration loss margin

    Big differences between rooms with window and deep indoor (10..15 dB)

    Signal losses for building penetration vary greatly with buildingmaterials used, e.g.:

    mean value sigma concrete wall, windows 17 dB 9 dBconcrete wall, no windows 30 dB 9 dBconcrete wall within building 10 dB 7 dB

    brick wall 9 dB 6 dB

    armed glass 8 dB 6 dBwood or plaster wall 6 dB 6 dBwindow glass 2 dB 6 dB

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    Penetration loss depends heavily on incident angle of radio wave

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    015

    30

    45

    60

    75

    90

    105

    120

    135

    150

    165

    180

    dB

    deg

    0

    90

    180

    glass pane

    incidence angleof radio wave

    Building LossesIncident Angle

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    Building LossesIn-Building Path Loss

    Simple path loss model for in-building environment

    Outdoor losses: Okumuras formula

    Wall losses: Lwall = f(material; angle)

    Indoor losses: linear modelfor picocells: Lin = L0 + ad

    building type losses application example old house 0,7 dB/m (urban residential)

    commercial type 0,5 dB/m (modern offices)

    open room, atrium 0,2 dB/m (museum, train station)

    Lout

    Lwall

    Lin

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    Indoor System Planning Process

    A) Pre-planning phase (= nominal planning) Monitoring macro cell network (at office!!) Traffic distribution (macro cell blocking) Timing advance distribution (mobile locations)

    B) Planning phase Detailed planning (on site!!!) Configuration and Coverage planning

    (field measurements + input info = #antenna locations!!!!) Capacity planning (based on monitoring + input info) Frequency planning (manually, field measurements) Parameter planning and Verification

    (indoor based modifications + field measurements)C) Post-planning phase Monitoring (key performance indicators, especially HOs!!) Optimisation (field measurements)

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    Indoor Propagation

    Three main propagation mechanisms

    Reflection

    Diffraction

    Scattering

    Similar to microcellular propagation, except in smaller scale!

    Delay spread very small => large coherence bandwidth!!

    TX

    RX

    R

    S

    DD

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    Indoor Coverage Planning

    Indoor environment very difficult to model (as microcell)

    Coverage planning based on measurements

    Two distinct types of survey

    Existing coverage surveys

    New cell surveys and Proposal

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    Existing Coverage Survey

    To determine whether an in-building cell is required

    Survey of current digital networks, to show coverage levelavailable

    Test mobile in dedicated mode while walking in the building

    Download measurement data to PC for analysis

    Post measurement tool, SAM are used to analyse measurement

    data

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    Measurement showing RxQual & Event Types usingNIB and SAM

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    Measurement Methods

    Test transmitter emitting at a designated test frequency set up

    Antenna positioned to achieve the required coverage

    Data collected while walking around the buildingTest equipment will be a calibrated GSM900/1800 test transmitter (InSite or any generic signal

    generator) feeding via a

    cable of measured attenuation and either a omni or directional antenna mounted on a tripod

    Same data acquisition apparatus for exisitng coverage surveymeasurement will be used

    Using SAM, coverage level against position will be overlaid on thebuilding plan

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    Indoor CoverageSolutions

    Small BTS FlexiTalk PrimeSite, MetroSite, InSite

    Repeaters Active, passive Optical

    Antennas Distributed antennas Radiating cable

    Signal distribution

    Power splitters Optical fibre

    Inconspicuous placing of BTS:

    hide antennas from public view!

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    Directionalantenna (wall-mounted)Bi-directionalantenna

    (wall-mounted)Omni-directionalantenna(ceiling-mounted)

    Outdoor BTS

    Outdoor cell

    Distributed antenna system (RF signalsplitters)

    Coaxialantenna

    RF repeater with optical

    interface

    Indoor BTS

    A-bis / BSC

    BASE STATIONS SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION ANTENNAS

    Distributed antenna system with

    amplifier (in line RF amplifiers)

    RFoutRFin

    OptTx

    OptRxRFout

    RFout

    Optical RFDistribution

    RFrepeaterfor indoors

    Passiverepeater

    Direct connection

    Indoor CoverageSolutions

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    Distributed Antenna System (DAS)

    Benefit: low equipment price

    Disadvantage: lack of control over antenna signal level, due to the variation in

    size of distribution network Use: shopping malls, airports, etc

    Leaky Cable

    Benefit: evenly distributed coverage along the length of the cable Disadvantage: relatively small coverage area

    Use: tunnels

    Fibre Optical Distribution System (FODS)

    Benefit: easy installation due to use of thin optical fibre

    Disadvantage: higher price and propagation delay within the fibre

    Use: when the cable runs are too long for a DAS

    Indoor CoverageTransmission Media

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    Indoor CoverageDAS

    Indoor antennas are connected to base station via coaxial feedercable

    Choose antennas that match to the environment - i.e. hard to spot!

    Install high enough - prevent desensitization

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    Symbolin systemdiagram

    1/2"

    7/8"

    1-1/4"

    RFF 1/2"-50

    SuperFlexible

    RFX 1/2"-50Cable Antenna

    RFX 7/8"-50Cable Antenna

    RF 7/8"-50Feeder Cable

    Leaky feeders

    Indoor CoverageLeaky Cable

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    Coaxial cable with perforated leads energy leak

    Radiating losses 10 ..40 dB per 100m

    Coupling loss typ. 55 dB (at 1m ref. dist.)

    Constant field strengths along cable runs

    Operate in wide frequency range

    Radiating losses become higher with frequency

    Very large bending radii

    Disturbs field distribution

    Formerly often used for tunnel coverage

    VERY EXPENSIVE

    Indoor CoverageLeaky Cable

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    Splitter

    Combiner

    Optical

    Converter

    Optical

    Converter

    Uplink

    Downlink

    OpticalConverter

    OpticalConverter

    RF signal is converted to optical signal and fed into the optical fibre.

    Conversion from optical signal to RF signal takes place at theantenna end.

    Indoor CoverageFODS

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    Signal from in-building BTS

    Fibre optic distribution system

    Very low cabling losses (2 dB/1000m)

    >50 remote antennas possible

    Signal amplification and distributionat remote end

    Easy cabling (very thin fibres)

    Application examples

    Multi-level offices, shops

    Airport halls (large distances!)

    Industrial plants

    Indoor Panel

    Antenna

    Indoor BTS

    Remote Unit

    Master Unit

    Optical Fiber RF Cable

    Indoor CoverageOptical Repeater

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    RF DAS System Diagram

    Basement

    Floor 1

    Floor 3

    Floor 2

    15dB

    10dB

    BT

    A1

    A5

    A4

    A3

    A2

    1/2"

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    InSite

    Capacity is always 1 BTS & 1 TRX (Combined CCCH/SDCCH/4 + 7TCH)

    If there is a need for 2 TRX in the same area, 2 InSites can be

    installed near each other

    Direct Retry -parameter needed

    If many InSites are used in a building, frequencies are reused more

    tightlyPlanner can plan frequency manually or use APP (Automatic PicocellPlanning)

    Interference area and coverage area has to be verified so that thesame frequency can be reused

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    InLite

    One option to provide coverage if cable length from BTS toantenna comes long

    Fiber optic cables up to 1.5 km without any remarkableattenuation (optical link budget < 3 dB)

    Flexible & easy integration with MetroSite

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    InLite

    InLite is a system for indoor cellular coverage, based on use of fiberoptics and remote antennas

    Consists of two main parts, main unit MU and remote unit RU

    MU is a central unit for RF transmission and reception

    Main function is to convert RF-signal to optical mode and vice versa

    Each LU can support and continuously monitor up to 4 RUs

    Can expand up to 8 LU 32 RU 64 output ports

    Two optical fibres for each RU one for DL and one for UL

    In DL, a laser in LU is modulated by the RF electrical signals to generate opticalcarrier

    LU carries out 1:4 optical splitting at DL

    In UL, LU optically combines the optical signals from RU and a PIN photo diodeconverts the optical signals into RF electrical signals

    A LNA is used to increase the received power from the RU in the UL path

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    InLite Architecture

    SWITCHMATRIX 8:4

    Optical Converters

    BTS Interface

    32 fibreoptic

    RemoteUnits

    Air Interface

    NokiaInLite

    RU

    Antenna

    (Panel)

    Antenna

    (Omni)

    BTS BTS

    eo

    eo

    Dual band

    RFmodule#3

    eo

    eo

    Dual band

    RFmodule#2

    eo

    eo

    Dual band

    RFmodule#1

    eo

    eo

    Dual band

    RFmodule#4

    Multi-fibre cable

    RU

    Multi-fibre cable

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    Outdoor AntennaGain: 18 dBi

    Indoor AntennaGain: 9dBi

    Target Indoor Coverage Building

    7/8'' CableLoss: 4dB / 50mCable length : 25m

    -50 dBm

    4th Floor

    3rd Floor

    1st Floor

    Ground Floor

    2nd Floor

    1:1

    50m

    50m

    1:1

    50m

    50m

    1:1

    50m

    50m

    1:1

    50m

    50m

    1:1

    50m

    50m

    1:1

    1:1:1

    1:1

    4th floor

    3rd floor

    2nd floor

    1st floor

    ground floor

    With repeater

    Relay outdoor signal into target building

    Needs donor cell; adds coverage, no capacity

    With indoor BTS and distributed antennas

    Heavy losses by power splitting and cabling

    Indoor CoverageExample

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    Indoor Cell Frequency Planning

    Target to find clear enough channel

    Planning tool cannot predict accurate interference in upper floors in highbuildings

    Channel can be optimised by indoor measurement Quality HOs typically problem

    Frequency re-use can be high if antenna planning good

    Minimised leaking outside

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    Indoor Cell Parameter Planning

    In general no need to do many changes to the Nokia's defaultparameter set before implementation

    Idle mode

    C2-per cell basis parameter in idle mode (phase 2 mobiles) Can be used to guide call setup in indoor cell when moving indoors Measurements needed for fine tuning

    Dedicated mode

    PBGT HO can be disabled from indoor cell in order to keep traffic indoors. Goodindoor plan with uniform coverage needed.

    Important that mobiles are using an indoor cell(s) inside a building andhandovers at building entrance work as wanted. PBGT HO margin optimizationfrom other cells.

    Umbrella HO-parameter?

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    Summary of Indoor Planning

    Cost efficient solution, repeater/insite/ultrasite

    Indoor solution should be planned to cover whole building

    Minimize leaking outdoors in antenna location selection -> reduceinterference

    When planning site minimize # of HOs due to level/quality

    Use parameters to keep indoor traffic in indoor site

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    Special Cases INDOOR PLANNING

    TUNNEL PLANNING

    REPEATERS

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    Tunnel PlanningBasics

    Extraordinary propagation environment

    Tunnel coverage planning differs greatly from the conventional planning

    Reliable simulation/prediction is impossible

    Test measurements usually difficult to conduct

    Planning has to be based on known propagation properties and common sense

    Signal can be generated by BTS or repeater (optical or RF)

    BTS needed if the tunnel is very long or high capacity is needed

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    Propagation inside tunnels depends on

    Tunnel shape Circular tunnel has higher propagation loss than rectangular

    Wall structure

    Newer tunnel more steel in concrete better propagation

    Filling factor How big part of the tunnel's cross-section is blocked?

    Depend on cross-section size and number of tubes

    Tunnel curvature

    In most cases the curvature is meaningless, not always Location of the antenna

    Simulations has been made, but it is very difficult to adapt the results into realworld

    Tunnel PlanningPropagation

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    Rules of thumb concerningpropagation when using regular

    antenna.

    Coupling loss

    ~60 dB

    First km

    ~30 - 50 dB

    Next km

    ~20 - 30 dB

    Tunnel PlanningPropagation

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    Powersplitter

    X dBm

    G=85 dB

    X+13dBm

    50m 7/8",

    L=2 dB L=3,5 dB

    X+98dBm

    20m 1/2",

    L=2 dB

    X+96dBm X+92,5dBm

    20m 1/2",

    L=2 dB

    X+90,5dBm

    G=9,5dBi

    EIRP = X+100 dBm

    G=15 dBi

    Tunnel PlanningExample

    Typical maximum output power for a channel selective repeater is about +31 dBmIn order to have this max power, we'd need -67 dBm by the pick-up antenna.Then the EIRP from the tunnel antennas would be +33 dBmCable thickness need to be selected based on installation- and loss properties

    T l Pl i

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    Tunnel PlanningSolution Summary

    Following table summarizes the feasibilities of different coveragesolution types for highway tunnels of different lengths

    Highwaytunnels

    RF repeater BTS FOD

    < 1000m +++ ++ ---1000 2000 m ++ +++ -

    2000 3000 m ++ ++ ++

    3000 5000 m - ++ ++> 5000 m -- + +++

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    Special Cases INDOOR PLANNING

    TUNNEL PLANNING

    REPEATERS

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    Advantages: Easy and fast way to expand coverage or capacity Abis transmission is not needed

    Disadvantages: Uses BTS capacity -> congestion Output power decreases if number of channels increases

    Future swap over to dedicated BTS when traffic increases, sodesign with the idea of maintaining the same EIRP with new BTSDL: Repeater picks up the signal coming from BTS via donor

    antenna, amplifies it and re-radiate it via coverage antennaUL: Receives signal from mobile, amplifies it and re-transmitsthe signal to the BTSServing BTS handles call initiation, power control messages, HO

    requests etc.Incoming signal should be at least -70-75 dBm To achieve sufficient TX power for the repeater To achieve good signal quality

    RF-repeater

    Repeaters

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    RepeatersBasics

    Passive repeater

    Needs strong external signal

    Useful only with very short cables

    Seldom used

    Active repeater

    Amplifies and re-transmits allreceived signals

    Wideband or narrowbandrepeater

    Application examples

    Places with coverage need and littletraffic

    Remote valleys Tunnels

    Underground coverage (e.g.garages)

    needsdecoupling > amplification

    Repeaters

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    RepeatersOverview

    Donor Site Donor Antenna Repeater Antenna

    Location Site of a CR

    Donor Cell

    Combined Coverage

    Cell Repeater

    MS

    MS

    Repeaters

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    RepeatersInterference Caused by Delay

    Signal to the MS can travel directly from the donorcell (delay0) or through a CR

    delay= (delay1 + delayR + delay2) - delay0

    If delay > equaliser window interferences

    Donor Site

    Donor Antenna

    Repeater Antenna

    Location Site of a CR

    Donor CellCell Repeater

    delay0

    MobileInterference Area

    delay1

    delay2

    delayR

    R t

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    BTS Repeater

    Cost Expensive Cheap

    CoverageExpansion

    New Frequency Allocation needed

    Easy Way to Expand Coverage

    CapacityExpansion

    Higher Frequency Reuse Uses Radio Resourcesfrom Regular BTS

    RFCharacteristics

    High C/I

    Higher O/P Power

    Decoupling

    Donor Antenna Required

    Limitation E1/T1 Required No use in High Density Traffic Areas

    BSC Features Not

    Available

    RepeatersBTS vs. Repeater

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    Exercises / Questions

    Why to use indoor sites?

    List different methods to build indoor coverage!

    What is different betweenthe indoor planning process and thenormal planning process?

    Which factors affect signal propagation in tunnels?

    When is it feasible to use a repeater ?

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    References

    1. S. Saunders, Antennas and Propagation for WirelessCommunication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 1999.