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8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
1/20
2003 Prentice Hallps1
Planning and Shaping
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
2/20
2003 Prentice Hallps2
FREEWRITING
Write quickly.
Dont edit as you go; just put down the words as
fast as you can.
If you get stuck, just write Im stuck, Im stuck
until you think of something.
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
3/20
2003 Prentice Hallps3
CLARIFYINGGOALS
PURPOSE: What do
you want the reader
to know, do, or feel as
a result of readingyour text?
Are you informing,
evaluating,persuading, or
entertaining?
AUDIENCE: Who are
your readers? What is
their approximate
age/ interest andknowledge level/
educational level in
your subject? Are
they experts, generalpublic, your peers or
fellow students?
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
4/20
2003 Prentice Hallps4
THESIS SENTENCES FORREVISION
Which of the following thesis sentences are
effective? Ineffective?
Explain what is wrong with each of the
ineffective theses and revise them.
Assume an essay of 500 words and an audience
of generally educated adults whom you do not
know personally.
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
5/20
2003 Prentice Hallps5
SAMPLETHESIS #1
ORIGINAL: George Washington was the first
president of the United States.
REVISED: As the first president of the UnitedStates, George Washington had to resist those
who wanted to turn him into a king.
The original sentence is a statement of fact,something accepted as true rather than a
worthwhile assertion.
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
6/20
2003 Prentice Hallps6
SAMPLETHESIS #2
ORIGINAL: Student government at my university is
worthless.
REVISED: Student government at my university
has no money, no power, and no mandate.
The original sentence is unrestricted, with a
vague predicate. It sounds like what will followwill be an emotional tirade rather than sound
reason.
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
7/20
2003 Prentice Hallps7
SAMPLETHESIS #3
ORIGINAL: Many colleges exploit their athletes,
using them as revenue-producing machines,
ignoring their needs as students and failing to
regard bright students who do not happen to beathletes.
REVISED: Many colleges exploit their athletes,
using them as revenue-producing machines
while ignoring their needs as students.
The original sentence lacks unity, containing at
least three ideas not clearly related.
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
8/20
2003 Prentice Hallps8
SAMPLETHESIS #4
ORIGINAL: Strawberry cheesecake is the best
kind.
REVISED: No longer must the cheesecake
worshipper settle for plain cheesecake: he or she
can find everything from the delightful
(strawberry) to the exotic (kumquat).
The original sentence is unworkable because asimple preference cannot be proven, only
asserted. The revised sentence reflects a
change to the informative process.
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
9/20
2003 Prentice Hallps9
SAMPLETHESIS #5
ORIGINAL: Shakespeare was a great writer.
REVISED: In Julius Caesar, we see one
dimension of Shakespeares greatness: heoffers something for everyone, from the bawdy
puns of the opening scene, to the comparison of
different styles of leadership that informs the
whole play. The original sentence is unrestricted and
obvious.
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
10/20
2003 Prentice Hallps10
SAMPLETHESIS #6
ORIGINAL: I just moved to Oregon.
REVISED: Moving from Boston to Oregon stillmeans moving from the Old World to the New.
The original sentence was a simple statement of
fact, of little interest to readers who do not knowthe writer personally.
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
11/20
2003 Prentice Hallps11
THEINFORMALOUTLINE
Used for planning.
More sophisticated than lists, idea trees, or notes.
Shows subordination of ideas as well as sequence of
ideas.
Helps develop a writing strategy.
Aids identification of main ideas.
Allows for grouping of ideas/ evidence.
Links subordinate minor points to major ideas.
Allows you to experiment with the order in which
ideas will appear.
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
12/20
2003 Prentice Hallps12
THEINFORMALOUTLINE
May be all that is needed to get started.
Valuable tool for timed writing, such as
exams, as well as for writing with a deadline.
Can take any shape the writer finds useful.
Useful in revision.
Checks organization of what has been written.
May reveal flaws and show what needs to berevised, such as repetition, gaps, digressions,
and problems of sequence or coherence.
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
13/20
2003 Prentice Hallps13
THEFORMALOUTLINE
Often produced for others.
Rules for the formal outline:
Use consistent numbers for headings and
subheadings. Follow either topic, sentence, or paragraph
style throughout the outline.
Use parallel structure.
Avoid vague headings such as Introduction,Body, and Conclusion.
Make sure to state your thesis at the top ofthe outline.
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
14/20
2003 Prentice Hallps14
OUTLINEFORMAT
THESIS STATEMENT
I. First main idea
A. First subordinate idea
1. First reason or example
2. Second reason or example
B. Second subordinate idea
II. Second main idea
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
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2003 Prentice Hallps15
EDGARDEGAS DANCERS INTHEFOYER
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
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2003 Prentice Hallps16
DANCERS INTHEFOYER:WRITINGAS
PROCESS EXERCISE
Ballet was one of the
favorite subjects of
French Impressionist
painter Edgar Degas(1834-1917). In this
painting he shows
several dancers
limbering up before aperformance.
Prepare to use the
four process steps to
write about the
painting: Planning and
Shaping
Drafting
Revising
Editing
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
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2003 Prentice Hallps17
PLANNINGAND SHAPING
Planning for and shapinga piece of writing are alsoa kind of limbering up inpreparation for a polished
performance. Look at the whole picture.
How are the individualfigures related to eachother? To the setting?
Which details suggestinformality?
In contrast, which detailsgive a formal feel?
Drawing on detailsfrom Degas painting,freewrite for 10
minutes about howpreparing to writeresembles preparingfor the ballet. Makesure to include
differences a well assimilarities.
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
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2003 Prentice Hallps18
DRAFTING
Reread your freewriting.
Underline the most interesting/important
sentence you find.
Using this sentence as your topic sentence, draft
a paragraph.
Add details and new material to develop your
idea.
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
19/20
2003 Prentice Hallps19
REVISING
DETAIL: How have the details you mentioned
helped create the central impression of the
painting?
ORGANIZATION: Is your paragraph organized?
Is it coherent? Does it support your core
sentence?
WORD CHOICE: Are your words precise?Replace any vague words with more precise
ones.
8/8/2019 Planning and Shaping -English Speaking Course Lucknow (CDI) www.cdilucknow.blogspot.com
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2003 Prentice Hallps20
EDITING
Review your paragraph for correctness of
sentence structure, grammar, spelling, and
punctuation.
Make any necessary changes.