PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OP ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL AT TARAPUR NUCLEAR POWER STATION SITE

I.S. Ehat Health Physics Division, RARC

Environmental Survey Laboratory, TAPS Colony, Boisar (Thana District)

Maharashtra

Problems of environmental surveillance of radioactivity from operation of nuclear power stations have been realised at the stage of selecting the site and construction of Tarapur Atomic Power Station. An Environmental Survey Laboratory was set up at Tarapur in December, 1964 to study and understand the site environ­ment in the pre-ope rational period.

Measurements and investigations carried out in .this period (1965-1969) were to:-

(i) obtain base level of radioactivity and its pattern of seasonal variations,

(li) study the uptake pathways to man for radio­active contaminants in the environment; dilution availability in the environment for station discharges and find indicator samples,

(iii) obtain information on the critical food material, critical group of population through demographic study, and

(iv) derive acceptable contamination levels in the environment•

The Power Reactors at Tarapur went critical in February 1969 and the station started commercial operation in January 1970. Liquid and gaseous radioactive effluents are being discharged to the environment from the station.

In the marine environment the contamination above the base line due to radwaste releases from the plant have been detected up to 16 km along the shore line on both sides of Btatibn. The present levels of'radioactivity in sea water, silt and marine organisms have been assessed. The land and air radioactive contamination due to station operation have been detected. The present data have been compared with the pre-operational levels and permissible concentration limits in different, media. ' ' , . •

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The paper also gives a brief account of environment-control procedures in case of emergency conditions.

> . •

INTRODUCTION

Health and safety Measures in nuclear operations are

stringent because the permissible concentrations of radioactive

pollutants is small and unlike other industrial pollutants, they

can only be detected or measured with the help of special instru­

ments. Planning of environmental safety in case of Power reactors

starts right at the beginning of the design and planning of the

Power plant and selecting a site for its construction. The

criteria for siting power reactors in our country have be^n

established by the Health Physics Division of B.A.R.C. and have

been published earlier (1,2). These criteria have been considered

in selecting Tarapur as the site for our first Nuclear Power Station.

The construction of the Power plant started at Tarapur

site in 1964 and the two boiling water reactors of 200 MWe capacity

became critical in February, 1969* The station has been commissioned

for commercial power production in January, 1970, The reactors

during the commissioning and commercial operation produce low

level radioactive liquid and gaseous effluents. The liquid wastes

are diluted with warm condenser coolant sea water and discharged

to the coastal waters.. Gaseous wastes are released through a

113m high stack.

There are many concentration processes in the environment

whtreby discharged radionuclides reach man in concentration thousand'

to million times more than dischai'ge concentration. The pathways of

released radionuclides to air and water reaching man are as followst

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Release t o Ai r :

Deposition on ground and pasture >• M i l k l Pick up by grazing animal » Meat~*|

Deposition on vegetables & j j ^ a g r i c u l t u r a l produce v |

Inha la t ion and d i r e c t exposure from cloud >

Release to Water:

Fresh water used for drinking — * \ Agriculture > 1

I I I

Pish

Sea water Solar salt * Fish

Man

Contamination of silt, shore 5 i end fishing gear. . "* \

It is essential to study and understand the more

important or critical pathways of exposure and critical nuclides

in this environment for the reactor released radionuclides.

Maximum permissible concentration in tho various environmental

media have to be fixed up before any release of radioactivity

from the plant. Due to world wide fallout and natural radio-

activity* the environment has radioactivity even before the

nuclear station releases radwastes. 3?o know the contribution

to the contamination of the environment from the reactor operation %

it is necessary to know the preoperational or background levels of

activity and its fluctuations.

To obtain the background information on Tarapur

environment a preoperational environmental survey laboratory was

set up near the reactor site. The important findings of the study

carried out in the pro-operational stages are described in the „

paper. The laboratory continued to carryout environmental studies

after the reactor operation started. A distinct increase In the

background level has been observed even though the increase is a

very small fraction of maximum permissible levels. The results of

investigations carried out during operational stages are

presented in the paper. The paper emphasises the need for

the pre-operational environmental Survey programmes in

assessing th.lB email increase in background and in planning

for control of environmental pollution with minimum effort

under normal operating condition and environmental emergency

conditions.

ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY LABORATORY (E.S.L.)

A proposal to set up an Environmental Survey (3)

Laboratory was made in 1962 . A temporary laboratory for

environmental survey during preoperational period was set up

very near the site in December, 1964. The laboratory has

been well equipped to measure low levels of radiation and

trace radioactive and mineral constituents in variety of

environmental samples. The laboratory has a vehicle for the

purpose of survey and collecting samples. The laboratory staff

have initially gone around to the villages within 32 km region

in the environment to acquaint and educate general public about

the environmental radiation safety work being done by the

laboratory and to select the monitoring station location. The

public have been encouraged to vioit the laboratory whenever

possible. This gesture has,.obtained great co-operation from

the public in the Lab's programmes.

In February, 1969 the laboratory was shifted to the

permanent building at the housing colony about 9 km eway. from

site. The cost of laboratory building and complete equipment

has been about 7.5 lakhs rupees. The economic aspect of ..

environmental survey has been discussed in a paper by Bhat

e t a i W . ' • - • - : • ' • " . ' ' • • - • ' • / . • ; . ' : . : , • ; , , : ' , • . < :

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DESCRIPTIGN OP SITE, ENVIRONMENT AND MONITORING STATIONS

Figure 1.shows the site of Tarapur Nuclear Power

Station and the environmental monitoring stations. The

site is located about 100 Km North of Bombay on a piece of

land putting out about 250 a in the sea covering 170 arc.

The land around the site is used for agricultural production.

Table 1 shows, the area of land under cultivation and the

population within 8 km zone*

The population distribution in the environment

is shown in Figure 2. The houses in every village is

clustered around one place and land is used for agriculture

farming or cattle fodder growing.

The coastal region is uoed for heavy fishing

during all seasons except monsoon. The families of fishermen

also live clustered in the villages near coastline. A small

village of about 500 population within 1.6 km from site has

been rehabilitated beyond 3 km front site.

METEOROLOGICAL DATA

The meteorology group of H.P* Division has collected

mi cromete or ©logical data for the Tarapur site from I960.

Initially the observations were carried out at a height of 30 m

from top of lighthouse, later a special mlcromet tower of 133 m

height was erected. Continuous wind and temperature data at

various heights are now available for the site. Figure 3 gives

the wind rose which gives an average data ftom 1963 to 1969.

This wind data Is helpful during normal reactor operation, in

finding out areas in the environment where contamination is,

likely from stack gas release. In case of accidental high .

radioactivity release through stack the mlcromet data If readily

available aids very much in environmental monitoring for locating

affected group of population.

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BASE LEVEL OP RADIOACTIVITY AND TRACE ELEMENTS STUDIES

Regular collection of environmental samples from

the monitoring station and analysis of these camples in the

laboratory have been carried out for four yearB. Table 2

gives the varieties of samples collected during these four

years. The results have been published in the progress (5)

reportsv of ESL. The fission products in the environmental

samples can come either from fallout or from reactor discharges.

The pre-operationel estimation gives the levels of fission

products due to fallout and from this contribution due to

reactor release can be estimated in the operational phase.

In the radioactive wastes from the reactor,

radioisotopes of elements like Co, Mn, Zn9 Or and Pe would be

present in addition to fission product© due to corrosion and

neutron activation. The naturally occurring non-radioactive

isotopes of these dements occur in trace quantities in all

samples. The pre-operational determination of these trace

constituents helps in predicting future trends of their radio-54

isotopes. Por examples, Mh intake and deposition would depend

on the Mn content of food materials.

The direct radiation levels in all the population

centres end along coast line have been measured using a

scintillation detector survey meter and thermoluminescent

dosimeters. The direct radiation levels up to 32 km region have (5)

been reported in progress reports>'. The radiation levels vary

from 4 to 8 microroentgen per hour.

INDICATOR SAMPLES

Prom the preoperational radioactivity and trace .

element studies, it was revealed that there are high concentration

of-certain nuclides in some of the environmental samples and

these can be used as indicators for checking up any increase in

the environmental radioactivity. Goat thyroid was found to be-

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a good indicator of radioiodine contamination of the land

environment and sea weed 'Sargasum' for radioiodine in

the marine environment. .Table 3 giveB the list of indicator

samples observed in the Tarapur environment.

CONCENTRATION FACTORS

From the trace element distribution studies between

sea water and sea food, the concentration factors (CF) for

some of the important elements have been determined in the

Tarapur environment (5). Table 4 gives the concentration

factors for some of the fishes caught in Tarapur coast line.

Under equilibrium conditions, it would be possible to predict

the concentration of radionuclides of these elements in the

samples from the CFs obtained from trace element distribution

and from concentration in effluents. These concentration

factors, as described later, are useful in deriving maximum

permissible concentration of these nuclides in sea water.

CRITICAL FOOD AND CBITICAL GEOUP OF POPULATION

Demographic surveys of dietary and professional habits

of families living within 5 Km of site were carried out in 1966

and 1967. The survey showed that there are two main groups of -

population: viz., farmers and fisherman. The dietary studies

and analysis of .individual components of dieS for radioelements

and trace elements showed that eea food is the critical food

(7) component and fishermen are the c r i t i c a l group of population

for the environmental contamination under normal operation of

reac tors . Table 5 gives the contribution to daily dietary

intake from major food components in the diet of fishermen and

farmers. Radioiodine has-been found to be the major constituent

in the reactor radwaste released to sea. Fishermen with 18$ of

dally diet as fish and 81.5$ of iodine in the t o t a l diet coming

from fish would .be-'the most exposed group under normal operation

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or under accidental radioactivity release to sea* In case of

any emergency release of radioactivity to air and land, fresh

vegetables and milk could be the critical food material.

This type of demographic studies in th& preoperational

phase is very important to find out the group of population likely

to be affected from the plant operation and this is the first

time such studies have been done by environmental Bafety organisation

MPC IN SEA WATER AND LIMITING INDICATOR CONCENTRATION (LIC)

Since Tarepur nuclear station is discharging low level

liquid radwastes to sea, it is essential to derive maximum

permissible concentration limits in sea water for various

possible radionuclides present in the effluents* The derivation

of this working limits is based on concentration factors and the

amount of fish eaten by the critical population. The diet survey

has given the second factor which is 120 g in case of Bombay duck*

It can be taken that fishermen are exposed equally from contamination

of silt and sediments and from sea food. Thus MPC/ \ can be (sw)

derived from MPC/dw\ a s followsi

»m« 1 ^ 2200 xMPC/, v KB } . 120 :c CF

Table 6 gives the derived MPC values for sea water for

Taropur. The MPC/ % values based on IC'RP recommendation are taken

for calculation.

The values of MPC/ \ are too low to be of practical .

application in monitoring. Since monitoring of indicator samples

is the easiest method of checking and controlling environmental

contamination, the concept of limiting '.Indicator concentration (LIC) (Q)

has been introducedv . The CPs for the indicators in case the

indicators are not directly food materials but if the indicator is

edible LIC is calculated directly from the amount of indicator a. •

material consumed. The LIC in case of'few of the indicators are

given in Table 7.

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PIELD STUDIBSJ

Marine environment

The effluent discharge system of TAPS i s shovm in

Figure 4* The sea water near shore i s subjected to semi­

diurnal t idal water movements moving north during high t ide

and moving south in low t i d e . Dual discharge system has been

designed to discharge hot eff luents always in the stream of

sea water moving away from the intake canal eo that the

recirculat ion of discharged effluentB i s minimised. The design

has been based mainly on model studies and few f i e ld experiments

in the off shore waters at s i t e before the construction of canale.

The discharge canals are situated in the near shore waters

(cf f f ig*4) and due to t h i s , environmental survey laboratory

f e l t the need to study the water mo-veraent in tho near shore

waters. Sea water movement studies were a lso called for the t .

safety assessment of a proposed sa l t pan at 3.4 1cm north of s i t e*

Field uxperiments were conducted during the prc-monsoon period

of 1967 to truce the sea water movement pattern using discharge

of Rhodamine B dye and bottle f loa t s from the end of discharge

canal dikes. The dye patch and f loa t s were followed in the near

shore waters with a small motor boat. The studies were carried

out during dif ferent t ida l conditions - Spring, Neap and middle

of these two. The de ta i l s of experiment and observations are (5) given in the laboratory's progress report .

The study showed that: ,

( i ) the speed of water flow in the coastal stream i s about 15 to 20 m/minute$ and the discharged water mass can reach a distance of 5 to 6 km from s i t e in the single t i d e .

( i i ) the bulk of water moved close and onwards to" , shore in high t i d e and off shore component was small in low tide*

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(iii) floats and dye patches released at the end of north discharge canal (NDC) moved right on to the shore in high tide and remained accumulated between the canal dike and shore. As the low tide started, these floats and dye patches receded towards south keeping close to shore and passed across the intake canal indicating the recirculation of discharge waters.

(iv) the dye dispersion indicated an instant dilution by a factor of 10 for single discharge.

(v) due to the north - south oscillation of shore based discharge along with tidal flow there will be a slow build up of released radioactivity along the coast line.

During these experiments the circulating water system (CWS)

of the station was not working. Studies of Rhodamine B dye

discharge through discharge canal flow was conducted again after

the CWS pumps started operating during the commissioning stages. (8)

The later studies confirmed the earlier observations^ .. The

distribution of the dye after discharge through north discharge

canal at the beginning of high tide in spring and neap conditions

are summarised in Figure 4 and Figure 5* The recirculation of

discharge water has been seen clearly. It was observed that the

coastal stream at site is spread from high water line to the 3'

fathom line where it meets the main sea currents. The water

renewal rate in the coastal stream has been estimated to be about

(8) per tide cycle

Land Environment

,-.' Experiments were conducted to study the so i l plant

relationship in case of paddy crops and vegetables by growing

these in a farm adjacent to temporary laboratory. The pick up

fallout fission^ products at different stagets of growth of paddy

plants and distribution of the radioactivity in differerit parts

of plant crop have been studied * 9 ' . In paddy about 92$ of 9 Sr 137

and 85# of Cs are present in the husk and bran and the remaining small fraction is present in the rice.

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Popular var ie t i e s of vegetables have been grown in

the ESL's farm near the s i t e . Soil-water-plant relat ion for

vegetables and f r u i t s have been studied. I t has been found

that wide open leafy type of vegetables l i k e spinach, radish

leaves have considerable fo l i ar absorption of direct deposited

radioact iv i ty i but vegetables and f r u i t s with protective

covers receive the radioactivity along with the mineral

uptake from s o i l water system* .

During the monsoon of 1966, experiments were carried

out to find out absorption and leaching in the s o i l - rainwater

system. The experiment and resul ts , are described in progress (5)

report . About 5 to 10 kg of s i t e s o i l was taken in p las t i c

l ined buckets & exposed to rain water and water passed through

the s o i l column was col lected and tested* It was found that

almost a l l the ac t iv i ty coming down in rain water "was absorbed

in the s o i l column. •_

The f i e ld studies in preoperational stage have given the

picture of poss ible , s o i l and food material contamination due

to fell-out from reactor stack discharges.

MEASUREMENTS OP BODY RADIOACTIVITY .

The f i n a l estimate of the radioact iv i ty in man i s done

by counting of person in case of gamma a c t i v i t y and by excretion

analysis in case of pure alpha and beta radioact iv i ty . The

requirement of whole body counting f a c i l i t y for environmental

survey has been brought cut in a recent paper on guide l i n e s

for onrirtsojscntal monitoring * Preoperational body burden

measurements have been carried out for Tarapur population'to a

l imited extent with the whole body counter at BARO. A whole

body counter has been ins ta l led in the permanent building of BSL

and now the counting of members of c r i t i c s ! group of population

i s done right at the laboratory. The f a c i l i t y has been found

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useful not only for environmental monitoring but also for the

whole body counting of Power Station staff.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL UNDER EMERGENCY CONDITIONS

Even though the chances are remote for environmental

emergencies due to Power reactor operation; these are not

ruled out from happening at times, due to equipment or instru­

ment failures or personal errors. The laboratory has drawn

up a plan to cope up with emergency conditions in the environment(12).

The field sampling and survey vehicle has been fitted up with

emergency monitoring equipments operating on battery power

supply so that en the spot measurements could be done at any

place in the environment* Follow up and remedial action have (12)

been suggested on the basis of preoperational findingsv '.

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DURING OPERATIONAL PERIOD

Marine environment

After the reactors became critical in February, 1969,

the sea at site started receiving low level liquid radioactive

waste discharges. Iodine-131 has been the major (80 to 90$)

radionuclide in the discharged radwaste. Regular environmental

sampling and analysis have been carried out as planned from the 137 131

preoperational studies* Table 8 shows the Cs and I

content of sea waters from various locations, during the operational

period with few results from preoperational data for comparison.

The gross activity of suspended silt in sea water at the plant

outfall is given in Table 9* Table 10 gives the gross activity

of shore bottom deposited silt from 3 locations within 2 km from

site. Radioiodihe content in sea weed samples is presented in

Table 11. The silt samples have been analysed for individual

activation products and fission products and data is given in

Table 12. Radioiodine has been found to be present,upto,a level

0.5 pCi/g soft tissue in case of fish samples caught within 1 km

from site.

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Air and Land environment

The Weekly air activity measurements at site and at

Housing Colony showed that site air activity is increasing

significantly but the leval at colony remains normal. Table 13

gives.the long lived gross beta activity in weekly air samples

at site and colony. The cumulative air samples each month are

analysed for individual radionuclides and the results are given

in Table 14*

Banana leaf; samples were collected from south, east and

north at about 1.6 km from site to detect the fallout from

reactor stack discharges. During the month of March, 1970

banana leaves from Akkarpatti at South showed the presence of

radio!odine where as east and north samples did not show any

radioiodine. The goat thyroid sample from south also showed

radioiodine in March but samples from other direction were back­

ground. In the month of Hay, wind direction changes to southwest

and as expected the thyroid samples from Tarapur - Chinchani In

north showed radioiodiae but in other direction levels were

background. In June and JuJLy 1970 the fallout due to French

nuclear weapons test reached this environment and the thyroid,

samples from all areas showed I and level of I in thyroid

reached a peak of 287.6 pCi/g thyroid in July 2nd week and then 131

started decreasing. This type of variation of I level

differentiates the nuclear weapons fallout from the reactor

fallout.

QOHOLUSIOH

A systematic preoperational environmental survey has enabled to find the small but distinct rise In the activity level

in the Tarapur environment. Even though the present Cs level

in site sea water has gone up by a factor of five it is still

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about thousand times less than MPC limits. The I levels

in sea water at site has gone up at times upto 1/Bth of

MPC (ow) but considering the indicator I concentration, 131

I level has reached only 150 to 120 times lesB than MPC. 131

The I contamination in coastal waters due to reactor release could be traced up to 16 1cm on either side of the

sitejbut the levels are quite low compared to MPC level.

The major amounts of radioactivity released to sea

gets adsorbed in the silt and the silt in sea water has been

found to decontaminate sea water by bringing down the silt

adsorbed radioactivity to the shore bed. Even though the

silt gamma activity measured by gross gamma counting has gone

up by a factor of 40 to 50 over preoperational level, the

shore gamma radiation level as observed by the survey meter

has not so far increased. The contamination of shore silt

hag been observed up to distance of 2 to 3 km. [The limiting

silt radioactivity concentration for Tarapur environment has

been evaluated as 300 pCi/g and the present silt activity

levels are 15 to 30 times lower than the,limiting concentration.

The fishes caught near the site have shown the presence

•of reactor released radioiodine but the levels are insignificant

at present. If the silt contamination reaches;-the oysters farm

located at 4.0 km, the radioactivity of oyster© may increase due

to their sedentary nature end due to the pick up of their diet

. requirements from Bilt.\ The field study has shovyn the

uneuitableness of. shore based discharge system due to tidal

oscillations.

The plant management has been kept acquainted with all

the findings of the laboratory studies so that suitable remedial

measures can be taken if necessary to decrease the environmental

releases. '

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Tho environmental studies carried out for the Tarapur

reactor w i l l be useful for the other nuolear f a c i l i t i e s l ike

fuel reprocessing plant and Radioactive waste treatment plants

tthlch are coming up near the Nuclear Power Stat ion.

REFERENCES

1. A.S. Rao, P.R. Kanath and A.K. Ganguly, Health ft Safety Criteria for Si t ing Power Reactors in India. IAEA Symposium on s i t i n g of Reactors and Nuolear Research Centres, Bombay, March - 1963*

2 . V.V. Shirvaikar and A.K. Ganguly, Containment and Power Reactor s i t i n g , ib id .

3» I»S. Bhat and P.R. Kamath, Proposal for the Preoperational Environmental Survey Laboratory for Tarapur Project -ABET internal report - 1962.

4. I . S . Bhat, A.A. Khan and P.R. Kamath, Economic Planning of Environmental Survey for Power Reactors, Mid-year Topical Symposiiua of H.P. Society, January - 1968.

5. I i S . Bhat et a l . Preoperational Environmental Survey for Tarapur Atomic Power Project , Progress reports BARC-242 (l964-65)» BARC-289 (1966), BARC/HP/ESL/7 (1967-68).

. 6. I .S . Bhat and P.R. Kamath, Goat thyroids'as indicators, for routine environmental monitoring of radioiodine. Health Physics Vol.16, pp 65-67, (1969).

7- P.R. Kamath e t . a l . Preoperational Search for base l ine radioact iv i ty c r i t i c a l food and population group at Tarapur Power Station s i t e , proceedings of First IRPA Congress 1966, Pergaramon Press* Oxford.

8 . P.R. Kamath, I . S . Bhat and A.K. Ganguly, Environmental behaviour of discharged radioactive eff luents at Tarapur Atomic Power Stat ion, IAEA-SM-146/58. (1970). IAEA-USAEC Symposim, New York, Aug.70.

. . . . . I

9. A.A. Khan, Fallout pick up in paddy; Annual progress report 1967-1968, BARC/HP/ESL-7.

-*0 . P.R. Karaath and I . S . Bhat, Field Monitoring and invest igat ion for the evaluation, of public health hazards through contamination of water sources) Proceedings of WHO-IAEA-PAO Symposium on Environmental contamination by Radioactive materials , Vienna, 1969.

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11 P.R. Kamath, Recent guide lines for developing environmental monitoring programs near nuclear installations* ibid.

12. P.R» Kanath and I.S* Bhat, A programme of environmental control following an accidental release of radioactivity to the environment, ibid.

DISCUSSION

C.J. Mohanrao

I.S. Boat

D.V. Virkar

I.S. Bhat

R. Jayaraman

(1) I agree that it is easier to analyse the indicator organism rather than the water. But does not concentration factor vary depending, upon environmental conditions.

(2) What is the variation in the concentration factors?

(1) Concentration factors vary with environ­mental condition but these remain nearly the same for a particular environment.

(2) The individual values of concentration factor may vary by a factor of two or more but the order of magnitude remains the same.

Has the future increase in fish consumption» say. after 5 years, been considered in the MPC calculation?

The MPC (seawater)derived at present has taken into consideration only the present amount of fish consumed 1 but the local dietary habits are being checked at regular intervals. If any increase in consumption is found, the MPC values will be revised accordingly.

(1) Is the circulation pattern as worked out by the H.P. Diviaion of BARC at Tarapur restricted to 16 km North & South of Tarapur?

(2) How far offshore is the contamination detected?

(3) In regard to the Oyster beds situated South of Tarapur (5 km) the contamination is said to be very low. Won't there be an accumulation of contamination as years progress.

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I.S. Boat 1 (1) No. Only contamination has been found up to 16 km at present.

(2) Upto 3 km offshore near site.

(3) As the discharge continues the concentration of radioisotopes in the oysters will reach an equilibrium. In case of short-lived radioisotopes it has already reached equilibrium for TAPS discharges but it may increase if additional discharges are made.

S. Pradhan J In the evaluation of the maximum permissible concentration, have the local conditions been considered or is it based on the limits fixed by other countries?

I.S, Bhat : The MPC seawater derived for Tarapur, is based on local dietary habits and is evaluated from the limits adopted for the Indian conditions from International limits.

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Table 1s Land under cultivation and population within 8 km zone of TAPS Site

Zone from Site Jem _

0 - 1.6

1.6 to 4.8

4.8 to 8.0

Area in 170 Arc

km

Farming area Total

3.8

30.7

61.5

km

9.4

24.4

Population (1961)

10,757

17,020

Table 2* Pre-operational sampling data * *

Type of sample

Air filter Crops Fruits Sea food (Oysters, flsh^oto) Grass Meat and Eggs Milk Soil and Silt Salt Sea water Fresh water (Wells & Rivers) Fallout Vegetables Diet Thyroid Bone and Teeth Sea weeds

Toialt

No.

w 1965"]

60 24 17 18

142 6 16

136 12 24 33 11 46 4 -

rm

9

558

of samples collected m_12<56 1967 1968^

. 59 26 25 39 110 5 19 43 6 52 21 12

106 a -

-

11

542

52 9 4 12 43 1 9 22 2 36 7 • 12 70 3

30 20 15

377

58 8 4 8 25 2 5

44 6 29 10 '12 84 4

70 3 8

380

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Table 3* Indicators of contamination by various Radionuclides in the TAPS environment

Radionuclide contamination.

Iodine - 131

Long lived fission product fallout '

(90Sr and l37Ce)

Activation products l ike 65 60 58 54 3Zn, Co, * Co, J Bfti

Indicator sample

Land

Goat thyroid

Betel and Banana leaves

Sea

Sea weed - Sargasum

Silt

Oysters and s i l t

Iron - 59 Spinach

Table 4i Concentration factors in sea food (Soft Tissue) in Tarapur Coast

Sea food Ca Sr Mh Zn 9°Sr 37Cs

Bombay duck (Harpondon neherus)

Pomfret (Parapus argentau8)

4.25 4.2 0.91 x 10 1.11 260 153 - 20-40

4.7 6.95 1.3-x r 0.21 900 320 - 13-5

Prawns 3.3 3.2 "1.6 x 10\ I.31 330 340 11 35

Oysters (Grossostrea graphoides)

197 3»52 0.8 x 10* 0.4 2170 530 10-40 20-60

Table 5 J Contribution to daily intake from major food constituents in diet of farmers and fisherman at IAPS environment.'?'

Food groups % age daily intake of

Cereals and .Pulses YSSSlables . Parmer ~Fisher* Farmer "Fisher­

man Ban

Milk, Farmer Fisher­

man

nFish Farmer Fisher­

man

Food staff

Ca.

• K

.60.0 58.5 11.5

24.3 26.3 H.6 »

71.0 67.8 7.8

6.5

8.6

4.7

8.6

30.3

4.1

3.80

13.80

1.90

7.80

18.3

5.40

18.0

41.6

12.0

Sr

28h

Zn

55.4

95.0

80.0

54.9

95.0

89.0

9.0

2.3

1.5

3.3

1.3

0.8

3.2

0.1

2.2

0.90

0.05

0.88

18.9

1.1

1.2

31.2

2.7

6.2

Sr-90

Cs-137

30,6

55.0

76.0

15.6

72.0

74.0

3.9

25.0

12.0

2.3

18.6

7.9

4.7

7.1

6.0

1.06

4.40

3.70

58,0

3.8

4.2

81*5

3.2

5.6

-96-

Table 6t Derived MPC limita for eea water at Tarepur on the basis of flan Intake

Radionuclide

9 0 Sr

1 5 7 C B

65, Zn

5V 3 2 P

1 3 1 I

MPC (sw) jmc/ml

7.0 3t 1(T7

3.6 x 10~6

1.7 x 10~6

4.3 x 10"*7

1.2 x 10**8

1.2 x 1 0 " 6

-

'•

Environment Indicator

Table 7: Limiting indicator concentration

___ LLSL ^Ci/g soft tissue or wet sample

54. m 58 Co 65,

Zn 131.

Marine Oyster

Prawns

Air and Land '. Goat thyroid

7.3 x 10

1.1 x 10

-3

-2

Bombay duck 7*3 x 10

Sargassum -(sea weed)

-3

7.3 x 10"

1.1 x 10

7.3 x 10

r2

-3

5.5 x la"3

8.3 x 10* 3

5«5 x 10 .-3

-3 4.6 x 10

8.4 x 10~ 2

t>

-98-

Table 81 Radioactivity of sea water In Tarapur Environment In the preoperational and operational period.

Date of Collection

26.9.67

5.10.68

15.2.69

9.7.69

29.1.70

5.2.70

2.3.70

28.3.70

31.12.68 *

14.1.70

11.3.70

26.3.70

21.1.68

23.3.68

18.4.70

2.7.68

20,2.69

24.3.70

25.4.68

7.6.69

31.3.70

Location

Intake canal area

Tarapur-Chinchani creek

Dahenu creek

•

Uchali creek

-

Satpath! creek

Activity in . . . . . . . .

0.44 ±0.11

0,67 ±0.12

0.58 ± 0.11

0.79 ±0.12

1.73 ± 0.26

1.36 ±0.25

1.65 ±0.22 -

4.9 ±0;67

0.36 ±0.10

0.52 ± 0.26

1.28 £0.21

2.3 ±0.53

0.33 ±0.18

0.56 ± 0.13

1.25 ± 0.19

0.56 ±0.11

0.57 ± 0.13

2.4 ± 0.27

0.60 > 0.20

0.58 ± 0.09

1.8 + 0.12

pCi litre 131

Background

Background

-do-

-do-

0.95 ± 0.64

44.9 ± 2.5 .

159.0 ± 4.6

19.28 ± 0.99

Background •T. •

Background

2o7 ± 0.3

0.5 ± 0.14

Background

-do-

1.43 ±0.88

Background-

=do~

10.5 ± 0.75

Background

«d(b~

9.7 + 0.5

-99-

Table 9) Gross activity Of suspended silt in sea water samples at plant outfall

Bate of Silt Grooa beta Gross gamma collection content activity activity

13. 5.69

2. 7.69

11. 7.69

19. 8.69

6*10.69

5. 2.70

5. 3.70

20. 3.70

75.0

218.0

153-0

168.9,

167.0

. 67.2

64.11

98.8

14.6

22.68

20.20

13.36

32.53

3L84

31.64

20.84

+ 5.30

± 5 . 8 0

± *«59

± 3.46

+ 5.69

± 4 . 9 1

± 5 . 3 1

+ 5.06

1.2

1.5

3.4

5.8

97.5 "

75.58

88.28

28.2

± o^1

± 0.32

± "1-2

± 2.3

" ± 1.20

± 3*87

± 4.37

± 2.63

-100-

Table 10: Gross Beta and Gamma activity of deposited silt

Da to of Location Gross beta Gross gauaaa collection activity activity

— . * — _ * . .

18.10.68

21. 3.69

19. 5.69

3.10.69

27.11.69 11. 1.70

9. 2.70

11. 3.70

27. 4.70

20. 9.68

1. 4.69

9. 2.70

11. 3.70

28. 4.70

1. 9.68

27.11.69 10. 3.70

27. 4.70

• » « • » • - ! • ! . . , - - «^..Lm

Site (NEC end)

Ghivali sal t pan creek

.

Popranpada creek

-

pCi/g(dry s i l t )

6.0 ± 0.6

9.49 ± 3^20

13.2 ± 3.80

9.3 ± 4.1

13.5 + 4.3 16.1 +, 4.7

23.74 + 3 . 8

17.2 ± 4.3

2 0 . 5 + 5 . 4

10.7 + 2 . 1

8.01 +, 4.1

11.08 ± 5*0

18.7 + 3.8

15.3 ± 3 . 2

6.5 ± 2.3

5.2 ± 1.59

11.4 ± 2.5

18.9 ± 6.3

cpn/g (dzy si

0.5 +.0^12

0.56 ± 0.22

0.65 ± 0 . 1 5

0.49 ± 0.24

1.53 +.0.26

18.3 ± 0.25

24.23 ± 1.50

6.56 ± 1.8

9.16 ± 1.2

0.55 ± 0 . 1 1

0.38 + 0.12

11.J ± 1.5

5.9 + 1.4

5.9 ± 1.2

0*52 ± 0 . 2 1

0.65 ± 0.24 4.88 ± U 1

5.00 £ 0.8

-101-

Table lis Radioiodine in sea weeds at Tarapur

Date of c o l l e c t i o n

10.1.70

12.1.70

10.3.70

13.K70

10.J.70

27.4 .70

27 .4 ,70

27.4.70

27.4 .70

loca t ion

Intake canal

0 .5 ton south of SDC end

- d o -

Popranpada creek

-do-

- d o -

Uchali

SDC end

Akkarpatti low water l i n e

Variety of sea weed

Sargaesum

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

Bronish needle type buehy-growth

-do-

-do-

Sargaseum

131,

pCi/g (wet.wt)

23.20 +_ 1.2

61.0 + 2 . 5

26 .8 +, 2.1

28.8 jf 2.2

10.16 j+ 0,75

0.49 i 0.05

0.13 ± 0.02

-5.35 +.0.38

17.7 + . 0 ' 6 4

137

Date of Collection 89„ 90CT_ \ 157

Preoperational

period

29.11.69

•11. 1.70

11 . 3.70

Location

N3X3 end

SDC end

NBC end

2IDC end

-i-8Si/i-ilS;.Eii52.. . 8% 90. Sr + Sr Cs 54. Mn

58 Co 60 Co

0.1

0.18 £ 0 . 0 3

0.20 +.0.06

0;45 + 0.19'

0.2 Below Detection

1.68 £ .0 .07 1.28 2.79

1.91 + 0.09 1.37 3.10

0.55 + 0.02 0,45 1.14

4.9

6.2

1.97

o ro I

Table 13t Long lived gross beta activity in air at site and colony

Duration of sampling Gross beta activity in pCl/H

At s i te

0.096 0.125 0.174 0,300 0,312

At colony

0.099 0.105 0,168 0,061 0.065

17.11.69 15.12.69 15. 1.70 16. 2.70 13. 3.70

to to to to to

24.11.69 20,12.69 22. 1.70 21. 2.70 24. 3.70

137. Table 14s Radiostrontium and " C s content in monthly cumulative air samples

Total Month - Tear Location Volume of

Air filtered M3

April - 1969 Site Lab. April - 1969 Colony Lab. March - 1970 Site Lab. March - 1970 Colony Lab. April - 1970 Site Lab, April - 1970 Colony Lab. Hay - 1970 Site Lab. Way : - 1970 Colony Lab.

1115.0 1115.0 994.0

1092.0 970.0 824.0

1454.0 877.0

89, Sr

42.2 + 6.0 8.5 + 3.0

40.8 + 6.2 3 .0 '7 3.0 5.6 + 2.0 1.6 • 1.6

*-12ILE£I^ 90,

Sr 137

Cs

2.34 + 0.81 3.5 + 1.2 7.86 + 2.2 1.45 + 1.2 6.8 + 3.8 6,7 + 3.4 8.2 + U6 1.9 + 1.6

3.95 5.2 9.3 1.7

11.4 4.1 4.4 4.2

A- 1.38 «• 0.80 + 1.1 + 0.99 • 2.8 + 2.4 + 2.1 •f 2-3

o I

-104«

72-AO

-105«

iiiiia

-106-

•ww

w

wsw

3»»

WW

>3B-3

FIQ3

ANNUAL W1NDR05ES AT TABAPUtt SIX YEAR AVERAGEfJUHt ff&3 TOHAVffo?)

AT 3.0M.HEIQHT

' S

E.?oio.q.t6&; ' s

-107-

0

108«

*

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