PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES

INTRODUCTION• Definition-waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public

health or the environment is known as hazardous wastes.

• Classification of hazardous wastes:

1. Characteristic hazardous wastes:

Ignitable (flammable)

Reactive

Corrosive

Toxic.

2. Listed hazardous wastes:

non-specific sources

specific sources.

discarded chemical products.

• Causes of generation of hazardous wastes:

– Production ranges from large industries to individuals.

– Lack of realization of the hazard of the wastes

– Chemicals used for industrial processes and the significant rise in useof these chemicals in the recent past due to heavy industrialization.

– Unwillingness of the industries to properly manage the hazardouswastes due to the heavy expenses involved.

• General solutions for hazardous waste management:

– Increase in strict regulations on the disposal of hazardous waste.

– Industries can break down dangerous chemical compounds into less dangerous forms by physical, chemical, or biological treatment

– Participation at individual level.

– Provisions of concessions by the government to the industries for treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes.

• Effects of hazardous wastes:– Soluble nitrates from manure

may dissolve into groundwaterand contaminate drinking-waterwells.

– Insulation material on furnacepipes contain asbestos particles,which can break off and hangsuspended in air; when inhaled,they can cause lung disease andcancer.

– Toxic substances that do notbreak down or bind tightly tothe soil may be taken up bygrowing plants

– If rivers and lakes are pollutedand become toxic enough, theymay kill animal and plant lifeimmediately

– Evaporation of toxic solventsfrom paints and cleaning agentsis a common problem causingserious air pollution issues fornearby residents.

Effects on animals

Paints and other hazardous chemicals

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

• AIM:

– To study the planning, design of current systems of management of hazardous wastes viz.

– Generation of hazardous waste at source.

– reduction of hazardous waste at source.

– Transport of hazardous wastes.

– Treatment and recovery of hazardous wastes.

– Final Disposal of the hazardous wastes.

• OBJECTIVE:

– To give recommendations for the improvement and modification of these systems.

METHODOLOGY

• The treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes cannot be done inthe regular ways used for non-hazardous wastes. Some specialmethods are devised for the hazardous waste management

• Methods for treatment and disposal of the hazardous wastes:

– Recycling of hazardous wastes

– Stabilization by Portland cement

– Incineration, destruction and waste-to-energy

– Hazardous waste landfill (sequestering, isolation, etc.)

– Pyrolysis

LITERATURE SURVEY• Hazardous waste scenario in the past in India:

– Indian cities alone generate more than 100 million tons of solid waste a year,

– India's garbage crisis is from rising consumption. India's waste problem also points to a stunning failure of governance

– In 2000, India's Supreme Court directed all Indian cities to implement a comprehensive waste-management program that would include household collection of segregated waste, recycling and composting.

– In 2011, several Indian cities embarked on waste-to-energy projects of the type in use in Germany, Switzerland and Japan.

– Lack of technical and financial resources and the regulatory control for the management of hazardous wastes in the past had led to the unscientific disposal of hazardous wastes In India

– Government of India notified the Hazardous Waste Management & Handling Rules (HWM Rules) on July 28, 1989 under the provisions of the Environment Protection Act, 1986 and was further amended in the year 2000 & 2003.

– The top four waste generating states are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

– States such as Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, all the North Eastern States excepting Assam generate less than 20,000 MT per annum.

CASE STUDY NO.1-COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT,

KOPARKHAIRNE, NAVI MUMBAI

• Liquid hazardous wastes containing toxic impurities are called effluents

• Liquid hazardous waste from various participating industries is treated

• Treated water is discharged in the Waghivali Creek by pumping throughHDPE closed pipeline

• CETP helps the industries in easier control of pollution, as it is a semi-government body

• Treatment of The liquid wastes from various industries individually up tothe desired concentration, become techno-economically difficult:– Land scarcity

– Requirement of separate staff

– Very expensive

• Dilution factors due to the mixing of different liquid wastes comes intoplay.

Improper effluent disposal

CASE STUDY NO.2-BIO MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT,

CHATRAPATI SHIVAJIHOSPITAL, KALWA• Takes care of the bio-medical waste disposal problem in the entire city of

Thane.

• Approved by Maharashtra Pollution control board

• Set up by the Thane based NGO 'Enviro-vigil' that has been assigned thetask of starting and maintaining the disposal facility.

• Thane Municipal Corporation provided land and electricity free of cost.

• Daily, 525-625kg of BMW is generated from private hospitals and nursinghomes and 200 kg from municipal hospitals.

• Prior to this plant, most of the city's bio-medical wastes got mixed withthe rest of the garbage and eventually found its way to the dumpingground.

• Segregation, Incineration and autoclaving are the main processes used.

• Two special vans are used for transporting the bio-medical waste.

• Charges are Rs.7.25 per bed for private hospitals and half for municipalhospitals in exchange of free electricity and land.

CASE STUDY NO.3-LANDFILL SITE, TRANS THANE CREEK WASTE

MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, THANE

• A facility for disposing off toxic wastes set up in the Trans Thane Creek (TTC) industrial area on about 70,000 sq. meter land at Mahape

• The project approved by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forest with 25% funding from their side and has been taken up by the Thane Belapur Industrial Association.

• Scientifically collects and disposes off solid and hazardous wastes generated by industrial units functioning in the TTC area, in a centralisedmanner.

• Prior to this project,About 250 industries in the TTC area generated 31,427 tonnes per annum of hazardous waste and there was no proper facility for its disposal

• The waste produced by these units include, heavy metal concentration, organic content, halogens etc

• The generation of hazardous waste cannot be reduced to zero with the help of available hazardous waste management technologies and treatment,hence landfills are required.

• The principles of sound landfill management are based on four main criteria.

– Environmental nuisances such as odours,fires,vermin insects, birds, windblown litter and visual instrusion should be eliminated or at least kept to minimum.

– The available void space in the site should be utilised to the full by ensuring good compaction of the waste.

– Problems of water pollution and gas generation should be minimised.

– The management of the site should reflect the after use for which the reclaimed land is intended.

Typical cross-section of a landfilling site

LIKELY OUTCOME AND CONCLUSIONS

• Reduction in generation by using modification at source.

• Better methods of transport.

• Increased efficiency of management and disposal.

• Recycling of raw materials at the initial stage so that ultimatelylesser hazardous waste is generated

• Transportation system more environmentally safe.

• Reduction in the cost of the overall transport of hazardous waste.

• The management systems of hazardous waste are more and moreeconomical

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