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Plan
etar
y M
issio
n En
try V
ehic
les
Qui
ck R
efer
ence
Gui
deVe
rsio
n 3.
0
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070022789 2020-06-24T23:20:12+00:00Z
AP
PE
ND
IX I
II:
UN
IT C
ON
VE
RSI
ON
FA
CT
OR
S
1 cm
= 0.
3937
in
1 m
= 3.
2808
4 ft
1 m
2
= 10
.764
ft2
1 km
/s
=
3280
.8 ft
/s
1 kg
= 2.
2046
2 lb
1 kg
/m2
=
0.20
48 lb
/ft2
1 kg
/m3
=
0.06
243
lb/ft
3
1 Jo
ule
=
0.
9478
x10–3
BT
U
1 W
att =
1 J/
s =
0
.947
8x10
–3 B
TU
/s
1 J/
cm2
=
0.
8805
5 BT
U/ft
2
1 W
/cm
2
=
0.88
055
BTU
/ft2 .s
1 at
m
=
1.01
325x
105 Pa
37
Publ
icat
ion
Pl
anet
ary
Miss
ion
Entr
y Ve
hicl
es
Qui
ck R
efer
ence
Gui
de, V
ersio
n 3.
0
NAS
A/SP
-200
6-34
01
Con
tent
Edi
tor
C
arol
Dav
ies,
ELO
RET
Cor
pora
tion
Pro
duct
ion
Edit
or
M
arla
Arc
adi,
ELO
RET
Cor
pora
tion
Cov
er G
raph
ics
Ja
y N
uez,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Cal
iforn
ia, S
anta
Cru
z
Cov
er P
hoto
grap
hs, C
ompl
imen
ts o
f
Je
t Pro
pulsi
on L
abor
ator
y
Cal
iforn
ia In
stitu
te o
f Tec
hnol
ogy,
Pasa
dena
CA
a
nd
M
icha
el J.
Tay
lor,
Star
dust
Miss
ion
U
tah
Stat
e U
nive
rsity
, Log
an U
T
Thi
s is V
ersio
n 3.
0 of
the p
lane
tary
miss
ion
entr
y veh
icle d
ocum
ent.
Thre
e new
miss
ions
, Re
-ent
ry F
, Hay
abus
a, a
nd A
RD h
ave
been
add
ed t
o th
e pr
evio
usly
publ
ished
edi
tion
(Ver
sion
2.1)
. In
addi
tion,
the H
uyge
ns m
issio
n ha
s bee
n sig
nific
antly
upd
ated
and
som
e Ap
ollo
dat
a co
rrec
ted.
Due
to
the
chan
ging
nat
ure
of p
lane
tary
veh
icles
durin
g th
e de
sign,
man
ufac
ture
and
m
issio
n ph
ases,
and
to th
e va
riabl
es in
volv
ed in
mea
sure
men
t and
com
puta
tion,
plea
se be
aw
are
that
the
data
pro
vide
d he
rein
can
not b
e gu
aran
teed
. Con
tact
Car
ol D
avies
at
cdav
ies@
mai
l.arc
.nas
a.go
v to c
orre
ct or
upd
ate t
he cu
rren
t dat
a, or
to su
ggest
othe
r miss
ions
. Al
l con
tacts
are
welc
ome.
Avai
labl
e fro
m:
NAS
A C
ente
r for
Aer
oSpa
ce In
form
atio
n N
atio
nal T
echn
ical
Info
rmat
ion
Serv
ice
7121
Sta
ndar
d D
rive
52
85 P
ort R
oyal
Roa
dH
anov
er M
D 2
1076
-132
0
Sprin
gfiel
d VA
221
61(3
01) 6
21-0
390
(703
) 487
-465
0ii
TA
BLE
OF
CO
NT
EN
TS
MIS
SIO
N
LAU
NC
H D
ATE
PAG
EFI
RE
II...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...
May
19
65
.....
......
......
......
......
......
.3Ap
ollo
AS-
201.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
Fe
b 19
66
.....
......
......
......
......
......
.4Ap
ollo
AS-
202.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
Au
g 19
66
......
......
......
......
......
......
5Ap
ollo
4...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. N
ov
1967
...
......
......
......
......
......
...6
Apol
lo 6
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
Apr
1968
...
......
......
......
......
......
...7
Reen
try
F....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
Ap
r 19
68
......
......
......
......
......
......
8PA
ET...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
Ju
n 19
71
......
......
......
......
......
......
9V
ikin
g La
nder
1...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. Au
g 19
75
.....
......
......
......
......
.....1
0V
ikin
g La
nder
2...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. Se
p 19
75
......
......
......
......
......
....1
1Pi
onee
r-Ve
nus:
“Nor
th P
robe
”....
......
......
......
...
Aug
1978
...
......
......
......
......
......
.12
Pion
eer-
Venu
s: “N
ight
Pro
be”.
......
......
......
......
. Au
g 19
78
......
......
......
......
......
....1
3Pi
onee
r-Ve
nus:
“Day
Pro
be”.
......
......
......
......
....
Aug
1978
...
......
......
......
......
......
.14
Pion
eer-
Venu
s: “S
ound
er P
robe
”....
......
......
......
Au
g 19
78
......
......
......
......
......
....1
5G
alile
o....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...
Oct
19
89
......
......
......
......
......
....1
6O
REX
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. Fe
b 19
94
......
......
......
......
......
....1
7Pa
thfin
der..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
D
ec
1996
...
......
......
......
......
......
.18
MIR
KA.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
Oct
19
97
......
......
......
......
......
.....1
9H
uyge
ns...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. O
ct
1997
....
......
......
......
......
......
20
ARD
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....
Oct
19
98
......
......
......
......
......
.....2
1D
eep
Spac
e 2.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. Ja
n 19
99
......
......
......
......
......
.....2
2St
ardu
st....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. Ja
n 19
99
......
......
......
......
......
.....2
3G
enes
is....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...
Aug
2001
...
......
......
......
......
......
..24
Hay
abus
a ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
May
20
03
......
......
......
......
......
.....2
5Be
agle
2...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.. Ju
n
2003
...
......
......
......
......
......
..26
Mar
s Exp
lora
tion
Rove
rs...
......
......
......
......
......
. Ju
n
2003
...
......
......
......
......
......
..27
Appe
ndix
I: L
ist o
f Spa
ce V
ehic
les a
nd M
issio
ns...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...29
Appe
ndix
II: D
efini
tions
....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
35Ap
pend
ix II
I: U
nit C
onve
rsio
n Fa
ctor
s.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...37
36
Tri
m L
/DTh
e L/D
whe
re ve
hicl
e is s
tatic
ally
stab
le. Th
e veh
icle
will
trim
(res
tore
) to
trim
angl
e of a
ttack
if va
riatio
ns
occu
r.
Bal
listi
c co
effici
ent
The
ratio
of t
he p
rodu
ct o
f dra
g co
effici
ent
(Cd)
and
proj
ecte
d re
fere
nce
area
(A)
to
mas
s (m
), gi
ving
m
/CdA
.
Stag
nati
on h
eati
ng r
ate
The m
axim
um co
nvec
tive h
eat fl
ux a
t the
stag
natio
n po
int.
Dep
ends
on
traj
ecto
ry. Th
e sta
gnat
ion
poin
t is
whe
re th
e ve
loci
ty to
the
surfa
ce a
diab
atic
ally
com
es to
zero
. Loc
atio
n de
pend
s on
angl
e of
atta
ck a
nd
devi
atio
n be
hind
the
shoc
k. Th
e sta
gnat
ion
poin
t is o
ften
whe
re th
e m
axim
um h
eatin
g ra
te o
ccur
s, bu
t no
t alw
ays.
Inte
grat
ed h
eat l
oad
The
conv
ectiv
e he
at fl
ux in
tegr
ated
ove
r flig
ht ti
me.
The
high
est h
eat l
oad
is us
ually
, but
not
alw
ays,
at
the
stagn
atio
n po
int.
The
inte
grat
ed h
eat l
oad
will
var
y ov
er th
e ve
hicl
e su
rface
.
Rad
iati
ve h
eat fl
ux a
t sta
gnat
ion
poin
tTh
is is
the
heat
flux
radi
ated
from
the
shoc
k la
yer t
o th
e su
rface
. It m
ay o
r may
not
be
a m
axim
um a
t th
e sta
gnat
ion
poin
t.
Pea
k he
at s
tagn
atio
n pr
essu
reTh
e pr
essu
re a
t the
tim
e of
max
imum
con
vect
ive
heat
flux
. This
is no
t the
pea
k pr
essu
re, w
hich
occ
urs
late
r in
the
traj
ecto
ry.
Mat
eria
l des
igna
tion
This
can
be a
mat
eria
l tra
de n
ame,
defi
ned
by th
e man
ufac
ture
r (e.
g., S
LA-5
61V
) or a
gen
eric
des
igna
tor
appl
ied
to a
clas
s of m
ater
ials
(e.g
., ca
rbon
phe
nolic
). It
prov
ides
littl
e use
ful i
nfor
mat
ion
abou
t the
mat
eria
l ot
her t
han
a br
oad
desc
riptio
n of
its c
onsti
tuen
ts.
Thic
knes
sTh
is is
“as m
anuf
actu
red”
thic
knes
s of t
he m
ater
ial,
usua
lly sp
ecifi
ed at
the s
tagn
atio
n po
int.
Use
ful f
or a
TPS
of u
nifo
rm th
ickn
ess;
less
use
ful f
or a
“tai
lore
d” T
PS. Th
e “as
man
ufac
ture
d” th
ickn
ess i
nclu
des t
he
“nom
inal
des
ign
thic
knes
s” to
whi
ch ad
ditio
nal t
hick
ness
is ad
ded
(mar
gin)
to a
ccom
mod
ate u
ncer
tain
ties
in th
e en
try
envi
ronm
ent a
nd/o
r mat
eria
l per
form
ance
.
Res
in m
ater
ial
This
is th
e “o
rgan
ic m
atrix
” (e
.g.,
epox
y, s
ilico
ne, p
heno
lic)
in a
n or
gani
c m
atrix
com
posit
e w
here
in
the
mat
rix (g
lue)
fills
the
void
s and
pro
vide
s rig
idity
to th
e str
uctu
ral r
einf
orce
men
t (e.
g., fi
bers
, fab
ric,
hone
ycom
b). Th
e or
gani
c re
sin w
ill p
yrol
yze
whe
n he
ated
, typ
ical
ly le
avin
g a
carb
onac
eous
res
idue
(c
har)
.
Mat
rix
mat
eria
l An
alog
ous
to a
res
in m
ater
ial i
n pr
imar
y fu
nctio
n, th
e m
atrix
is ty
pica
lly s
tabl
e an
d w
ill n
ot p
yrol
yze
whe
n he
ated
. Exa
mpl
es in
clud
e in
orga
nic
cera
mic
s (e.
g., g
lass
, alu
min
a) in
cer
amic
mat
rix c
ompo
sites
an
d ca
rbon
in c
arbo
n-ca
rbon
com
posit
es.D
EFI
NIT
ION
SC
ON
TIN
UED
iii
35
AP
PE
ND
IX I
I:D
EFI
NIT
ION
S
Entr
y an
gle,
γ
The
angl
e be
twee
n th
e lo
cal h
orizo
ntal
pla
ne (
orth
ogon
al t
o th
e ve
ctor
fro
m t
he p
lane
t ce
nter
to
the
vehi
cle)
and
the v
eloc
ity v
ecto
r of t
he v
ehic
le, V
, at a
refe
renc
e alti
tude
, h. Th
e ent
ry an
gle c
an b
e ine
rtia
l or
rela
tive,
dep
endi
ng o
n en
try
velo
city
use
d. γ
is n
egat
ive
whe
n V,
is b
elow
the
horiz
onta
l pla
ne, a
s in
plan
etar
y en
try.
Iner
tial
ent
ry v
eloc
ity
The
vehi
cle
velo
city
at r
efer
ence
alti
tude
, h, a
ssum
ing
a no
n-ro
tatin
g pl
anet
.
Rel
ativ
e en
try
velo
city
The i
nert
ial e
ntry
vel
ocity
amen
ded
by th
e com
pone
nt o
f the
pla
net’s
rota
tion,
assu
min
g th
e atm
osph
ere
to b
e a
solid
bod
y.
Vel
ocit
y at
pea
k he
at
The
velo
city
whe
n th
e ve
hicl
e re
ache
s the
max
imum
con
vect
ive
heat
flux
at t
he st
agna
tion
poin
t.
Con
trol
met
hod
(a
) Bal
listic
: no
cont
rol,
subj
ect t
o dr
ag fo
rces
onl
y, w
ith p
assiv
e sta
bilit
y ab
out z
ero
lift c
ondi
tion;
(b
) Con
trol
led
Balli
stic:
act
ive
cont
rol t
o m
aint
ain
zero
lift;
and
(c) R
CS:
a se
t of s
mal
l eng
ines
cal
led
the
reac
tion
cont
rol s
yste
m (R
CS)
eng
ines
.
Cen
ter
of g
ravi
ty,
In t
he t
able
, the
val
ue o
f X C
G/D
is g
iven
, whe
re D
is t
he m
axim
um d
iam
eter
of
the
vehi
cle.
On
the
diag
ram
, the
act
ual X
CG is
show
n. M
ost C
G a
re n
ot e
xact
ly o
n th
e ce
nter
line
beca
use
of m
anuf
actu
ring
tole
ranc
es, b
ut g
ener
ally
the
Y va
lue
was
n’t g
iven
or i
t is s
o cl
ose
that
it d
oesn
’t sh
ow u
p in
the
diag
ram
. Th
e exc
eptio
ns w
ere A
pollo
com
man
d m
odul
es an
d th
e Vik
ing
land
ers,
whe
re th
e Y o
ffset
was
del
iber
ate
to a
chie
ve th
e de
sired
ang
les o
f atta
ck.
Shap
e
All v
ehic
les a
re sp
heric
ally
blu
nted
con
es, o
r sph
eric
al, o
r con
ical
.
Nos
e ra
dius
Th
e ra
dius
of t
he sp
heric
al n
ose,
or t
he c
apsu
le ra
dius
.
Bas
e ar
ea
The
base
are
a pr
ojec
ted
alon
g th
e ce
nter
line.
Veh
icle
mas
sTh
e to
tal v
ehic
le m
ass o
f the
veh
icle
at e
ntry
, inc
ludi
ng T
PS a
nd p
aylo
ad. G
ener
ally
, the
veh
icle
mas
s at
entr
y is
the
sam
e as
take
-off
mas
s min
us a
ny fu
el u
sed
for m
aneu
verin
g. H
owev
er, t
he m
ass c
an c
hang
e af
ter l
eavi
ng th
e orb
iter b
ut b
efor
e ent
ry. A
n ex
ampl
e is t
he sm
all p
robe
of P
ione
er V
enus
whe
re th
e spi
n yo
-yo
was
jetti
sone
d be
fore
entr
y. Th
e mas
s can
also
chan
ge d
urin
g ent
ry if
the h
eat s
hiel
d m
ater
ial a
blat
es.
An (e
xtre
me)
exa
mpl
e w
as th
e G
alile
o pr
obe
that
lost
abou
t 26%
of i
ts en
try
mas
s to
abla
tion.
TP
S m
ass
frac
tion
The
prop
ortio
n of
TPS
mas
s to
vehi
cle
mas
s at e
ntry
. Ins
ulat
or m
ay o
r may
not
be
incl
uded
.
Pay
load
mas
sTh
e pr
opor
tion
of p
aylo
ad m
ass (
scie
ntifi
c in
strum
ents
and
may
incl
ude
tran
smitt
ers,
batte
ries e
tc.)
to
vehi
cle
mas
s.
3
MIS
SIO
N: F
IRE
IIPL
ANET
: EA
RT
H
LAUN
CH: M
AY 2
2, 1
965
ENTR
Y: M
AY 2
2, 1
965
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
: Te
chno
logy
dem
onstr
ator
for
Apol
lo re
-ent
ry h
eatin
g en
viro
nmen
t
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
M. J
. Wrig
ht
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• Th
ree
fore
body
cal
orim
eter
s, 11
fore
body
ther
moc
oupl
es,
12 o
ffset
radi
omet
er th
erm
ocou
ples
and
one
stat
ic p
ress
ure
tran
sform
er o
n th
e af
terb
ody
NOT
ES:
• Th
is ae
roth
erm
al fl
ight
test
was
to e
valu
ate
radi
ativ
e he
atin
g fo
r Apo
llo.
• Th
e re
entr
y pa
ckag
e co
nsist
ed o
f thr
ee se
para
te h
eat s
hiel
d/ca
lorim
eter
com
bina
tions
, the
refo
re th
e m
ass a
nd O
ML
chan
ged
with
tim
e.
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Cau
chon
, D.L
.: R
adia
tive
Hea
ting
Resu
lts fr
om th
e Fi
re II
Flig
ht E
xper
imen
t at a
Re-
entr
y Ve
loci
ty o
f
11.4
km
/s. N
ASA-
TM
-X-1
402,
Jul 1
967.
2.
Cor
nette
, E.S
.: Fo
rebo
dy T
empe
ratu
res a
nd C
alor
imet
er H
eatin
g R
ates
Mea
sure
d du
ring
Proj
ect F
ire II
Re-e
ntry
at 1
1.35
km
/s. N
ASA-
TM
-X-1
305,
Nov
196
6.
3.
Sloc
umb,
T.H
.: Pr
ojec
t Fire
Flig
ht II
Afte
rbod
y Te
mpe
ratu
res a
nd P
ress
ures
at 1
1.35
km
/s.
N
ASA-
TM
-X-1
319,
Dec
196
6.
4.
Wrig
ht, M
.; Lo
omis,
M.;
and
Papa
dopo
ulos
, P.:
Aero
ther
mal
Ana
lysis
of t
he P
roje
ct F
ire II
Afte
rbod
y Fl
ow.
AIAA
-200
1-30
65, 3
5th
Ther
mop
hysic
s Con
fere
nce,
Ana
heim
CA,
Jun
2001
.
Tr
ajec
tory
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
34
MAN
NED
MIS
SION
S U
nite
d St
ates
CO
NTI
NU
ED
DAT
E
SPAC
ECRA
FT
TA
RGET
REM
ARKS
04/0
8/64
G
emin
i 1
O
rbita
l tes
t01
/19/
65
Gem
ini 2
Orb
ital t
est
03/2
3/65
G
emin
i 3
Ea
rth
orbi
t06
/03/
65
Gem
ini 4
Eart
h or
bit
08/2
1/65
G
emin
i 5
Ea
rth
orbi
t12
/15/
65
Gem
ini 6
Gem
ini 7
rend
ezvo
us12
/04/
65
Gem
ini 7
Gem
ini 6
rend
ezvo
us03
/16/
66
Gem
ini 8
Agen
a do
ckin
g06
/03/
66
Gem
ini 9
ADTA
rend
ezvo
us07
/18/
66
Gem
ini 1
0
Agen
a do
ckin
g09
/12/
66
Gem
ini 1
1
Agen
a do
ckin
g11
/11/
66
Gem
ini 1
2
Agen
a do
ckin
g
05/2
2/65
Fi
re II
Apol
lo re
-ent
ry te
st02
/26/
66
Apol
lo 1
Subo
rbita
l tes
t07
/05/
66
Apol
lo 2
Subo
rbita
l tes
t08
/25/
66
Apol
lo 3
Subo
rbita
l tes
t11
/09/
67
Apol
lo 4
Satu
rn V
test
01/2
2/68
Ap
ollo
5
O
rbita
l tes
t04
/04/
68
Apol
lo 6
Orb
ital t
est
10/1
1/68
Ap
ollo
7
Ea
rth
orbi
t12
/21/
68
Apol
lo 8
M
oon
Luna
r orb
it03
/03/
69
Apol
lo 9
Eart
h or
bita
l LM
test
05/1
8/69
Ap
ollo
10
Moo
n Lu
nar o
rbita
l LM
test
07/1
6/69
Ap
ollo
11
Moo
n Lu
nar l
andi
ng11
/14/
69
Apol
lo 1
2 M
oon
Luna
r lan
ding
04/1
1/70
Ap
ollo
13
Moo
n Lu
nar l
andi
ng a
bort
01/3
1/71
Ap
ollo
14
Moo
n Lu
nar l
andi
ng07
/26/
71
Apol
lo 1
5 M
oon
Luna
r lan
ding
04/1
6/72
Ap
ollo
16
Moo
n Lu
nar l
andi
ng02
/07/
72
Apol
lo 1
7 M
oon
Luna
r lan
ding
4
MIS
SIO
N:
AP
OLL
O A
S-20
1PL
ANET
: EA
RT
H
LAUN
CH: F
EB 2
6, 1
966
ENTR
Y: F
EB 2
6, 1
966
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
: F
irst u
nman
ned
subo
rbita
l flig
ht to
test
the S
atur
n 1B
laun
ch v
ehicl
e, an
d th
e com
man
d an
d ser
vice
mod
ules
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• 36
pre
ssur
e se
nsor
s all
wor
ked
OK
, 35
calo
rimet
ers w
orke
d in
itial
ly
NOT
ES:
• T
PS th
ickn
ess:
Abl
ator
= 4
.32
cm, b
raise
d sta
inle
ss st
eel
su
bstr
uctu
re (P
H 1
5-7
MO
) = 5
.08
cm
• In
sula
tion:
(TG
-15,
000)
= 2
.03
cm, a
lum
inum
hon
eyco
mb
(201
4-T
6 an
d 50
52-H
39) =
3.8
1 cm
• Pe
ak h
eatin
g is
not a
t sta
gnat
ion
poin
t
• M
anuf
actu
rer:
AV
CO
Cor
p
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Lee,
D.B
.; Be
rtin
, J.J.
; and
Goo
dric
h, W
.D.:
Hea
t Tra
nsfe
r and
Pre
ssur
e M
easu
rem
ents
Obt
aine
d D
urin
g Ap
ollo
O
rbita
l Ent
ries.
NAS
A-T
N-D
-602
8, O
ct 1
970.
2.
Erb,
R.B
.; G
reen
shie
lds,
D.H
.; Le
e, D
.B.;
and
Wes
ton,
K.C
.: Ae
roth
erm
odyn
amic
s-Ap
ollo
Exp
erie
nce.
Proc
eedi
ngs o
f the
196
7 H
eat T
rans
fer a
nd F
luid
Mec
hani
cs In
stitu
te, S
an D
iego
CA,
Jun
1967
, edi
ted
by P.
A.
Libb
y; D
.B. O
lfe; a
nd C
.W. V
an A
tta, S
tanf
ord
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
, 196
7.3.
Le
e, D
.B.:
Apol
lo E
xper
ienc
e Re
port
: Aer
othe
rmod
ynam
ics E
valu
atio
n. N
ASA-
TN
-684
3, Ju
n 19
72.
Tr
ajec
tory
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
33
UNM
ANNE
D P
LANE
TARY
PRO
BES
CO
NTI
NU
ED
DAT
E
SPAC
ECRA
FT
TA
RGET
REM
ARKS
Ger
man
y
12/1
0/74
H
elio
s 1
Sun
Sola
r orb
it01
/15/
76
Hel
ios 2
Su
n
So
lar o
rbit
Japa
n
01/1
8/85
Sa
kiga
ke
C
omet
Hal
ley
flyby
(3/1
/86
- 4.3
mill
. mi.)
08/1
9/85
Su
isei
Com
et
Hal
ley
flyby
(3/8
/86
- 93,
600
mi.)
02/0
4/94
O
rex
Te
chno
logy
dem
onstr
ator
09/2
5/90
M
uses
A
M
oon
Luna
r orb
it (1
992)
07/0
4/98
N
ozom
i
Mar
s
Fa
iled
to re
ach
Mar
s orb
it (1
2/20
03)
05/0
9/03
H
ayab
usa
As
tero
id
To
colle
ct sa
mpl
es fr
om It
okaw
a
Euro
pe
07/2
0/85
G
iotti
C
omet
Hal
ley
flyby
(3/1
4/86
- 40
0 m
i.)
——
——
>
Com
et
G
rigg-
Skje
lleru
p fly
by (7
/10/
92)
10/0
9/90
U
lyss
es
Jupi
ter
Ju
pite
r flyb
y (1
992)
—
——
—>
Su
n
So
lar p
olar
orb
it (1
994)
09/0
9/97
M
irka
Te
chno
logy
dem
onstr
ator
10/1
3/97
H
uyge
ns
Sa
turn
Tita
n pr
obe
(Jan
200
5)
——
——
>
Ti
tan
Car
ried
by U
.S.’s
Cas
sini o
rbite
r06
/02/
03
Mar
s Exp
ress
M
ars
Car
ried
Beag
le 2
MAN
NED
MIS
SION
SU
nite
d St
ates
Mer
cury
Pro
gram
:12
/19/
60
MR
-1
Su
borb
ital t
est
01/3
1/61
M
R-2
Chi
mp
“Ham
”02
/21/
61
MA-
2
Orb
ital t
est
05/0
3/61
M
R-3
(Fre
edom
7)
Su
borb
ital fl
ight
07/2
1/61
M
R-4
(Lib
erty
Bel
l 7)
Su
borb
ital fl
ight
09/1
3/61
M
A-4
O
rbita
l tes
t11
/29/
61
MA-
5
Chi
mp
“Eno
s”02
/20/
62
MA-
6 (F
riend
ship
7)
Ea
rth
orbi
t05
/24/
62
MA-
7 (A
uror
a 7)
Eart
h or
bit
10/0
3/62
M
A-8
(Sig
ma
7
Eart
h or
bit
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
C. P
ark
and
M.J.
Wrig
ht
5
MIS
SIO
N:
AP
OLL
O A
S-20
2PL
ANET
: EA
RT
H
LAUN
CH: A
UG 2
5, 1
966
ENTR
Y: A
UG 2
5, 1
966
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
: S
econ
d un
man
ned
subo
rbita
l flig
ht to
test
the S
atur
n 1B
laun
ch v
ehicl
e, an
d th
e com
man
d an
d ser
vice
mod
ules
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
C. P
ark
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• 36
pre
ssur
e se
nsor
s all
wor
ked
OK
, 35
calo
rimet
ers w
orke
d in
itial
ly
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Lee,
D.B
.; Be
rtin
, J.J.
; and
Goo
dric
h, W
.D.:
Hea
t Tra
nsfe
r and
Pre
ssur
e M
easu
rem
ents
Obt
aine
d D
urin
g
Apol
lo O
rbita
l Ent
ries.
NAS
A-T
N-D
-602
8, O
ct 1
970.
2.
Hill
je, E
.R.:
Entr
y Fl
ight
Aer
odyn
amic
s fro
m A
pollo
Miss
ion
AS-2
02. N
ASA-
TN
-D-4
185,
Dec
196
7.3.
Er
b, R
.B.;
Gre
ensh
ield
s, D
.H.;
Lee,
D.B
.; an
d W
esto
n, K
.C.:
Aero
ther
mod
ynam
ics-
Apol
lo E
xper
ienc
e.
Pr
ocee
ding
s of t
he 1
967
Hea
t Tra
nsfe
r and
Flu
id M
echa
nics
Insti
tute
, San
Die
go C
A, Ju
n 19
67, e
dite
d by
P.A.
Li
bby;
D.B
. Olfe
; and
C.W
. Van
Atta
, Sta
nfor
d U
nive
rsity
Pre
ss, 1
967.
4.
Cro
wde
r, R
.S.;
and
Moo
te, J
.D.:
Apol
lo E
ntry
Aer
odyn
amic
s. Jo
urna
l of S
pace
craf
t and
Roc
kets,
Vol
6, N
o 3,
M
ar 1
969.
NOT
ES:
• T
PS th
ickn
ess:
Abl
ator
= 4
.32
cm, b
raise
d sta
inle
ss st
eel
subs
truc
ture
(PH
15-
7 M
O) =
5.0
8 cm
• In
sula
tion:
(T
G-1
5,00
0) =
2.0
3 cm
, alu
min
um h
oney
com
b (2
014-
T6
and
5052
-H39
) = 3
.81
cm
• M
anuf
actu
rer:
AV
CO
Cor
p
T
raje
ctor
y
Geo
met
ry
A
ero/
ther
mal
TP
S
32
UNM
ANNE
D P
LANE
TARY
PRO
BES
Sovi
et U
nion
/Rus
sia
CO
NTI
NU
ED
DAT
E
SPAC
ECRA
FT
TA
RGET
REM
ARKS
02/1
2/61
Ve
nera
1
Venu
s Ve
nus fl
yby
(com
mun
icat
ions
failu
re)
11/1
2/65
Ve
nera
2
Ve
nus
Venu
s flyb
y (c
omm
unic
atio
ns fa
ilure
)11
/16/
65
Vene
ra 3
Venu
s Ve
nus i
mpa
ct (3
/1/6
6 - c
omm
. fai
lure
)06
/12/
67
Vene
ra 4
Venu
s Ve
nus a
tmos
pher
ic e
ntry
(10/
18/6
7)01
/05/
69
Vene
ra 5
Venu
s Ve
nus a
tmos
pher
ic e
ntry
(5/1
6/69
)01
/10/
69
Vene
ra 6
Venu
s Ve
nus a
tmos
pher
ic e
ntry
(5/1
7/69
)08
/17/
70
Vene
ra 7
Venu
s Ve
nus l
andi
ng (1
2/5/
70)
03/2
7/72
Ve
nera
8
Ve
nus
Venu
s lan
ding
(7/2
2/72
)06
/08/
75
Vene
ra 9
Venu
s Ve
nus o
rbit
& la
ndin
g (1
0/22
/75)
06/1
4/75
Ve
nera
10
Ve
nus
Venu
s orb
it &
land
ing
(10/
25/7
5)09
/09/
78
Vene
ra 1
1
Venu
s Ve
nus fl
yb≠y
& la
ndin
g (1
2/25
/78)
09/1
4/78
Ve
nera
12
Ve
nus
Venu
s flyb
y &
land
ing
(12/
21/7
8)10
/20/
81
Vene
ra 1
3
Venu
s V
enus
flyb
y &
land
ing
(3/1
/82)
11/0
4/81
Ve
nera
14
Ve
nus
Ve
nus fl
yby
& la
ndin
g (3
/5/8
2)06
/02/
83
Vene
ra 1
5
Venu
s Ve
nus o
rbit
rada
r map
per (
10/1
0/83
)06
/07/
83
Vene
ra 1
6
Venu
s Ve
nus o
rbit
rada
r map
per (
10/1
4/83
)
11/0
1/62
M
ars 1
Mar
s M
ars fl
yby
(com
mun
icat
ions
failu
re)
05/1
9/71
M
ars 2
Mar
s M
ars o
rbite
r/la
nder
cra
shed
(11/
26/7
1)05
/28/
71
Mar
s 3
M
ars
Mar
s orb
iter/
land
er c
rash
ed (1
2/3/
71)
07/2
1/73
M
ars 4
Mar
s M
ars o
rbite
r miss
ed (2
/10/
74)
07/2
5/73
M
ars 5
Mar
s M
ars o
rbit
(2/1
2/74
)08
/05/
73
Mar
s 6
M
ars
Cra
shed
on
Mar
s (3/
12/7
4)08
/09/
73
Mar
s 7
M
ars
Mar
s lan
der m
issed
(3/9
/74)
04/0
2/64
Zo
nd 1
Venu
s Ve
nus fl
yby
(com
mun
icat
ions
failu
re)
11/3
0/64
Zo
nd 2
Mar
s M
ars fl
yby
(com
mun
icat
ions
failu
re)
07/1
8/65
Zo
nd 3
Moo
n
Lu
nar fl
yby
(pre
-man
ned
test)
03/0
2/68
Zo
nd 4
Moo
n
C
ircum
luna
r fai
lure
(pre
-man
ned
test)
09/1
5/68
Zo
nd 5
Moo
n
C
ircum
luna
r (pr
e-m
anne
d te
st)11
/10/
68
Zond
6
M
oon
Circ
umlu
nar (
pre-
man
ned
test)
08/0
8/69
Zo
nd 7
Moo
n
C
ircum
luna
r (pr
e-m
anne
d te
st)10
/20/
70
Zond
8
M
oon
Circ
umlu
nar (
pre-
man
ned
test)
12/1
5/84
Ve
ga 1
Venu
s
Venu
s flyb
y &
land
ing
(6/1
1/85
)
——
——
>
Com
et
H
alle
y fly
by (3
/6/8
6 - 5
,500
mi.)
12/2
1/84
Ve
ga 2
Venu
s
Venu
s flyb
y &
land
ing
(6/1
4/85
)
——
——
>
Com
et
H
alle
y fly
by (3
/9/8
6 - 5
,000
mi.)
07/0
7/88
Ph
obos
1
M
ars
Phob
os/M
ars o
rbit
(com
m. f
ailu
re)
07/1
2/88
Ph
obos
2
M
ars
Phob
os/M
ars o
rbit
(com
m. f
ailu
re)
11/1
6/96
M
ars 9
6
M
ars
2 M
ars l
ande
rs (l
aunc
h fa
ilure
)
6
MIS
SIO
N:
AP
OLL
O 4
PLAN
ET: E
AR
TH
LAUN
CH: N
OV 9
, 196
7 EN
TRY:
NOV
9, 1
967
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
: T
est o
f Sat
urn
V la
unch
veh
icle a
nd
over
all r
e-en
try o
pera
tions
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
C. P
ark
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• 17
pre
ssur
e se
nsor
s all
wor
ked
and
23 c
alor
imet
ers w
orke
d in
itial
ly. R
adio
met
er fu
nctio
ned
wel
l.
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Hill
je, E
.R.;
and
Sava
ge, R
.: St
atus
of A
erod
ynam
ic C
hara
cter
istic
s of t
he A
pollo
Ent
ry C
onfig
urat
ion.
AIAA
-196
8-11
43, E
ntry
Veh
icle
Sys
tem
s and
Tec
hnol
ogy
Mee
ting,
Will
iam
sbur
g VA
, Dec
196
8.
2.
Hill
je, E
.R.:
Entr
y Ae
rody
nam
ics a
t Lun
ar R
etur
n C
ondi
tions
Obt
aine
d fro
m th
e Fl
ight
of A
pollo
4 (A
S-50
1).
NAS
A-T
N-D
-539
9, O
ct 1
969.
3.
Reid
, R.C
, Jr;
Roch
elle
, W.C
.; an
d M
ilhoa
n, J.
D.:
Rad
iativ
e H
eatin
g to
the
Apol
lo C
omm
and
Mod
ule:
Engi
neer
ing
Pred
ictio
n an
d Fl
ight
Mea
sure
men
t. N
ASA-
TM
-X-5
8091
, Apr
197
2.
NOT
ES:
• T
PS th
ickn
ess:
Abl
ator
= 4
.32
cm, b
raise
d sta
inle
ss st
eel
subs
truc
ture
(PH
15-
7 M
O) =
5.0
8 cm
• In
sula
tion:
(T
G-1
5,00
0) =
2.0
3 cm
, alu
min
um h
oney
com
b (2
014-
T6
and
5052
-H39
) = 3
.81
cm
• M
anuf
actu
rer:
AV
CO
Cor
p
Tra
ject
ory
G
eom
etry
A
ero/
ther
mal
TP
S
31
UNM
ANNE
D P
LANE
TARY
PRO
BES
Uni
ted
Stat
es C
ON
TIN
UED
DAT
E
SPAC
ECRA
FT
TA
RGET
R
EMAR
KS
10/2
4/98
D
eep
Spac
e 1
As
tero
id B
raill
e Fl
yby
(7/2
9/99
- 15
mi.)
—
——
—>
C
omet
Bor
relly
F
yby
(9/2
2/20
01 -
1,34
0 m
i.)
12/1
1/98
M
ars C
limat
e O
rbite
r M
ars
Mar
s orb
it
——
——
> (P
resu
med
des
troye
d 9/
23/9
9)
01/0
3/99
M
ars P
olar
Lan
der
M
ars
M
ars S
outh
Pol
ar la
nder
—
——
—>
C
arrie
d D
eep
Spac
e 2
prob
es
——
——
>
(Pre
sum
ed d
estro
yed
12/3
/99)
01/0
3/99
D
eep
Spac
e 2
M
ars
2
Mar
s sur
face
pen
etra
tors
—
——
—>
(P
resu
med
des
troye
d 12
/3/9
9)
02/0
7/99
St
ardu
st
Com
et W
ild 2
Sa
mpl
e re
turn
(1/1
5/06
)
04/0
7/01
M
ars O
dyss
ey
M
ars
M
ars o
rbit
08/0
8/01
G
enes
is
Sun
Sola
r win
d sa
mpl
e re
turn
(9/8
/04)
06/1
0/03
M
ER S
pirit
Mar
s La
nded
01/
03/0
407
/07/
03
MER
Opp
ortu
nity
M
ars
Land
ed 0
1/24
/04
So
viet
Uni
on/R
ussi
a01
/02/
59
Luna
1
Moo
n
Miss
ed th
e M
oon
09/1
2/59
Lu
na 2
Moo
n
Lu
nar i
mpa
ct10
/04/
59
Luna
3
M
oon
Luna
r flyb
y/fa
rsid
e ph
otos
04/0
2/63
Lu
na 4
Moo
n
Lu
nar fl
yby
05/0
9/65
Lu
na 5
Moo
n
C
rash
ed o
n th
e M
oon
06/0
8/65
Lu
na 6
Moo
n
M
issed
the
Moo
n10
/04/
65
Luna
7
M
oon
Cra
shed
on
the
Moo
n12
/03/
65
Luna
8
M
oon
Cra
shed
on
the
Moo
n01
/31/
66
Luna
9
M
oon
Luna
r lan
ding
03/3
1/66
Lu
na 1
0
M
oon
Luna
r orb
it08
/24/
66
Luna
11
Moo
n
Lu
nar o
rbit
10/2
2/66
Lu
na 1
2
M
oon
Luna
r orb
it12
/21/
66
Luna
13
Moo
n
Lu
nar l
andi
ng04
/07/
68
Luna
14
Moo
n
Lu
nar o
rbit
07/1
4/69
Lu
na 1
5
M
oon
Cra
shed
on
the
Moo
n09
/12/
70
Luna
16
Moo
n
Lu
nar s
oil r
etur
n11
/10/
70
Luna
17
Moo
n
Lu
nokh
od 1
luna
r rov
er09
/02/
71
Luna
18
Moo
n
C
rash
ed o
n th
e M
oon
09/2
8/71
Lu
na 1
9
M
oon
Luna
r orb
it02
/14/
72
Luna
20
Moo
n
Lu
nar s
oil r
etur
n01
/08/
73
Luna
21
Moo
n
Lu
nkho
d 2
luna
r rov
er05
/29/
74
Luna
22
Moo
n
Lu
nar o
rbit
10/2
8/74
Lu
na 2
3
M
oon
Luna
r lan
ding
08/0
8/76
Lu
na 2
4
M
oon
Luna
r soi
l ret
urn
7
MIS
SIO
N:
AP
OLL
O 6
PLAN
ET: E
AR
TH
LAUN
CH: A
PR 4
, 196
8 EN
TRY:
APR
4, 1
968
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
: F
inal
qua
lifica
tion
test
for l
aunc
h ve
hicle
and
co
mm
and
mod
ule f
or m
anne
d m
issio
n
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
C. P
ark
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Hill
je, E
.R.;
and
Sava
ge, R
.: St
atus
of A
erod
ynam
ic C
hara
cter
istic
s of t
he A
pollo
Ent
ry C
onfig
urat
ion.
AIAA
-196
8-11
43, E
ntry
Veh
icle
Sys
tem
s and
Tec
hnol
ogy
Mee
ting,
Will
iam
sbur
g VA
, Dec
196
8.
2.
Lee,
D.B
.; an
d G
oodr
ich,
W.D
.: Th
e Ae
roth
erm
odyn
amic
Env
ironm
ent o
f the
Apo
llo C
omm
and
Mod
ule
D
urin
g Su
pero
rbita
l Ent
ry. N
ASA-
TN
-D-6
792,
Apr
197
2.
3.
Stro
uhal
, G.;
Cur
ry, M
.; an
d Ja
nney
, J.M
.: Th
erm
al P
rote
ctio
n Sy
stem
Per
form
ance
of t
he A
pollo
Com
man
d M
odul
e. A
IAA/
ASM
E 7t
h St
ruct
ures
and
Mat
eria
ls C
onfe
renc
e, C
ocoa
Bea
ch F
L, A
pr 1
966.
4.
Bart
lett,
E.P.
; Nic
olet
, W.E
.; Ab
bett,
M.J.
; and
Moy
er, C
.B.:
Impr
oved
Hea
t-Shi
eld
Des
ign
Proc
edur
es fo
r M
anne
d En
try
Syste
ms:
Part
2. A
pplic
atio
n to
Apo
llo: F
inal
Rep
ort.
NAS
A-C
R-1
0868
9, Ju
n 19
70.
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
NOT
ES:
• T
PS th
ickn
ess:
Abl
ator
= 4
.32
cm, b
raise
d sta
inle
ss st
eel
subs
truc
ture
(PH
15-
7 M
O) =
5.0
8 cm
• In
sula
tion:
(TG
-15,
000)
= 2
.03
cm, a
lum
inum
hon
eyco
mb
(201
4-T
6 an
d 50
52-H
39) =
3.8
1 cm
• M
anuf
actu
rer:
AV
CO
Cor
p
T
raje
ctor
y
Geo
met
ry
A
ero/
ther
mal
TP
S
30
UNM
ANNE
D P
LANE
TARY
PRO
BES
Uni
ted
Stat
es C
ON
TIN
UED
DAT
E
SPAC
ECRA
FT
TA
RGET
REM
ARKS
08/2
0/75
V
ikin
g 1
Mar
s M
ars o
rbit
& la
ndin
g (7
/20/
76)
09/0
9/75
V
ikin
g 2
M
ars
Mar
s orb
it &
land
ing
(9/3
/76)
08/1
2/77
IC
E (I
SEE-
3)
Sun
So
lar o
rbit
—
——
—>
Com
et
G
iaco
bini
-Zin
ner fl
yby
(9/1
1/85
)
——
——
>
C
omet
Hal
ley
flyby
(3/2
5/86
)
09/0
3/77
Vo
yage
r 1
Ju
pite
r
Jupi
ter fl
yby
(3/5
/79
- 174
,000
mi.)
—
——
—>
Sa
turn
Satu
rn fl
yby
(11/
12/8
0 - 7
7,00
0 m
i.)08
/20/
77
Voya
ger 2
Jupi
ter
Ju
pite
r flyb
y (7
/9/7
9 - 4
00,0
00 m
i.)
——
——
>
Sa
turn
Satu
rn fl
yby
(8/2
5/81
- 63
,000
mi.)
—
——
—>
Ura
nus
U
ranu
s flyb
y (1
/24/
86 -
44,0
00 m
i.)
—
——
—>
Nep
tune
N
eptu
ne fl
yby
(8/2
5/89
- 15
,500
mi.)
05/2
0/78
Pi
onee
r Ven
us 1
Venu
s Ve
nus o
rbit
rada
r map
per (
12/4
/78)
08/0
8/78
Pi
onee
r Ven
us 2
Venu
s Ve
nus a
tmos
pher
ic p
robe
s (12
/9/7
8)
05/0
4/89
M
agel
lan
Venu
s Ve
nus o
rbit
rada
r map
per (
8/10
/90)
10/1
8/89
G
alile
o
Venu
s Ve
nus fl
yby
(2/1
0/90
- 10
,000
mi.)
——
——
>
A
stero
id G
aspa
F
lyby
(10/
29/9
1 - 1
,000
mi.)
——
——
>
Aste
roid
Ida
F
lyby
(8/2
8/93
- 2,
400
mi.)
——
——
>
Ju
pite
r
Jupi
ter o
rbit/
prob
e (1
2/7/
95)
09/2
5/92
M
ars O
bser
ver
Mar
s
M
ars o
rbit
(com
mun
icat
ions
failu
re)
01/2
5/94
C
lem
entin
e 1
M
oon
Luna
r orb
it
02/1
7/96
Sh
oem
aker
NEA
R
As
tero
id M
athi
lde
Flyb
y (6
/27/
97)
—
——
—>
Aste
roid
Ero
s Fl
yby
(12/
23/9
8)
——
——
>
As
tero
id E
ros
Orb
it (1
0/26
/00)
—
——
—>
Aste
roid
Ero
s To
uchd
own
(2/1
2/01
)
11/0
7/96
M
ars G
loba
l Sur
veyo
r M
ars
M
ars o
rbit
(9/1
1/97
)
12/0
4/96
M
ars P
athfi
nder
Mar
s
So
jour
ner M
ars r
over
(7/4
/97)
10/1
3/97
C
assin
i
Ve
nus
Venu
s flyb
y (4
/98)
—
——
—>
Ve
nus
Venu
s flyb
y (6
/24/
99 -
323
mi.)
—
——
—>
Ea
rth
Eart
h fly
by (8
/17/
99 -
727
mi.)
—
——
—>
Ju
pite
r
Ju
pite
r flyb
y (1
2/30
/00)
—
——
—>
Satu
rn
Satu
rn o
rbit
(6/3
/04)
—
——
—>
Tita
n C
arrie
d ES
A’s H
uyge
ns p
robe
—
——
—>
To
uchd
own
(1/1
4/05
)
01/0
6/98
Lu
nar P
rosp
ecto
r
Moo
n
Lu
nar o
rbita
l map
per
29
AP
PE
ND
IX I
LIS
T O
F SP
AC
E V
EH
ICLE
S A
ND
TH
EIR
MIS
SIO
NS
UNM
ANNE
D P
LANE
TARY
PRO
BES
Uni
ted
Stat
es
DAT
E
SPAC
ECRA
FT
TA
RGET
R
EMAR
KS
03/0
3/59
Pi
onee
r 4
M
oon
Luna
r flyb
y03
/11/
60
Pion
eer 5
Sun
Sola
r orb
it12
/16/
65
Pion
eer 6
Sun
Sola
r orb
it08
/17/
66
Pion
eer 7
Sun
Sola
r orb
it10
/18/
67
Pion
eer 8
Sun
Sola
r orb
it11
/08/
68
Pion
eer 9
Sun
Sola
r orb
it03
/03/
72
Pion
eer 1
0
Ju
pite
r Ju
pite
r flyb
y (1
2/3/
73 -
81,0
00 m
i.)04
/05/
73
Pion
eer 1
1
Jupi
ter
Jupi
ter fl
yby
(12/
2/74
- 26
,600
mi.)
——
——
>
Satu
rn
Satu
rn fl
yby
(9/1
/79
- 13,
000
mi.)
01/2
6/62
R
ange
r 3
Moo
n
Luna
r flyb
y04
/23/
62
Ran
ger 4
Moo
n
Luna
r im
pact
10/1
0/62
R
ange
r 5
M
oon
Lu
nar fl
yby
01/3
0/64
R
ange
r 6
Moo
n
Luna
r im
pact
07/2
8/64
R
ange
r 7
Moo
n
Luna
r im
pact
/pho
tos
02/1
7/65
R
ange
r 8
Moo
n
Luna
r im
pact
/pho
tos
03/2
1/65
R
ange
r 9
M
oon
Lu
nar i
mpa
ct/p
hoto
s
08/2
6/62
M
arin
er 2
Venu
s Ve
nus fl
yby
(12/
14/6
5 - 2
2,00
0 m
i.)11
/05/
64
Mar
iner
3
M
ars
Mar
s flyb
y (c
omm
. fai
lure
)11
/28/
64
Mar
iner
4
M
ars
Mar
s flyb
y (7
/14/
65 -
6,10
0 m
i.)06
/14/
67
Mar
iner
5
Ve
nus
Ve
nus fl
yby
(10/
19/6
7 - 2
,500
mi.)
02/2
5/69
M
arin
er 6
Mar
s
M
ars fl
yby
(7/3
1/69
- 2,
100
mi.)
03/2
7/69
M
arin
er 7
Mar
s
M
ars fl
yby
( 8/5
/69
- 2,2
00 m
i.)05
/30/
71
Mar
iner
9
M
ars
Mar
s orb
it (1
1/13
/71)
11/0
2/73
M
arin
er 1
0
Venu
s
Venu
s flyb
y (2
/5/7
4 -3
,600
mi.)
——
——
>
Mer
cury
M
ercu
ry fl
yby
(3/2
9/74
- 46
0 m
i.)
—
——
—>
M
ercu
ry
Mer
cury
flyb
y (9
/21/
74 -
30,0
00 m
i.)
——
——
> M
ercu
ry
Mer
cury
flyb
y (3
/16/
75 -
200
mi.)
06/3
0/66
Su
rvey
or 1
M
oon
Luna
r lan
ding
09/2
0/66
Su
rvey
or 2
M
oon
Cra
shed
on
the
Moo
n04
/17/
67
Surv
eyor
3
Moo
n
Lu
nar l
andi
ng07
/14/
67
Surv
eyor
4
Moo
n
C
rash
ed o
n th
e M
oon
09/0
8/67
Su
rvey
or 5
M
oon
Luna
r lan
ding
11/0
7/67
Su
rvey
or 6
M
oon
Luna
r lan
ding
01/0
7/68
Su
rvey
or 7
M
oon
Luna
r lan
ding
08/1
0/66
Lu
nar O
rbite
r 1
Moo
n
Lu
nar o
rbit
11/0
6/66
Lu
nar O
rbite
r 2
Moo
n
Lu
nar o
rbit
02/0
4/67
Lu
nar O
rbite
r 3
Moo
n
Lu
nar o
rbit
05/0
4/67
Lu
nar O
rbite
r 4
Moo
n
Lu
nar o
rbit
08/0
1/67
Lu
nar O
rbite
r 5
Moo
n
Lu
nar o
rbit
8
MIS
SIO
N:
REE
NT
RY
FPL
ANET
: EA
RT
H
LAUN
CH: A
PR 2
7, 1
968
ENTR
Y:
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
:To
mea
sure
turb
ulen
t hea
ting r
ates
and
trans
ition
onset
in a
fligh
t env
ironm
ent
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
M.J.
Wrig
ht a
nd G
. Alle
n
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• M
ultip
le th
erm
ocou
ples
and
pre
ssur
e se
nsor
s at 2
1 sta
tions
on
cone
. 4 h
eat-fl
ux g
auge
s and
2 p
ress
ure
gaug
es o
n ba
se.
• 3
ther
moc
oupl
es in
nos
e-tip
ass
embl
y
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Wrig
ht, R
.L.;
and
Zoby
, E.V
.: Fl
ight
Mea
sure
men
ts of
Bou
ndar
y-La
yer T
rans
ition
on
a 5
Deg
ree
Hal
f-Ang
le
Con
e at
a F
ree-
Stre
am M
ach
Num
ber o
f 20
(Ree
ntry
F).
NAS
A-T
M-X
-225
3, M
ay 1
971.
Tr
ajec
tory
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
NOT
ES:
• N
ose-
tip h
eatin
g ra
te is
not
rele
vant
for t
his fl
ight
, whi
ch w
as
desig
ned
to m
easu
re h
eatin
g on
a sh
arp
cone
.
• Th
e no
se ti
p w
as m
eant
to a
blat
e du
ring
entr
y.
• Th
e be
ryllu
m h
eat s
hiel
d m
elte
d ab
out 4
0 se
cond
s afte
r ent
ry.
289
MIS
SIO
N:
PAET
PLAN
ET: E
AR
TH
LAUN
CH: J
UN 2
, 197
1 EN
TRY:
JUN
2, 1
971
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
: T
o te
st th
e cap
abili
ty to
det
erm
ine t
he co
mpo
sitio
n of
un
know
n at
mos
pher
es du
ring
high
-spee
d en
try
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
M. T
aube
r
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• Fo
rebo
dy: 2
ber
ylliu
m h
eat t
rans
fer g
auge
s, 2
heat
shie
ld p
lugs
in
the
abla
tor a
nd p
ress
ure
gaug
e in
ber
ylliu
m c
ap
• Af
terb
ody:
Ther
moc
oupl
e in
low
-den
sity
abla
tor (
SLA-
220)
lo
cate
d sli
ghtly
aft
of sh
ould
er
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Vojv
odic
h, N
.S.:
PAET
Ent
ry H
eat P
rote
ctio
n Ex
perim
ent.
Jour
nal o
f Spa
cecr
aft a
nd R
ocke
ts, V
ol 1
0, N
o 3,
M
ar 1
973,
pp
181-
189.
2.
Seiff
, A.;
Rees
e, D
.E.;
Som
mer
, S.C
.; K
irk, D
.B.;
Whi
ting,
E.E
; and
Nie
man
n, H
.B.:
PAET
, An
Entr
y Pr
obe
Expe
rimen
t in
Eart
h’s A
tmos
pher
e. IC
ARU
S, V
ol 1
8, A
pr 1
973,
pp
525-
563.
NOT
ES:
• N
ose:
Ber
ylliu
m h
eatsi
nk
• C
onic
al fr
ustr
um: E
SA 3
560
abla
tor
Tr
ajec
tory
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
MIS
SIO
N:
VIK
ING
LA
ND
ER 1
PLAN
ET: M
AR
S
LAUN
CH: A
UG 2
0, 1
975
ENTR
Y: J
UL 2
0, 1
976
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
: T
o ch
arac
teriz
e the
stru
cture
and
com
posit
ion
of th
e atm
osph
ere a
nd su
rface
of M
ars
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
M. T
aube
r and
G. A
llen
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• Th
e fo
rebo
dy a
eros
hell
was
not
instr
umen
ted,
but
the
wak
e en
clos
ure
(bac
kshe
ll) h
ad th
erm
ocou
ples
.
• Th
ere
was
one
pre
ssur
e po
rt o
ff sta
gnat
ion
poin
t and
one
on
the
base
cov
er.
• Te
mpe
ratu
re g
auge
s wer
e on
the
back
face
and
on
both
back
-she
ll fru
stum
s.
REF
EREN
CES :
1.
Inog
oldb
y, R
.N.;
Mic
hel,
F.C
.; Fl
aher
ty, T
.M.;
Dot
y, M
.G.;
Pres
ton,
B.;
Vill
yard
, K.W
.; an
d St
eele
, R.D
.:
Entr
y D
ata
Anal
ysis
of V
ikin
g La
nder
s 1 a
nd 2
: Fin
al R
epor
t. M
artin
-Mar
ietta
Co.
, TN
-377
0218
,
NAS
A-C
R-1
5938
8, N
ov 1
976.
2.
Kirk
, D.B
.; In
trie
ri, P.
F.; a
nd S
eiff,
A.:
Aero
dyna
mic
Beh
avio
r of t
he V
ikin
g En
try
Vehi
cle:
Gro
und
Test
and
Flig
ht R
esul
ts. Jo
urna
l of S
pace
craf
t and
Roc
kets,
Vol
15,
No
4, Ju
l-Aug
197
8.3.
V
ikin
g ’7
5 Pr
ojec
t, Ae
rody
nam
ics D
ata
Book
. NAS
1-90
00, M
artin
-Mar
ietta
, Rev
ision
E, 1
974.
4.
Coo
ley,
C.G
.: V
ikin
g 75
Pro
ject
: Vik
ing
Land
er S
yste
m, P
rimar
y M
issio
n Pe
rform
ance
Rep
ort.
N
ASA-
CR
-145
148,
Apr
197
7.
NOT
ES:
• Re
sin M
ater
ial:
silic
one
elas
tom
er w
ith g
lass
mic
rosp
here
s and
cor
k
• M
atrix
mat
eria
l: fib
ergl
ass-
phen
olic
hon
eyco
mb
• RC
S w
as u
sed
to m
aint
ain
trim
ang
le o
f atta
ck
10
Tr
ajec
tory
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
MIS
SIO
N:
MA
RS
EXP
LOR
ATIO
N R
OV
ERS
“Spi
rit”
and
“O
ppor
tuni
ty”
PLAN
ET: M
AR
S
LAUN
CH: J
UN 1
0, 2
003
& JU
L 7,
200
3 EN
TRY:
JAN
3, 2
004
& JA
N 24
, 200
4
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
:To
pla
ce tw
o ro
vers
(A a
nd B
) on
Mar
s to
cond
uct
rem
ote g
eolo
gica
l inv
estig
atio
ns in
cludi
ng
searc
h fo
r pas
t wat
er a
ctivi
ty
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
M. L
oom
is
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Ronc
oli,
R.B
.; an
d Lu
dwin
ski,
J.M.:
Miss
ion
Des
ign
Ove
rvie
w fo
r the
Mar
s Exp
lora
tion
Rove
r Miss
ion.
AIAA
-200
2-48
23, A
IAA/
AAAS
Astr
odyn
amic
s Spe
cial
ist C
onfe
renc
e an
d Ex
hibi
t, M
onte
rey
CA,
Aug
200
2.2.
Sz
alai
, C.;
Che
n Y.
; Loo
mis,
M.;
and
Hui
, F.:
Mar
s Exp
lora
tion
Rove
r TIR
S C
over
Ther
mal
Pro
tect
ion
Syste
m
Des
ign
Verifi
catio
n. A
IAA-
2003
-376
7, 3
6th
AIAA
Ther
mop
hysic
s Con
fere
nce,
Orla
ndo
FL, J
un 2
003.
NOT
ES:
• M
ER A
and
MER
B a
re tw
o se
para
te m
issio
ns, e
ach
carr
ying
a ro
ver t
o M
ars.
Dat
a he
re a
re fo
r MER
B, t
he m
ost s
ever
e en
try
envi
ronm
ent.
• Th
is m
issio
n us
es a
n en
try
aero
shel
l sim
ilar t
o th
at o
f
Path
finde
r, ho
wev
er th
e en
clos
ed ro
vers
are
larg
er th
an
Sojo
urne
r and
are
self-
cont
aine
d.
• Th
ere
are
3 T
IRS
(Tra
nsve
rse
Impu
lse R
ocke
t Sys
tem
) cov
ers
mad
e of
SIR
CA
spac
ed a
roun
d th
e ba
cksh
ell.
Tra
ject
ory
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
27
MIS
SIO
N: B
EAG
LE 2
PL
ANET
: MA
RS
LAUN
CH: J
UN 2
, 200
3 EN
TRY:
DEC
25,
200
3
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
: To
dev
elop
a lo
w-c
ost l
ow-m
ass s
yste
m fo
r pla
cing
an ex
obio
logy
scien
ce p
aylo
ad o
n M
ars
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
A. S
mith
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• N
o T
PS in
strum
enta
tion:
axi
al a
ccel
erom
eter
s onl
y
NOT
ES:
• Im
age
(all
right
s res
erve
d Be
agle
2) i
s an
impr
essio
n of
Bea
gle
2 po
st se
para
tion
from
Mar
s Exp
ress
.
• Be
agle
2 la
nded
on
Mar
s but
did
not
mak
e ra
dio
cont
act.
REF
EREN
CES :
1.
Burn
ell,
S.; L
ieve
r P.;
Smith
, A.;
and
Parn
aby,
G.:
Pred
ictio
n of
the
Beag
le 2
Sta
tic A
erod
ynam
ic C
oeffi
cien
ts.
Atm
osph
eric
Ree
ntry
Veh
icle
s and
Sys
tem
s, Ar
cach
on 2
000.
2.
Smith
, A.;
Parn
aby,
G.;
Jone
s, T.
V.; a
nd B
uttsw
orth
, D.:
Aero
ther
mal
Env
ironm
ent o
f the
Bea
gle
2 Pr
obe.
Fo
urth
Eur
opea
n Sy
mpo
sium
on
Aero
ther
mod
ynam
ics,
Cap
ua, I
taly,
Oct
200
1.3.
Li
ever
, P.A
.; H
abch
i, S.
D.;
Burn
ell,
S.I.;
and
Lin
gard
, J.S
.: C
ompu
tatio
nal F
luid
Dya
nam
ics P
redi
ctio
n of
the
Beag
le 2
Aer
odyn
amic
Dat
abas
e. Jo
urna
l of S
pace
craf
t and
Roc
kets,
Vol
40,
No
5, S
ep-O
ct 2
003.
26
T
raje
ctor
y
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
MIS
SIO
N:
VIK
ING
LA
ND
ER 2
PLAN
ET: M
AR
S
LAUN
CH: S
EP 9
, 197
5 EN
TRY:
SEP
3, 1
976
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
: T
o ch
arac
teriz
e the
stru
cture
and
com
posit
ion
of th
e atm
osph
ere a
nd su
rface
of M
ars
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
M. T
aube
r and
G. A
llen
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Inog
oldb
y, R
.N.;
Mic
hel,
F.C
.; Fl
aher
ty, T
.M.;
Dot
y, M
.G.;
Pres
ton,
B.;
Vill
yard
, K.W
.; an
d St
eele
, R.D
.:
Entr
y D
ata
Anal
ysis
of V
ikin
g La
nder
s 1 a
nd 2
: Fin
al R
epor
t. M
artin
-Mar
ietta
Co.
, TN
-377
0218
,
NAS
A-C
R-1
5938
8, N
ov 1
976.
2.
Kirk
, D.B
.; In
trie
ri, P.
F.; a
nd S
eiff,
A.:
Aero
dyna
mic
Beh
avio
r of t
he V
ikin
g En
try
Vehi
cle:
Gro
und
Test
and
Flig
ht R
esul
ts. Jo
urna
l of S
pace
craf
t and
Roc
kets,
Vol
15,
No
4, Ju
l-Aug
197
8.3.
V
ikin
g ’7
5 Pr
ojec
t, Ae
rody
nam
ics D
ata
Book
. NAS
1-90
00, M
artin
-Mar
ietta
, Rev
ision
E, 1
974.
4.
Coo
ley,
C.G
.: V
ikin
g 75
Pro
ject
: Vik
ing
Land
er S
yste
m, P
rimar
y M
issio
n Pe
rform
ance
Rep
ort.
N
ASA-
CR
-145
148,
Apr
197
7.
NOT
ES:
• Re
sin M
ater
ial:
silic
one
elas
tom
er w
ith g
lass
mic
rosp
here
s and
cor
k
• M
atrix
mat
eria
l: fib
ergl
ass-
phen
olic
hon
eyco
mb
• RC
S w
as u
sed
to m
aint
ain
trim
ang
le o
f atta
ck
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• Th
e fo
rebo
dy a
eros
hell
was
not
instr
umen
ted,
but
the
wak
e en
clos
ure
(bac
kshe
ll) h
ad th
erm
ocou
ples
.
• Th
ere
was
one
pre
ssur
e po
rt o
ff sta
gnat
ion
poin
t and
one
on
the
base
cov
er.
•T
empe
ratu
re g
auge
s wer
e on
the
back
face
and
on
both
back
-she
ll fru
stum
s.
Tr
ajec
tory
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
TP
S
11
25
MIS
SIO
N:
HAY
AB
USA
PL
ANET
: EA
RT
H R
ETU
RN
LAUN
CH: M
AY 9
, 200
3EN
TRY:
JUN
200
7
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
:To
colle
ct sa
mpl
es fro
m a
stero
id It
okaw
a (1
998S
F36)
and
retu
rn to
Ear
th
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
C. P
ark
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• A
one-
axis
acce
lero
met
er fo
r par
achu
te d
eplo
ymen
t.
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Ishi
i, N
.; H
iraki
, K.;
Yam
ada,
T.;
Inat
ani,
Y.; a
nd H
onda
, M.:
Syste
m D
escr
iptio
n an
d Re
entr
y O
pera
tion
Scen
ario
of M
USE
S-C
Ree
ntry
Cap
sule
. Ins
titut
e of
Spa
ce a
nd A
stron
autic
al S
cien
ce R
epor
t, SP
No
17,
ed
ited
by Y
. Ina
tani
, Mar
200
3, p
p 38
9-40
0.
Tr
ajec
tory
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
NOT
ES:
• Th
e m
issio
n na
me
was
cha
nged
from
MU
SES-
C
MIS
SIO
N:
PIO
NEE
R-V
ENU
SSM
ALL
“NOR
TH P
ROBE
”PL
ANET
: VEN
US
LAUN
CH: A
UG 8
, 197
8 EN
TRY:
DEC
9, 1
978
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
: A
60o N
day
entr
y to
map
atm
osph
ere,
inclu
ding
char
acte
rizin
g w
ind
and
turb
ulen
ce
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
M. T
aube
r and
G. A
llen
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• Th
erm
ocou
ples
: one
at 1
7o off
stagn
atio
n po
int (
0.41
cm
bel
ow
heat
-shi
eld
surfa
ce);
anot
her o
n co
nica
l fru
strum
ahe
ad o
f
shou
lder
(0.3
0 cm
bel
ow h
eat-s
hiel
d su
rface
) at s
/Rn=
2.2
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Nol
te, L
.J.; a
nd S
omm
er, S
.C.:
Prob
ing
a Pl
anet
ary
Atm
osph
ere:
Pio
neer
-Ven
us S
pace
craf
t Des
crip
tion.
AIAA
-197
5-11
60, C
onfe
renc
e on
the
Expl
orat
ion
of th
e O
uter
Pla
nets,
St.
Loui
s MO
, Sep
197
5.2.
Pi
onee
r-Ve
nus L
arge
and
Sm
all P
robe
Dat
aboo
k, B
endi
x, N
AS2-
830Q
, Jun
197
6.3.
Al
len,
G.:
Traj
ecto
ry a
nd H
eatin
g ca
lcul
ated
usin
g T
RAJ
Cod
e, p
rivat
e co
mm
unic
atio
n, M
ar 2
003.
NOT
ES:
• H
eatin
g ra
tes a
nd lo
ads a
re p
roba
bly
for n
on-a
blat
ing
cond
ition
s.
T
raje
ctor
y
Geo
met
ry
A
ero/
ther
mal
TP
S
12
MIS
SIO
N:
PIO
NEE
R-V
ENU
SSM
ALL
“NIG
HT
PROB
E”PL
ANET
: VEN
US
LAUN
CH: A
UG 8
, 197
8 EN
TRY:
DEC
9, 1
978
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
: T
o m
ap th
e atm
osph
ere,
inclu
ding
tem
pera
ture
an
d pr
essur
e, fro
m a
nig
ht si
de en
try
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
M. T
aube
r and
G. A
llen
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• Th
erm
ocou
ples
: one
at 1
7o off
stagn
atio
n po
int (
0.41
cm
be
low
hea
t-shi
eld
surfa
ce);
anot
her o
n co
nica
l fru
strum
ahe
ad
of sh
ould
er (0
.30
cm b
elow
hea
t-shi
eld
surfa
ce) a
t s/R
n=2.
2
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Nol
te, L
.J.; a
nd S
omm
er, S
.C.:
Prob
ing
a Pl
anet
ary
Atm
osph
ere:
Pio
neer
-Ven
us S
pace
craf
t Des
crip
tion.
AIAA
-197
5-11
60, C
onfe
renc
e on
the
Expl
orat
ion
of th
e O
uter
Pla
nets,
St.
Loui
s MO
, Sep
197
5.2.
Pi
onee
r-Ve
nus L
arge
and
Sm
all P
robe
Dat
aboo
k, B
endi
x, N
AS2-
830Q
, Jun
197
6.3.
Al
len,
G.:
Traj
ecto
ry a
nd H
eatin
g ca
lcul
ated
usin
g T
RAJ
Cod
e, p
rivat
e co
mm
unic
atio
n, M
ar 2
003.
NOT
ES:
• H
eatin
g ra
tes a
nd lo
ads a
re p
roba
bly
for n
on-a
blat
ing
cond
ition
s.
T
raje
ctor
y
Geo
met
ry
A
ero/
ther
mal
TP
S
1324
MIS
SIO
N:
GE
NE
SIS
PLAN
ET: E
AR
TH
RE
TU
RN
LAUN
CH: A
UG 8
, 200
1 EN
TRY:
SEP
8, 2
004
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
:To
colle
ct sol
ar w
ind
parti
cles a
nd re
turn
to E
arth
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
W. W
illco
ckso
n an
d R
. Ben
nett
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• Th
erm
osen
sitiv
e pa
int s
trip
s
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Lo, M
.W.;
Will
iam
s, B.
G.;
Bollm
an, E
.; H
an, D
.; H
ahn,
Y.;
Bell,
J.L.
; Hirs
t, E.
A.; C
orw
in, R
.A.,
Hon
g, P.
E.;
and
How
ell,
K.C
.: G
enes
is M
issio
n D
esig
n. A
IAA-
1998
-446
8, A
IAA/
AAS
Astro
dyna
mic
s Spe
cial
ist C
onfe
renc
e an
d Ex
hibi
t, Bo
ston
MA,
Aug
199
8.2.
C
heat
woo
d, F
. M.;
Mer
ski,
N. R
.; R
iley,
C.J.
; and
Mitc
heltr
ee, R
.A.:
Aero
ther
mod
ynam
ic E
nviro
nmen
t
Defi
nitio
n fo
r the
Gen
esis
Sam
ple
Retu
rn C
apsu
le. A
IAA-
2001
-288
9, 3
5th
AIAA
Ther
mop
hysic
s Con
fere
nce,
Anah
eim
CA,
Jun
2001
.
Tra
ject
ory
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
NOT
ES:
• Th
e ca
psul
e cr
ashe
d vi
olen
tly in
to th
e de
sert
afte
r fai
ling
to
depl
oy th
e dr
ag d
evic
es.
• D
espi
te th
is m
ishap
, man
y of
the
colle
ctor
s rem
aine
d in
tact
and
m
ost o
f the
miss
ion
goal
s sho
uld
be a
ccom
plish
ed.
14
MIS
SIO
N:
PIO
NEE
R-V
ENU
SSM
ALL
“DAY
PRO
BE”
PLAN
ET: V
ENU
S
LAUN
CH: A
UG 8
, 197
8 EN
TRY:
DEC
9, 1
978
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
: T
o m
ap th
e atm
osph
ere,
inclu
ding
radi
ativ
e ene
rgy,
from
a d
ay si
de en
try
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
M. T
aube
r and
G. A
llen
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• Th
erm
ocou
ples
: one
at 1
7o off
stagn
atio
n po
int (
0.41
cm
bel
ow
heat
-shi
eld
surfa
ce);
anot
her o
n co
nica
l fru
strum
ahe
ad o
f
shou
lder
(0.3
0 cm
bel
ow h
eat-s
hiel
d su
rface
) at s
/Rn=
2.2
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Nol
te, L
.J.; a
nd S
omm
er, S
.C.:
Prob
ing
a Pl
anet
ary
Atm
osph
ere:
Pio
neer
-Ven
us S
pace
craf
t Des
crip
tion.
AIAA
-197
5-11
60, C
onfe
renc
e on
the
Expl
orat
ion
of th
e O
uter
Pla
nets,
St.
Loui
s MO
, Sep
197
5.2.
Pi
onee
r-Ve
nus L
arge
and
Sm
all P
robe
Dat
aboo
k, B
endi
x, N
AS2-
830Q
, Jun
197
6.3.
Al
len,
G.:
Traj
ecto
ry a
nd H
eatin
g ca
lcul
ated
usin
g T
RAJ
Cod
e, p
rivat
e co
mm
unic
atio
n, M
ar 2
003.
T
raje
ctor
y
Geo
met
ry
A
ero/
ther
mal
T
PS
NOT
ES:
• H
eatin
g ra
tes a
nd lo
ads a
re p
roba
bly
for n
on-a
blat
ing
cond
ition
s.
MIS
SIO
N:
STA
RD
UST
PLAN
ET: E
AR
TH
RET
UR
N
LAUN
CH: F
EB 7
, 199
9 EN
TRY:
JAN
15,
200
6
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
:To
colle
ct co
met
mat
eria
l fro
m W
ild 2
an
d ret
urn
to E
arth
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
M. T
aube
r
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Oly
nick
, D.;
Che
n, Y
.K.;
and
Taub
er, M
.E.:
Aero
ther
mod
ynam
ics o
f the
Sta
rdus
t Sam
ple
Retu
rn C
apsu
le.
Jour
nal o
f Spa
cecr
aft a
nd R
ocke
ts, V
ol 3
6, N
o 3,
May
-Jun
1999
, pp
442-
462.
2.
Mitc
heltr
ee, R
.A.;
Wilm
oth,
R.G
.; C
heat
woo
d, F
.M.;
Brau
ckm
ann,
G.J.
; and
Gre
ene,
F.A
.: Ae
rody
nam
ics o
f St
ardu
st Sa
mpl
e Re
turn
Cap
sule
. AIA
A-19
97-2
304,
15t
h Ap
plie
d Ae
rody
nam
ics C
onfe
renc
e, A
tlant
a G
A,
Ju
n 19
97.
NOT
ES:
• Th
e re
ndez
vous
with
Wild
2 o
ccur
red
on Ja
n 2,
200
4.
• Th
e St
ardu
st ca
psul
e m
ade
a su
cces
sful r
etur
n to
Ear
th o
n Ja
n 15
, 200
6.
Tr
ajec
tory
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
23
15
MIS
SIO
N:
PIO
NEE
R-V
ENU
SLA
RGE
PROB
E “S
OUND
ER”
PLAN
ET: V
ENU
S
LAUN
CH: A
UG 8
, 197
8 EN
TRY:
DEC
9, 1
978
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
: Th
is pr
obe c
onta
ined
7 ex
perim
ents,
inclu
ding
one
to
mea
sure
the a
tmos
pher
ic co
mpo
sitio
n
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
M. T
aube
r and
G. A
llen
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• Th
erm
ocou
ples
: one
at t
he st
agna
tion
poin
t (0.
41 c
m b
elow
he
at-s
hiel
d su
rface
); an
othe
r on
coni
cal f
rustr
um a
head
of
shou
lder
(0.3
0 cm
bel
ow h
eat-s
hiel
d su
rface
) at s
/Rn=
2.2
REF
EREN
CES :
1.
Nol
te, L
.J.; a
nd S
omm
er, S
.C.:
Prob
ing
a Pl
anet
ary
Atm
osph
ere:
Pio
neer
-Ven
us S
pace
craf
t Des
crip
tion.
AI
AA-1
975-
1160
, Con
fere
nce
on th
e Ex
plor
atio
n of
the
Out
er P
lane
ts, S
t. Lo
uis M
O, S
ep 1
975.
2.
Pion
eer-
Venu
s Lar
ge a
nd S
mal
l Pro
be D
atab
ook,
Ben
dix,
NAS
2-83
0Q, J
un 1
976.
3.
Alle
n, G
.: Tr
ajec
tory
and
Hea
ting
calc
ulat
ed u
sing
TR
AJ C
ode,
priv
ate
com
mun
icat
ion,
Mar
200
3.
NOT
ES:
• H
eatin
g ra
tes a
nd lo
ads a
re p
roba
bly
for n
on-a
blat
ing
cond
ition
s.
T
raje
ctor
y
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
22
MIS
SIO
N:
DEE
P S
PAC
E 2
PLAN
ET: M
AR
S
LAUN
CH: J
AN 3
, 199
9 EN
TRY:
DEC
3, 1
999
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
:To
pen
etrat
e the
Mar
tian
surfa
ce w
ith tw
o sm
all p
robe
s
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
M. M
urba
ch a
nd M
. Tau
ber
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
: R
EFER
ENCE
S:1.
M
itche
ltree
, R.A
.; D
iFul
vio,
M.;
Hor
vath
, T.J.
; and
Bra
un, R
.D.:
Aero
ther
mal
Hea
ting
Pred
ictio
ns fo
r Mar
s M
icro
prob
e. A
IAA-
1998
-017
0, 3
6th
Aero
spac
e Sc
ienc
es M
eetin
g, R
eno
NV,
Jan
1998
.
Tr
ajec
tory
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
NOT
ES:
• Th
e D
S-2
aero
shel
ls w
ere
on th
e fa
iled
Mar
s Pol
ar L
ande
r.
• Th
ey w
ere
to b
e je
ttiso
ned
5 m
inut
es b
efor
e th
e la
nder
ent
ered
th
e M
artia
n at
mos
pher
e. N
o sig
nals
from
the
prob
es w
ere
rece
ived
.
16
MIS
SIO
N:
GA
LILE
OPL
ANET
: JU
PIT
ER
LAUN
CH: O
CT 1
8, 1
989
ENTR
Y: D
EC 7
, 199
5
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
:To
desc
end
into
the J
ovia
n at
mos
pher
e, co
llect
atm
osph
eric
data
and
rela
y to
the o
rbite
r
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
M. T
aube
r
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• Fo
rebo
dy T
PS: a
blat
ion
rece
ssio
n ga
uges
• Af
terb
ody
TPS
: the
rmoc
oupl
es in
the
nylo
n ph
enol
ic
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Giv
ens,
J.; N
olte
, L.;
and
Poch
ettin
o, L
.: G
alile
o At
mos
pher
ic E
ntry
Pro
be S
yste
m: D
esig
n, D
evel
opm
ent
an
d Te
st. A
IAA-
1983
-009
8, 2
1st A
eros
cien
ces M
eetin
g, Ja
n 19
83.
2.
Milo
s, F.
; Che
n, Y
.K.;
Squi
re, T
.; an
d Br
ewer
, R.:
Anal
ysis
of G
alile
o Pr
obe
Hea
t Shi
eld
Abla
tion
and
Te
mpe
ratu
re D
ata.
AIA
A-19
97-2
480,
32n
d Th
erm
ophy
sics C
onfe
renc
e, A
tlant
a G
A, Ju
n 19
97.
3.
Milo
s, F.
: Gal
ileo
Prob
e H
eat S
hiel
d Ab
latio
n Ex
perim
ent.
AIAA
Jour
nal o
f Spa
cecr
aft a
nd R
ocke
ts, V
ol 3
4,
N
o 6,
Nov
-Dec
199
7.
NOT
ES:
• Re
port
ed C
G e
stim
ates
var
ied
wid
ely.
T
raje
ctor
y
Geo
met
ry
A
ero/
ther
mal
TP
S
MIS
SIO
N:
AR
D“A
tmos
pher
ic R
eent
ry D
emon
stra
tor”
PLAN
ET: E
AR
TH
LAUN
CH: O
CT 2
1, 1
998
ENTR
Y: O
CT 2
1, 1
998
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
:To
und
erta
ke a
com
plet
e spa
ce fl
ight
cycle
for E
SA, w
ith
emph
asis
on re
entr
y tec
hnol
ogies
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
F. C
asau
x an
d M
. J. W
right
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• Th
e ca
psul
e af
terb
ody
was
instr
umen
ted
with
7 su
rface
pre
ssur
e se
nsor
s,
2 th
erm
al p
lugs
with
2 th
erm
ocou
ples
eac
h on
the
back
cov
er, a
nd
4
surfa
ce-m
ount
ed c
oppe
r cal
orim
eter
s on
the
cylin
dric
al se
ctio
n.
• Th
e fro
nt c
one
cont
aine
d 18
pre
ssur
e se
nsor
s, 14
ther
mal
plu
gs w
ith
3
or 5
TC
eac
h.
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
The
Atm
osph
eric
Ree
ntry
Dem
onstr
ator
. ESA
pub
licat
ion
BR-1
38, O
ct 1
998.
2.
John
ston,
I.A.
; Wei
land
, M.;
Schr
amm
, J.M
.; H
anne
man
n, K
.; an
d Lo
ngo,
J.: A
erot
herm
odyn
amic
s of t
he
ARD
: Pos
tflig
ht N
umer
ics a
nd S
hock
-Tun
nel E
xper
imen
ts. A
IAA-
2002
-040
7, 4
0th
Aero
spac
e Sc
ienc
es
Mee
ting,
Ren
o N
V, Ja
n 20
02.
3.
Tran
, P.;
and
Sole
r, J.:
Atm
osph
eric
Ree
ntry
Dem
onstr
ator
Pos
t Flig
ht A
naly
sis: A
erot
herm
al E
nviro
nmen
t. Pr
ocee
ding
s of t
he 2
nd In
tl Sy
mpo
sium
on
Atm
osph
eric
Ree
ntry
Veh
icle
s, Ar
cach
on, F
ranc
e, M
ar 2
001.
NOT
ES:
• Al
eastr
il: si
lica
fiber
s with
phe
nolic
resin
; Nor
coat
: cor
k po
wde
r and
phen
olic
resin
.
• 4
expe
rimen
tal C
eram
ic M
atrix
Com
posit
e (C
MC
) tile
s and
sam
ples
of
Flex
ible
Ext
erna
l Ins
ulat
ion
(FEI
)
Tr
ajec
tory
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
21
17
MIS
SIO
N:
OR
EXPL
ANET
: EA
RT
H
LAUN
CH: F
EB 4
, 199
4 EN
TRY:
FEB
4, 1
994
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
:To
colle
ct in
form
atio
n on
the d
esign
of a
re-en
try ve
hicle
to
supp
ort J
apan
ese u
nman
ned
spac
e shu
ttle H
OPE
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
C. P
ark
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• W
all c
atal
ycity
mea
sure
men
t, el
ectro
static
pro
be, a
nd h
eat s
hiel
d
tem
pera
ture
sens
ors
REF
EREN
CES :
1.
Yam
amot
o, Y
.; an
d Yo
shio
ka, M
.: C
FD a
nd F
EM C
oupl
ing
Anal
ysis
of O
REX
Aer
othe
rmod
ynam
ic F
light
D
ata.
AIA
A-19
95-2
087,
30t
h Th
erm
ophy
sics C
onfe
renc
e, S
an D
iego
CA,
Jun
1995
.2.
G
upta
, R.N
.; M
oss,
J.M.;
and
Pric
e, J.
M.:
Asse
ssm
ent o
f Ther
moc
hem
ical
Non
equi
libriu
m a
nd S
lip E
ffect
s
for O
rbita
l Ree
ntry
Exp
erim
ent (
OR
EX).
AIAA
-199
6-18
59, 3
1st Th
erm
ophy
scis
Con
fere
nce,
New
Orle
ans L
A, Ju
n 19
96.
NOT
ES:
• RC
S w
as u
sed
to m
aint
ain
a tr
im a
ngle
of a
ttack
of z
ero
T
raje
ctor
y
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
20
MIS
SIO
N:
HU
YGEN
SPL
ANET
: T
ITA
NA
moo
n of
Sat
urn
LAUN
CH: O
CT 1
5, 1
997
ENTR
Y: J
AN 1
4, 2
005
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
:To
expl
ore t
he a
tmos
pher
e of T
itan
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
J. O
lejn
icza
k
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• N
o ae
rohe
atin
g da
ta
• A
mas
s spe
ctro
met
er fo
r atm
osph
eric
com
posit
ion
was
de-
ploy
ed a
fter t
he h
eat s
hiel
d w
as e
ject
ed.
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Jone
s, J.C
.; an
d G
iova
gnol
i, F.
: Huy
gens
: Sci
ence
, Pay
load
and
Miss
ion.
A. W
ilson
, edi
tor,
ESA-
SP-1
177,
Aug
199
7.2.
Ba
illio
n, M
.; an
d Pa
llego
ix, J
.F.:
Huy
gens
Pro
be A
erot
herm
odyn
amic
s. Ae
rosp
atia
le E
spac
e an
d D
efen
se
co
pyrig
hted
doc
umen
t, AI
AA-1
997-
2476
, 32n
d Th
erm
ophy
sics C
onfe
renc
e, A
tlant
a G
A, Ju
n 19
97.
3.
Boui
lly, J
.M.;
and
Gue
rrie
r, D
.: En
try
Testi
ng o
f AQ
60 fo
r Huy
gens
. Pre
sent
ed a
t the
Firs
t ESA
/EST
EC
W
orks
hop
on Th
erm
al P
rote
ctio
n Sy
stem
s, N
oord
wid
jk, Th
e N
ethe
rland
s, M
ay 1
993.
4.
Wrig
ht, M
.J.; O
lejn
icza
k, J.
; Wal
pot,
L.; R
ayna
ud, E
.; M
agin
, T.;
Cal
laut
, L.;
and
Hol
lis, B
.: A
Cod
e
Cal
ibra
tion
Stud
y fo
r Huy
gens
Ent
ry A
eroh
eatin
g. A
IAA-
2006
-038
2, 4
4th
Aero
spac
e Sc
ienc
es M
eetin
g,
Re
no N
V, Ja
n 20
06.
NOT
ES:
• H
uyge
ns is
a E
urop
ean
Spac
e Ag
ency
pro
be th
at w
as c
arrie
d by
th
e C
assin
i Sat
urn
Orb
iter.
• AQ
60 si
lica
fiber
s rei
nfor
ced
by p
heno
lic re
sin
T
raje
ctor
y
G
eom
etry
A
ero/
ther
mal
T
PS
19
MIS
SIO
N:
MIR
KA
PLAN
ET: E
AR
TH
LAUN
CH: O
CT 9
, 199
7 EN
TRY:
OCT
23,
199
7
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
:To
qua
lify a
re-e
ntry
hea
t-shi
eld co
ncep
t w
ith sc
ientifi
c and
engi
neer
ing e
xper
imen
ts co
nduc
ted b
y Ger
man
resea
rche
rs
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
U. M
. Sch
öttle
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• 3
acce
lerat
ion
sens
ors,
3 an
gular
rate
sens
ors,
24 th
erm
ocou
ples
, RA
FLEX
(pre
ssure
, tem
pera
ture
& h
eat fl
ux se
nsor
s) an
d PY
REX
(pyr
omet
ric te
mpe
ratu
re m
easu
rem
ents)
Tr
ajec
tory
G
eom
etry
Aer
o/th
erm
al
T
PS
NOT
ES:
• C
FRP:
Car
bon
Fibe
r Rein
forc
ed P
lastic
s
• SPA
: Sur
face
Pro
tect
ed A
blat
or
• This
was
the fi
rst su
cces
sful W
este
rn E
urop
ean
re-e
ntry
miss
ion.
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Schm
itt, G
.; Pf
euffe
r, H
.; K
aspe
r, R
.; K
lepp
e, F
.; Bu
rkha
rdt,
J.; a
nd S
chöt
tle, U
.M.:
The
MIR
KA
Re
-ent
ry M
issio
n. IA
F-98
-V2.
07, 4
9th
Intl
Astro
naut
ical
Con
gres
s, M
elbo
urne
, Aus
tral
ia, S
ep-O
ct 1
998.
2.
Schm
itt, G
.; an
d K
aspe
r, R
.: M
IRK
A M
icro
Re-
entr
y C
apsu
le. I
AF-9
4-V.
2.53
2, 4
5th
Intl
Astro
naut
ical
Con
gres
s, Je
rusa
lem
, Isr
ael,
Oct
199
4.
18
MIS
SIO
N:
PAT
HFI
ND
ER“S
OJOU
RNER
”PL
ANET
: MA
RS
LAUN
CH: D
EC 4
, 199
6 EN
TRY:
JUL
4, 1
997
MIS
SION
DES
CRIP
TION
:To
dem
onstr
ate a
sim
ple,
low
-cos
t sys
tem
for p
lacin
g a
scien
ce p
aylo
ad o
n th
e sur
face
of M
ars
Dat
a C
olle
cted
by:
G. A
llen
INST
RUM
ENTA
TION
:
• T
PS in
strum
ente
d w
ith th
erm
ocou
ples
onl
y
REF
EREN
CES:
1.
Spen
cer,
D.A
.; Bl
anch
ard,
R.C
.; Br
aun,
R.D
.; K
alle
mey
n, P.
H.;
and
Thur
man
, S.W
.: M
ars P
athfi
nder
Ent
ry,
Des
cent
, and
Lan
ding
Rec
onstr
uctio
n. Jo
urna
l of S
pace
craf
t and
Roc
kets,
Vol
36,
No
3, M
ay-Ju
n 19
99.
2.
Milo
s, F.
S.; C
hen,
Y.K
.; C
ongd
on, W
.M.;
and
Thor
nton
, J.M
.: M
ars P
athfi
nder
Ent
ry T
empe
ratu
re D
ata,
Aero
ther
mal
Hea
ting,
and
Hea
tshie
ld M
ater
ial R
espo
nse.
Jour
nal o
f Spa
cecr
aft a
nd R
ocke
ts, V
ol 3
6, N
o 3,
May
-Jun
1999
.
NOT
ES:
• Sp
in st
abili
zed
Tra
ject
ory
Geo
met
ry
A
ero/
ther
mal
TP
S
