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Planes of MotionE103-Unit 01 -Diploma Course
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Pre-requisites to understand this module
If you already haven’t, you are requested to finish below modules first.
•Module 1 – E 101 – Introduction To Exercise Science •Module 2 – E102 – Introduction To Resistance Training
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Learning Outcome• Define planes of movement and spatial
placement terms.
• Describe and demonstrate anatomical movements and their relations to planes.
Learning Objectives• To learn new technical terms that
describe the movements in the body.
• To understand the terms used in spatial placements.
• To learn and understand the different plains in which the body can move.
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Course Outline
• Introduction to Anatomy
• The concept of Anatomical Position
• Spatial Placement Terms
• Planes of Motion▪ Sagittal Plane▪ Coronal Plane▪ Transverse Plane
• Summary Of The Terms
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Chapter Introduction
• The complex system that forms the human body has fascinated human beings since the early ages. And our understanding of human anatomy and physiology has progressed considerably in the last couple of decades.
• Human Anatomy ▪ The study of the structure of the human body
• Human Physiology ▪ The study of the functions inside the human body
• By learning the terms and concepts in this chapter, it will become easy to connect everyday movements with the different planes they fall under. This will help one appreciate the human body and its dynamic nature.
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Anatomical PositionReference point
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Anatomical Position
• The neutral/anatomical position of a human body is the starting point of all the reference terms.
• It is where the body is erect, with the head, eyes, and toes facing forward and the upper limbs by the side, held in a way that the palms of the hands face forward.
• Certain technical terms define movements and placement of bones and organs, relative to the human body.
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Spatial (structural) Placement Terms
Directional references
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Spatial (structural) Placement Terms
• Proximal ▪ The position of a body part on the
limbs (i.e., the arms and legs) where the part is closer to the origin point of the limb is called Proximal.
• Distal▪ The position of a body part on the
limbs (i.e., the arms and legs) where the part is further away.
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Spatial (structural) Placement Terms
• Medial▪ The body part that is closer to the
midline of the body▪ Medial part of the knee, then it refers
to the inner part of the knee, closest to the other knee while the body is in the neutral position
• Lateral ▪ The body part that is away from the
midline of the body is called Lateral. ▪ Lateral part of the knee is the side that
faces away from the median plane and farthest from the other knee
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Spatial (structural) Placement Terms
• Superior/cranial ▪ Used to refer to what is above
something ▪ Example: The neck is superior to the
rib cage.
• Inferior/caudal ▪ Used to refer to what is below
something▪ Example: Feet are inferior to the
knees
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Planes of Motion
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Sagittal Coronal Transverse
Planes of Motion
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Sagittal Plane
Concept
• Plane divides the body into left and right halves from the centre
• Involves forward and backward movements.
• Any vertical plane throughout the body which is parallel to the median plane is called a Parasagittal plane
• Also known as anteroposterior or median plane
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Movements in relation to Sagittal plane
Joint action • Flexion
▪ Reduction in the angle between two bones attached to the joint being affected
▪ On flexing the elbow joint, the angle between the bones in the upper arm and lower arm reduces. Similarly, flexion also includes movements in the coronal plane like side bending of the spine
• Extension▪ When the angle of the bones attached to the
joint being affected increases
▪ Further, if any part of the body is overstretched, like on bending backwards , it is referred to as hyperextension
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Sagittal Plane
Movement• Bicep curls• Triceps pushdowns• Squats• Front lunges• Calf raises• Walking• Running• Vertical jumping• Climbing stairs
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Planes of Motion
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Sagittal Coronal Transverse
Planes of Motion
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Coronal Plane
Concept
• Plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves
• Involves side to side movements
• Also known as frontal or lateral plane
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Movements in relation to Coronal plane
Joint Action
• Abduction▪ Moving a body part away from the centre of the
body ▪ When raising the arms laterally, one is performing
abduction
• Adduction▪ Moving a body part towards the centre of the
body
▪ When the arms are moved back down, closer to the body center, it is called adduction. These movements can be in the vertical or horizontal plane.
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Frontal/Coronal Plane
Movement• Side lateral raises • Side lunges• Side shuffling
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Movements in relation to Sagittal & Coronal plane
Joint Action
• Circumduction▪ It involves conical movement where the distal
end describes a circle while the proximal end is fixed
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KY5QQgAZRs
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Planes of Motion
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Sagittal Coronal Transverse
Planes of Motion
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Transverse Plane
Concept • Plane divides the body into top and bottom halves
• It refers to rotational or twisting motions
• Also known as horizontal or axial plane
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Medial and Lateral rotation
Joint action
• Medial Rotation▪ When the arm rotates around a vertical
axis so that the anterior aspect of the part (i.e., as shown in anatomical position) moves medially
• Lateral Rotation▪ When the arm rotates around a vertical
axis so that the anterior aspect of the part (i.e., as shown in anatomical position) moves laterally
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Transverse/Axial Plane
Movement• Cable rotations • Cable chest fly • Throwing • Golfing • Swinging a bat
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Recap
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Important Terms
Anterior - The frontal area of
the body
Posterior - The back area of
the body
Proximal – Closer to any
reference point
Distal - Away from any
reference point
Superior - Towards the
head
Inferior - Away from the head
Medial - Towards the
body
Lateral - Away from the body
Unilateral - One Side
Bilateral - Both Sides
Prone - Lying face down
Supine - Lying face up
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Anatomical Planes
Sagittal
Plane divides the body into left and right halves from
the centre
Involves forward and backward movements.
Coronal
Divides the body into front (anterior)
and back (posterior) halves
Involves side to side movements
Transverse
Divides the body into top and bottom
halves
It refers to rotational or
twisting motions
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Anatomical Planes – Joint action
Sagittal Plane
Flexion - Decrease in the angle of the joint
Extension - Increase in the angle of the joint
Dorsiflexion - Flexing the ankle so that the
foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane
Plantar Flexion - Extending the ankle so
that the foot moves posteriorly in the
sagittal plane
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Anatomical Planes – Joint action
Coronal Plane
Abduction - Away from the midline of the body
Adduction - Toward the midline of the body
Transverse Plane
Internal Rotation (medial) - In the
transverse plane toward the midline of the body
External Rotation (lateral) - In the
transverse plane away from the midline of the
body
Circumduction - A compound circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape.
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Table 2. Mnemonic Device for Latin Roots
Example Translation Mnemonic Device
ad to; toward ADvance toward your goal
ab away from n/a
sub under SUBmarines move underwater.
ductor something that moves
A conDUCTOR makes a train move.
anti against If you are ANTIsocial, you are against engaging in social activities.
epi on top of n/a
apo to the side of n/a
longissimus longest “Longissimus” is longer than the word “long.”
longus long long
brevis short brief
maximus large max
medius medium “Medius” and “medium” both begin with “med.”
minimus tiny; little mini
rectus straight To RECTify a situation is to straighten it out.
multi many If something is MULTIcolored, it has many colors.
uni one A UNIcorn has one horn.
bi/di two If a ring is DIcast, it is made of two metals.
tri three Triple the amount of money is three times as much.
quad four Quadruplets are four children born at one birth.
externus outside External
internus inside Internal
Meaning
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Conclusion
• The reason these definitions have been included as part of your course is that these are basic terms that define body movements accurately. Several times while reading training articles, one will come across these terms that describe the exercise or movement.
• If one is not familiar with them, the understanding of the concept will remain incomplete. So, consider these definitions as necessary terms that help understand the different body movements and their planes of motion.
• The other important reason is to appreciate the range of motion that the body goes through in real life. Most weight-training routines are dominant in one plane, the sagittal plane, involving the backward and forward motion of the body.
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