Upload
joshblackman
View
219
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
1/88
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
BROWNSVILLE DIVISION
)
STATE OF TEXAS, et al., ))
Plaintiffs, )
)
vs. ) Case No. 1:14-cv-254
)
UNITED STATES OFAMERICA,et al., )
)
Defendants. )
)
PLAINTIFFS REPLY IN SUPPORT OF
MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
2/88
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Tabe o! A"#$o%&es ...................................................................................................... &v
Tabe o! E'$&bs .......................................................................................................... 'v
S"((a% o! A%*"(e+# .................................................................................................. 1
A%*"(e+# .......................................................................................................................
I.
a&+#&!!s A%e &/e To %eva& O+ T$e Me%s ......................................
A. De!e+0a+#s &oa#e0 T$e Ta/e Ca%e Ca"se ................................
1.
a&+#&!!s Ta/e Ca%e Ca&( Is Co*+&3abe U+0e%
Youngstown.........................................................................
a.
a&+#&!!s $ave a ca"se o! ac#&o+ ..............................
b. De!e+0a+#s ca++o# %e&*a#e Youngstown.............. 4
c. De!e+0a+#s ca++o# &*+o%e Youngstown...................
0. OC a*%ee0 #$a# Youngstowna&es .....................
2.
a&+#&!!s Ta/e Ca%e Ca&( Is &/e To S"ccee0
U+0e% Youngstown.............................................................. 6
a.
Co+*%ess %o$&be0 De!e+0a+#s !%o(*%a+#&+* 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ #o 478 o! #$e
Na#&o+s "+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s ....................... 6
&. a%e+#s o! U.S. c&3e+s ............................... 17
&&. a%e+#s o! Rs ........................................... 1
b.
Co+*%ess %o$&be0 De!e+0a+#s !%o(
*%a+#&+* 9o%/ e%(s #o 478 o! #$e Na#&o+s
"+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s .................................... 14
c.
&s#o%&ca %ac#&ce %o$&bs #$e DS
D&%ec#&ve ................................................................. 1;
0. Co+*%ess&o+a %e
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
3/88
&&
. T$e DS D&%ec#&ve Is a9(a/&+*, No#
D&sc%e#&o+a% Dec&s&o+(a/&+* ......................................... 25
a. a&+#&!!s c$ae+*e De!e+0a+#s actions =
+o# #$e&% &+ac#&o+s .................................................. 25
b.
R"bbe%-s#a(&+* &s +o# >case-b-case
0&sc%e#&o+? ............................................................... 2;
c. T$eo%e#&ca %evocab& o! 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+
ca++o# save #$e DS D&%ec#&ve .............................. 2
@. De!e+0a+#s &oa#e0 T$e AA .................................................... 4
1. T$e DS D&%ec#&ve Is Rev&e9abe U+0e% T$e AA ........ 5
a. T$e D&%ec#&ve &s a s"bs#a+#&ve %"e .......................
b.
De!e+0a+#s a%e 9%o+* #o ca #$e D&%ec#&ve a
+o+-s"bs#a+#&ve >*"&0a+ce? o% >o&c?
0oc"(e+# ................................................................
2. De!e+0a+#s Sa-So Ca++o# De!ea# B"0&c&a Rev&e9 ....... ;
.
a&+#&!!s AA Ca&(s A%e &/e To S"ccee0 O+
T$e Me%s ......................................................................... 47
C. a&+#&!!s ave S#a+0&+* ............................................................. 42
1.
T$e DS D&%ec#&ve & I(ose Eco+o(&c I+se!-&+!&c#e0? ........... 45
2.
a&+#&!!s S#a+0&+* Foo9s A Fo%#&o%& F%o(
Massachusetts v. EPA....................................................... 46
a.
S#a#es *e# >sec&a so&c"0e? as a&+#&!!s ........... 57
b.
a&+#&!!s &+
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
4/88
&&&
. a&+#&!!s aveParens PatriaeS#a+0&+* ......................... 5;
a. S#a#es ca+ s"e #o %o#ec# c&3e+s a*a&+s#
eco+o(&c 0&sc%&(&+a#&o+ ........................................ 5;
b.
S#a#es ca+ s"e DS ................................................ 1
4. O+e a&+#&!! $ S#a+0&+* Is S"!!&c&e+# To C%ea#e
A >Case? O% >Co+#%ove%s? ................................................ 2
II.
a&+#&!!s & I+c"% I%%ea%abe I+
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
5/88
&v
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Cases
ABA v. FTC,
47 F.0 45 D.C. C&%. 2775) ............................................................................ 1, 1
Abbott Labs. v. ardner,
; U.S. 1 16) ............................................................................................ 4, 5
Ada!s v. "ichardson,
5 F. S". 62 D.D.C. 16) ................................................................................. 2
Ada!s v. "ichardson,
4;7 F.20 1156 D.C. C&%. 16) ................................................................................ 2
ALC#A v. Bonneville Power Ad!in.,67 F.20 5;5 6#$ C&%. 16;6) .................................................................................... 5;
Alden v. Maine,
52 U.S. 7 1666) .................................................................................................. 57
Alfred L. $na%% & $on' (nc. v. Puerto "ico e) rel. Bare*,
45; U.S. 562 16;2) ...................................................................... 2, 4, 56, 7, 1, 2
A!. Truc+ing Ass,ns' (nc. v. $!ith,
46 U.S. 1 1667) .................................................................................................. 4;
A%ache Bend A%art!ents' Ltd. v. -nited $tates,
6; F.20 114 5#$ C&%. 166) .................................................................................. 5
A%%alachian Power Co. v. EPA,
27; F.0 1715 D.C. C&%. 2777) .......................................................................... , 47
Ari*ona Drea! Act Coalition v. Brewer,
5 F.0 175 6#$ C&%. 2714) ............................................................................ 45, 4
Ari*ona v. -nited $tates,12 S. C#. 2462 2712) .............................................................................................. 51
Ashwander v. Tennessee alle/ Auth.,
26 U.S. 2;; 16) .................................................................................................. 41
Austin v. 0ew 1a!%shire,
427 U.S. 5 165) .................................................................................................. 5;
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
6/88
v
Ba+er v. Carr,
6 U.S. 1; 162) ............................................................................................ 44, 45
Barlow v. Collins,
6 U.S. 156 167) .................................................................................................. 4
Bell v. 1ood,
2 U.S. ; 164) .................................................................................................... 4
Bowen v. Massachusetts,
4; U.S. ;6 16;;) .................................................................................................. 6
Bowsher v. $/nar,
4; U.S. 14 16;) .................................................................................................. 2
Catawba Count/ v. EPA,
51 F.0 27 D.C. C&%. 2776) .................................................................................... 5
Cha!ber of Co!!erce of -.$. v. 2hiting,
11 S. C#. 16; 2711) .............................................................................................. 1
Cha!ber of Co!!erce v. D#L,
14 F.0 27 D.C. C&%. 1666) ..................................................................................
Christo%her v. $!ith3line Beecha! Cor%.,
12 S. C#. 215 2712) ..............................................................................................
Cit/ of Chicago v. Envtl. Def. Fund,
511 U.S. 2; 1664) .................................................................................................. 1
Clinton v. Cit/ of 0ew Yor+,
524 U.S. 41 166;) .................................................................................................. 2
Cohens v. irginia,
16 U.S. $ea#.) 24 1;21) .................................................................................. 5
Corle/ v. -nited $tates,
55 U.S. 7 2776) .................................................................................................. 15
Cro%life v. EPA,
26 F.0 ; D.C. C&%. 277) .................................................................................. 6
Ctr. for Auto $afet/' (nc. v. 01T$A,
42 F. S". 20 1 D.D.C. 2774) .............................................................................. 5;
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
7/88
v&
De Canas v. Bica,
424 U.S. 51 16) .................................................................................................. 1
Dia!ond v. Charles,
4 U.S. 54 16;) .................................................................................................... 4
FDA v. Brown & 2illia!son Tobacco Cor%.,
526 U.S. 127 2777) .................................................................................................. 1
FEC v. A+ins,
524 U.S. 11 166;) .................................................................................................... 5
Feiner!an v. Bernardi,
55; F. S". 20 D.D.C. 277;) ............................................................................ 4
Florida e) rel. Att/. en. v. 11$,
4; F.0 125 11#$ C&%. 2711) ................................................................................
Fran+lin v. Massachusetts,
575 U.S. ;; 1662) .................................................................................................... 4
Free Enter%rise Fund v. PCA#B,
51 U.S. 4 2717) .................................................................................................... 4
Free!an v. on*ales,
444 F.0 171 6#$ C&%. 277) .................................................................................. 21
Friends of the Earth' (nc. v. Laidlaw Environ!ental $ervs. 4T#C5' (nc.,
52; U.S. 1 2777) ............................................................................................ 42, 7
eorgia v. Pa. ". Co.,
24 U.S. 46 1645) ............................................................................................ 51, 56
eorgia v. Tenn. Co%%er Co.,
27 U.S. 27 167) .................................................................................................. 51
1ar%er v. irginia Bd. of Elections,
; U.S. 16) .................................................................................................. 45
1ec+ler v. Chane/,
47 U.S. ;21 16;5) ................................................................................ 25, 2, 2;, 2
1udson v. -nited $tates,
522 U.S. 6 166) .................................................................................................... 7
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
8/88
v&&
(llinois v. Cit/ of Chicago,
1 F.0 44 #$ C&%. 166;) .................................................................................... 46
(n re -.$.,
57 F.0 ; #$ C&%. 277) .................................................................................... 2
6a%an 2haling Ass,n v. A!erican Cetacean $oc,/,
4; U.S. 221 16;) ............................................................................................ 4, 5
Loc+hart v. 0a%olitano,
5 F.0 251 #$ C&%. 2776) .................................................................................... 21
Los Angeles 1aven 1os%ice' (nc. v. $ebelius,
; F.0 44 6#$ C&%. 2711) .................................................................................... 5
Mada7Luna v. Fit*%atric+,
;1 F.20 177 6#$ C&%. 16;) .................................................................................. 47
Mar/land v. Louisiana,
451 U.S. 25 16;1) .................................................................................................. 56
Massachusetts v. EPA,
546 U.S. 46 277) ................................... 2, 42, 4, 46, 57, 51, 52, 55, 5, 5;, 1, 2
Massachusetts v. Mellon,
22 U.S. 44 162) .................................................................................................. 1
Mcowan v. Mar/land,
U.S. 427 161) .................................................................................................. 45
Mississi%%i v. 6ohnson,
1 U.S. 4 a.) 45 1;) ....................................................................................... 4
0.2. Austin Mun. -til. Dist. 0o. 8 v. 1older,
55 U.S. 16 2776) .................................................................................................. 41
0alco Co. v. EPA,
; F. S". 20 1 D.D.C. 2711) .......................................................................... 4
0ational Association of 1o!e Builders v. Ar!/ Cor%s of Engineers,
41 F.0 122 D.C. C&%. 2775) .................................................................... 2, 2, 2;
0F(B v. $ebelius,
12 S. C#. 25 2712) .............................................................................................. 4
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
9/88
v&&&
0i)on v. $A,
4 U.S. 425 16) .................................................................................................. 5
0L"B v. 0oel Canning,
14 S. C#. 2557 2714) ..............................................................................................
0"DC v. EPA,
4 F.0 11 D.C. C&%. 2711) .................................................................................. ;
0"DC v. FDA,
17 F.0 1 20 C&%. 271)........................................................................................ 46
Pana!a "efining Co. v. "/an,
26 U.S. ;; 165) .................................................................................................... 4
Penns/lvania v. 2est irginia,
22 U.S. 55 162) .................................................................................................. 56
Perales v. Casillas,
67 F.20 174 5#$ C&%. 1667) ........................................................................ 6, 17, 2;
Philadel%hia Co. v. $ti!son,
22 U.S. 75 1612) .................................................................................................... 4
Phili% Morris -$A (nc. v. $cott,
11 S. C#. 1 2717) .................................................................................................... 4
Philli%s Petroleu! Co. v. 6ohnson,
22 F.0 1 5#$ C&%. 1664) ...................................................................................... 6
Pl/ler v. Doe,
45 U.S. 272 16;2) .................................................................................................. 5
Prof,ls & Patients for Custo!i*ed Care v. $halala,
5 F.0 562 5#$ C&%. 1665) .......................................................... 2, 5, , , ;, 47
"ed Lion Broad. Co. v. FCC,
65 U.S. 166) .................................................................................................. 24
"eno v. A!erican7Arab Anti7Discri!ination Co!!ittee,
525 U.S. 41 1666) ............................................................................................ 2;, 26
"obinson v. 0a%olitano,
554 F.0 5; 0 C&%. 2776)...................................................................................... 21
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
10/88
&'
"odrigue* v. -nited $tates,
4;7 U.S. 522 16;) .................................................................................................. 17
"u!sfeld v. Foru! for Acade!ic and (nstitutional "ights' (nc.,
54 U.S. 4 277) .................................................................................................... 2
"ussello v. -nited $tates,
44 U.S. 1 16;) .................................................................................................... 1
$cialabba v. Cuellar de #sorio,
14 S. C#. 2161 2714) .............................................................................................. 1
$haughness/ v. Pedreiro,
46 U.S. 4; 1655) .................................................................................................... 5
$ierra Club v. Morton,
475 U.S. 2 162) .................................................................................................. 4
$i!!at v. -.$. Bureau of Prisons,
41 F.0 1225 17#$ C&%. 2775) .................................................................................. 4
$t. Pierre v. D/er,
27; F.0 64 20 C&%. 2777)................................................................................ 4;, 46
$to!%er v. A!alga!ated Transit -nion' Local 9:8,
2 F.0 1 #$ C&%. 1664) ...................................................................................... 17
Te)as De!ocratic Part/ v. Ben+iser,
456 F.0 5;2 5#$ C&%. 277) .................................................................................... 4
Te)as v. -nited $tates,
46 F.0 461 5#$ C&%. 277) .............................................................................. 4, 4;
Town of Castle "oc+ v. on*ales,
545 U.S. 4; 2775) .................................................................................................. 2
-nited $tates v. 6uare*7Escobar,
25 F. S". 0 4 .D. a. 2714) ......................................................................... 2;
-nited $tates v. Lee,
17 U.S. 16 1;;2) .................................................................................................... 4
-nited $tates v. "utherford,
442 U.S. 544 166) .................................................................................................. 24
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
11/88
'
-nited $tates v. $C"AP,
412 U.S. 6 16) ............................................................................................ 42, 44
-niversit/ of Te)as v. Ca!enisch,
451 U.S. 67 16;1) ..................................................................................................
ill. of Arlington 1eights v. Metro. 1ous. Dev. Cor%.,
426 U.S. 252 16) ..................................................................................................
2att v. Energ/ Action Educ. Found.,
454 U.S. 151 16;1) ............................................................................................ 2,
2hit!an v. A!. Truc+ing Ass,ns' (nc.,
51 U.S. 45 2771) ............................................................................................ 1, 41
2/eth v. Levine,
555 U.S. 555 2776) .................................................................................................. 51
Youngstown $heet & Tube Co. v. $aw/er,
4 U.S. 56 1652) ....................... 1, , 4, , , ;, 6, 12, 14, 1;, 16, 2, 24, 25, ,
;ivotofs+/ e) rel. ;ivotofs+/ v. Clinton,
12 S. C#. 1421 2712) .............................................................................................. 5
Federal Cos!"!#!"oal Pro$"s"os
U.S. CONST. a%#. II, ............................................................................. 1, 2, , 4, 5, 4
U.S. CONST. a%#. III ........................................................................ 42, 4, 4;, 5, 2, 4
Federal S!a!#!or% Pro$"s"os
Dea%#(e+# o! o(ea+0 Sec"% A%o%&a#&o+s Ac# o! 2717,
"b. . No. 111-;, 12 S#a#. 2142 2776) ............................................................... 21
G%a((-eac$-@&e F&+a+c&a Mo0e%+&3a#&o+ Ac#,
"b. . No. 17-172, 11 S#a#. 1; 1666) ............................................................. 1
Ie*a I((&*%a#&o+ Re!o%( a+0 I((&*%a+# Reso+s&b& Ac#,
"b. . No. 174-27;, 117 S#a#. 776 166) ....................................................... 12, 2
&c#&(s o! T%a!!&c/&+* a+0 &oe+ce %o#ec#&o+ Ac#,
"b. . No. 17-;, 114 S#a#. 144 2777) ............................................................. 22
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
12/88
'&
&oe+ce A*a&+s# o(e+ Ac#,
"b. . No. 17-22, 17; S#a#. 16 ........................................................................ 22
5 U.S.C. 55 ......................................................................................................... 4, 41
5 U.S.C. 72 ............................................................................................................... 4
5 U.S.C. 74 ................................................................................................... 4, 5, 5
5 U.S.C. 7 ......................................................................................................... 4, 41
; U.S.C. 117a)) .............................................................................................. 41, 42
; U.S.C. 1151a)1) .................................................................................................... 1
; U.S.C. 1151b)2)A)&) ........................................................................................... 11
; U.S.C. 115a)1) .................................................................................................... 1
; U.S.C. 115a)2) .................................................................................................... 1
; U.S.C. 115a)) .................................................................................................... 1
; U.S.C. 115a)4) .................................................................................................... 1
; U.S.C. 1154a)1)A)&&&) ......................................................................................... 22
; U.S.C. 1154a)1)A)&v) .......................................................................................... 22
; U.S.C. 1154a)1)A)v&&) ........................................................................................ 22
; U.S.C. 11;2a))A)&) ........................................................................................... 11
; U.S.C. 11;2a)6)@)&)II) ...................................................................................... 11
; U.S.C. 1271a) ........................................................................................................ 11
; U.S.C. 1225 ....................................................................................................... 11, 12
; U.S.C. 1225a)1) .................................................................................................... 1
; U.S.C. 1225b)2)A) ............................................................................................... 12
; U.S.C. 122 ............................................................................................................. 12
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
13/88
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
14/88
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
15/88
'&v
O!'er A#!'or"!"es
A&cab& o! #$e Dav&s-@aco+ Ac# #o #$e e#e%a+s A0(&+&s#%a#&o+s ease o!
Me0&ca Fac&&es, 12 O. O..C. ;6 16;;) .............................................................. ;
ARANSAS MEDICAID,MEDICA SERICES OICJ MANUA........................................ 5
Bos$ @ac/(a+, The Constitutionalit/ of DAPA Part (< Congressional
Ac=uiescence to Deferred Action, 17 GEORGETON A BOURNA ONINEKK
!o%#$co(&+* 2715) ................................................................................................... 27
C@S os A+*ees, Long Lines E)%ected at DM Frida/ as -ndocu!ented
(!!igrants A%%l/ for LicensesBa+. 1, 2715) ......................................................... 4
Ge++ esse%,
Fact Chec+er< #ba!a,s Clai! that eorge 1.2. Bush ave "elief to
>:? Percent, of -ndocu!ented (!!igrants, AS.OSTNov. 24, 2714) .............. 16
Nea . a#a L a"%e+ce . T%&be, 2aging 2ar' Deciding uilt< Tr/ing the
Militar/ Tribunals, 111 JAE.B. 1256 2772) ........................................................
IRA B.URH@AN,IMMIGRATION A SOURCE@OO1#$ e0. 2712) ............................. 1
%&s#& "+0s#%o(, The -nintended Effects of the Three7 and Ten7Year -nlawful
Presence Bars, A LCONTEM.RO@S. ;6 271) .......................................... 11
C. GORDON,S.MAIMAN LS.JAE-OER,IMMIGRATION
A AND ROCEDURE 166;).................................................................................... 26
M&c$ae D. S$ea%, For #ba!a' E)ecutive #rder on (!!igration 2ould be a
Turnabout, N.J.TIMESNov. 1, 2714) ................................................................... 5
e+
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
16/88
'v
TABLE OF EXHIBITS
EXI@IT DOCUMENT NAMEA.
AGE NO.
1 Deca%a#&o+ o! R&c$a%0 A*ee%, $.D. 7771-774
2
S#"a%# A+0e%so+, Me(o%a+0"( !o% Bo$++ N.
&&a(s, Re: De!e%%e0 Ac#&o+ !o% A&e+s 9$ @o+a
F&0e A&ca#&o+s !o% T No+&((&*%a+# S#a#"s Ma ;,
2772)
774-7746
Ari*ona Drea! Act Coalition v. Brewer, No. 1-124;
6#$ C&%.), A(&c"s @%. o! U+e0 S#a#es &+ O+ #o
Re$* E+ @a+c
7757-774
4 Deca%a#&o+ o! ev&+ D. @a&e 775-77;
5 Deca%a#&o+ o! Dav&0 G. @a/e% 776-77;
Bea++e @a#aova e# a., DACA a# #$e T9o-Jea% Ma%/,
M&*%a#&o+ o&c I+s#"#e A"*. 2714)77;-7121
Deca%a#&o+ o! M&c$ae @e%+0# 7122-7125
; DACA E(a&s, a%# I 712-7141
6 DACA E(a&s, a%# II 7142-72
17 DACA S#a+0a%0 Oe%a#&+* %oce0"%es 724-75
11 Deca%a#&o+ o! &sa Da9+-F&s$e% 7-741
12De!e%%e0 Ac#&o+ !o% C$&0$oo0 A%%&vas Reo%#, U.S.
C&3e+s$& a+0 I((&*%a#&o+ Se%v&ces A%. 17, 271)742-744
1 Deca%a#&o+ o! Ba(es D"+/s 745-74;
14 Deca%a#&o+ o! a% Esc$bac$, $.D. 746-767
15 Deca%a#&o+ o! a#%&c/ A. Fe%+a+ 761-7;72
1 Deca%a#&o+ o! Be!!%e M. G& 7;7-7;75
1@ob Goo0a##e L C$a%es E. G%asse, e##e% #o Be$
Bo$+so+ A"*. 26, 2714)7;7-7;11
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
17/88
'v&
EXI@IT DOCUMENT NAMEA.
AGE NO.
1;Dav&0 a+coc/, Few (!!igrants -se Fa!il/ Aid
Progra!, MIAMI ERADOc#. 1, 1667)7;12-7;14
16.R. 556, %eve+#&+* E'ec"#&ve Ove%%eac$ o+I((&*%a#&o+ Ac# o! 2714
7;15-7;21
27Deca%a#&o+ o! M&c$ae C. MacC%ac/e+,
Massachusetts v. EPAD.C. C&%. No. 7-11)7;22-7;;
21
Do+a0 Ne"!e0, Me(o%a+0"( !o% F&e0 ea0e%s$&,
Re: G"&0a+ce Re*a%0&+* S"%v&v&+* So"ses o!
Decease0 U.S. C&3e+s a+0 T$e&% C$&0%e+ Se#. 4,
2776)
7;6-7;4
22 Deca%a#&o+ o! a# Neve%(a+ 7;4;-7;51
2 Deca%a#&o+ o! e++e#$ a&+/as 7;52-7;5
24 Deca%a#&o+ o! Boe e#e%s 7;5-7;;
25 Deca%a#&o+ o! S$e%& ooc/ 7;6-7;;2
2
%es&0e+# @a%ac/ Oba(a, Re(a%/s b #$e %es&0e+#
&+ I((&*%a#&o+ To9+ a = Nas$v&e, Te++essee
Dec. 6, 2714)
7;;-7;6
2
ea%&+* T%a+sc%, %es&0e+# Oba(as E'ec"#&ve
Ove%%eac$ o+ I((&*%a#&o+, o"se B"0&c&a%
Co((#ee Dec. 2, 2714)
7;64-762
2;
%ess Reease, USCIS, USCIS A++o"+ces I+#e%&(
Re&e! !o% Fo%e&*+ S#"0e+#s A0ve%se I(ac#e0 b
"%%&ca+e a#%&+a Nov. 25, 2775)
76-765
26eo+ Ro0%&*"e3, e##e% #o C$a%es E. G%asse Oc#. 6,
2714)76-7665
7 Deca%a#&o+ o! Do+a0 M. S+e(&s 766-177
1Ss#e(a#&c A&e+ e%&!&ca#&o+ !o% E+#e(e+#s
%o*%a( Doc"(e+#s1774-1722
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
18/88
'v&&
EXI@IT DOCUMENT NAMEA.
AGE NO.
2
a" . &%#"e, Me(o%a+0"( !o% Re*&o+a D&%ec#o%s
e# a., Re: S"e(e+#a G"&0a+ce o+ @a##e%e0 A&e+
Se!-e#&o+&+* %ocess a+0 Rea#e0 Iss"es Ma ,
166)
172-177
Deca%a#&o+ o! F&+&s ec$, $.D. 171-175
4
&&a( R. Ja#es, Me(o%a+0"( !o% #$e D&%ec#o%,
e%(o+# Se%v&ce Ce+#e%, Re: Ce+#%a&3a#&o+ o!
I+#e%&( Re&e! !o% U No+&((&*%a+# S#a#"s A&ca+#s
Oc#. ;, 277)
1754-171
5Youngstown $heet & Tube Co. v. $aw/er, 4 U.S.
56 1652) No. 51-44), @%&e! !o% e#&o+e%s172-1161
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
19/88
SUMMARY OF AR(UMENT
I)A) T$e De!e+0a+#s ca&( #$e ca+ 0&se+se 9$ !e0e%a a9 a+0
"+&a#e%a %esove o+e o! #$e Na#&o+s (os# &+#%ac#abe &ss"es 9$ a !&ve-a*e
DS D&%ec#&ve. A+0 #$e ca&( #$a# #$e&% e!!o%#s a%e c$ae+*eabe b +o a&+#&!!,
%ev&e9abe b +o co"%#, a+0 s"ba&+#&!!s %e0%ess . . . &s #$%o"*$ #$e o&ca %ocess,
+o# #$e co"%#s.?). a%% T%"(a+ 9as #$e as# %es&0e+# #o v&oa#e #$e Ta/e Ca%e
Ca"se &+ s"c$ s#a%/ #e%(s, a+0 #$e S"%e(e Co"%# e+0&sc%e#&o+a% +o+-e+!o%ce(e+#.? T$&s &s a
a9s" abo"# 9$a# De!e+0a+#s 0&0 = +o# 9$a# #$e 0ec&+e0 #o 0o. T$e
"+&a#e%a c%ea#e0 a +e9 e+#e(e+# %o*%a(, e*&sa#e0 #$e e&*&b& c%e%&a !o%
, a+0 #$e+ &+ #$e 9o%0s o! #$e USCIS "+&o+ %es&0e+#) #$e >%"bbe%-s#a(e0? #$e
e&*&be a&ca#&o+s. a&+/as Dec. , ; A. 7;54-55). Mo%eove%, De!e+0a+#s
9& &ss"e (&&o+s o! !e0e%a &0e+#&!&ca#&o+ ca%0s cae0 E(o(e+# A"#$o%&3a#&o+
Ca%0s, o% >EACs?), 9$&c$ 9& e+#e #$e&% $o0e%s #o (%&a0 e*a be+e!s "+0e%
!e0e%a a+0 s#a#e a9. $a#eve% ese (&*$# be sa&0 abo"# De!e+0a+#s "+&a#e%a
ac#&o+s, #$e ca++o# be (&+&(&3e0 as (e%e >&+ac#&o+.?
I)B) a&+#&!!s aso a%e &/e #o s"ccee0 o+ #$e&% AA ca&(s. T$e AAs
+o#&ce-a+0-co((e+# a+0
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
20/88
2
a*e+c o!!&c&as a+0 co+!e% be+e!s o+ (e(be%s o! #$e "b&c. $ee Prof,ls & Patients
for Custo!i*ed Care v. $halala, 5 F.0 562, 56 5#$ C&%. 1665). T$e DS
D&%ec#&ve eas& (ee#s #$a# s#a+0a%0 beca"se ob&*a#es a*e+c o!!&c&as #o >%"bbe%-
s#a(? e&*&be a&ca#&o+s, seea&+/as Dec. , ; A. 7;54-55), a+0 co+!e%s
e*a %&*$#s &+ #$e !o%( o! EACs o+ (e(be%s o! #$e "b&c. I# &s &%%eeva+# #$a# DS
cas #$e 0oc"(e+# a (e%e >o&c? s#a#e(e+# beca"se !e0e%a co"%#s ("s# oo/
be$&+0 #$e a*e+cs abe #o #$e s"bs#a+ce a+0 %ac#&ca e!!ec# o! #$e a*e+cs
ac#&o+s. $eeProf,ls & Patients, 5 F.0 a# 56 +.2.
I)C) T$e a&+#&!!s $ave s#a+0&+* #o %a&se #$e&% Ta/e Ca%e a+0 AA ca&(s.
U+ess e+
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
21/88
be 0&!!&c"# o% &(oss&be #o "+%ave #$e D&%ec#&ve o+ce #a/es e!!ec#. A*a&+s# #$ose
&+%osec"#o%&a 0&sc%e#&o+? o%
>e+!o%ce(e+# %&o%&es? beca"se #$&s &s a case abo"# e'ec"#&ve action, +o# &+ac#&o+.
8. Plaintiffs, Ta+e Care Clai! (s Cogni*able -nder Youngstown
a. a&+#&!!s $ave a ca"se o! ac#&o+
I# &s a %"0&(e+#a% %oos&o+ o! !e0e%a a9 #$a# 2; U.S.C. 11 a+0 #$e
Co+s#"#&o+ se! %ov&0e a ca"se o! ac#&o+ #o %a&se co+s#"#&o+a ca&(s !o%
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
22/88
4
&+#$e %es&0e+#s ac#&o+s (a s#& be
%ev&e9e0 !o% co+s#"#&o+a?) $i!!at v. -.$. Bureau of Prisons, 41 F.0 1225,
122 17#$ C&%. 2775) McCo++e, B.) >Sec#&o+ 11 #$"s %ov&0es
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
23/88
5
#$e Na#&o+s s#ee (&s, a+0 #$e (& o9+e%s b%o"*$# co+s#"#&o+a ca&(s a*a&+s#
#$e Co((e%ce Sec%e#a%. T$e a&+#&!!s a%*"e0, a(o+* o#$e% #$&+*s, #$a# T%"(a+
"+co+s#"#&o+a #%&e0 >#o 0&se+se 9$ #$e a9s? &+ v&oa#&o+ o! #$e Ta/e Ca%e
Ca"se =
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
24/88
(d. a# 2-2; A. 1174-75) &+#e%+a "o#a#&o+ (a%/s a+0 ca#&o+s o(#e0). B"0*e
&+e %eso+0e0 e'ac# $o9 9e a%e as/&+* #$&s Co"%# #o %eso+0: $e %eB"s#&ce Bac/so+s co+c"%%e+ce o"#&+e0 #$e #$%ee +o9-
ca+o+&ca ca#e*o%&es #$a# *"&0e (o0e%+ a+as&s o! sea%a#&o+ o! o9e%s.?).
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
25/88
c. De!e+0a+#s ca++o# &*+o%e Youngstown
De!e+0a+#s #%ea#(e+# o! #$e >+o9-ca+o+&ca? Youngstown case &s 0ee
co+!&c#e0. O+ #$e o+e $a+0, DOB e(b%aces #$e sa(e "+b%&0e0 #$eo% o! e'ec"#&ve
o9e% #$a# %ev&o"s a+0 "+s"ccess!") evee0 &+ 0e!e+se o! T%"(a+s se&3"%e
o! #$e s#ee (&s. Co!%areO. 26 a%*"&+* o+ c$ec/ o+ De!e+0a+#s ac#&o+s >&s
#$%o"*$ #$e o&ca %ocess, +o# #$e co"%#s?), withYoungstown@%. 2; A. 1175)
a%*"&+* o+ c$ec/ o+ e'ec"#&ve o9e% >&s #$e bao# bo' a+0 . . . &(eac$(e+#?).
O+ #$e o#$e% $a+0, DOB %ee*a#es s e+#&%e 0&sc"ss&o+ o! Youngstown #o a s&+*e
se+#e+ce &+ #$e (&00e o! a 46-9o%0 !oo#+o#e o+ a*e 7 o! s b%&e!. $eeO. 7
+.25.
A+0 eve+ #$a# soa% se+#e+ce 0oes +o# (a/e se+se. "%o%#&+* #o
0&s#&+*"&s$ #$e %ece0e+#, De!e+0a+#s a%*"e: >I+ YoungstownQ, #$e %es&0e+#
co+ce0e0 #$a# $e 9as ac#&+* o"#s&0e o! a"#$o% %ov&0e0 #o $&( b s#a#"#e.? (bid.
I! De!e+0a+#s (ea+ #o s"**es# #$a# #$e #o"c$s#o+e !o% a Ta/e Ca%e v&oa#&o+ &s a
%es&0e+#&a co+cess&o+ o! a9ess+ess, 9e $ave 27 o! #$e(. T$e c"%%e+# %es&0e+#
&/e9&se co+ce0e0 #$a# $&s ac#&o+s &+ #$&s case e'cee0e0 #$e a"#$o% %ov&0e0 #o
$&( b s#a#"#e. $ee FAC 16, 44, 4; coec#&+* "o#a#&o+s). $&e De!e+0a+#s
!a& #o ac/+o9e0*e #$ose co+cess&o+s eve+ o+ce &+ #$e&% vo"(&+o"s !&&+*, #$e ca+
+o (o%e avo&0 #$ose co+cess&o+s #$a+ #$e ca+ avo&0 #$e S"%e(e Co"%#s e($a#&c
%eOC?) %ev&o"s #o0 #$e A(e%&ca+ "b&c
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
26/88
;
#$a# #$e 0ec&s&o+ &s !a% !%o( &%%eeva+#. $eeOC Me(o FAC E'. @).2 Ra#$e% #$a+
%ee*a#&+* Youngstown #o o+e se+#e+ce &+ a 46-9o%0 !oo#+o#e, OC sa&0 #$e
0ec&s&o+ &s c%&ca &(o%#a+# a+0 "#s (ea+&+*!" &(s o+ DSs 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+
%o*%a(s: >I((&*%a#&o+ o!!&c&as 0&sc%e#&o+ &+ e+!o%c&+* #$e a9s &s +o# . . .
"+&(e0.? (d. a# 5 c&+* Youngstown).
I+ #$e !&%s# >3o+e? o! #$e Youngstown !%a(e9o%/, 9$e+ DS oe%a#es 9$
#$e >e'%ess o% &(&e0 a"#$o%&3a#&o+ o! Co+*%ess, Qs a"#$o% &s a# s
(a'&("(.? 4 U.S. a# 5 Bac/so+, B., co+c"%%&+*). A# #$e o#$e% e+0 o! #$e
sec#%"( &s #$e #$&%0 >3o+e?: 9$e+ #$e E'ec"#&ve >#a/es (eas"%es &+co(a#&be
9$ #$e e'%esse0 o% &(&e0 9& o! Co+*%ess, $&s o9e% &s a# s o9es# ebb.? (d. a#
Bac/so+, B., co+c"%%&+*). T$a# &s 9$ OC sa&0 &s >c%&ca? #o #$e DS
D&%ec#&ves co+s#"#&o+a #$a# e+
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
27/88
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
28/88
17
Casillas, 67 F.20 174, 1751 5#$ C&%. 1667). Seco+0, %e*a%0ess 9$e#$e% #$e INA
$as o+e "%ose o% (a+, #$e DS D&%ec#&ve v&oa#es #$e e+#&%e# o! Co+*%esss
e!!o%# b #$%o9&+* a9a #$e s#a#"#es ca%e!" #a&o%e0 %ov&s&o+s a+0 a0o#&+*
&+s#ea0 a b"+#, ac%oss-#$e-boa%0 o&c #$a# %e+0e%s s"e%!"o"s e+#&%e o%#&o+s o!
#$e INA !o% 478 o! #$e Na#&o+s "+0oc"(e+#e0 o"a#&o+.
>Dec&0&+* 9$a# co(e#&+* va"es 9& o% 9& +o# be sac%&!&ce0 #o #$e
ac$&eve(e+# o! a a%#&c"a% ob
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
29/88
11
#$e co"+#%, C) 9as 17 (o%e ea%s, a+0 #$e+ D) ob#a&+s a+ IR-5 &((e0&a#e-
%ea#&ve v&sa !%o( a U.S. co+s"a#e ab%oa0. $ee ; U.S.C. 1151b)2)A)&),
11;2a)6)@)&)II), 1271a), 1255. Mo%eove%, &! #$e "+0oc"(e+#e0 a%e+# 0oes +o#
eva0e 0e#ec#&o+ !o% 21 ea%s, $e o% s$e &s statutoril/ inad!issible #o #$e U+e0
S#a#es. $ee id. 11;2a))A)&). T$e o+ 9a #o avo&0 #$a# s#a#"#o%
&+a0(&ss&b& a+0 %e(a&+ &+ #$e co"+#% a9!" &s #o sa#&s! e# a+o#$e% &s# o!
%&*&0 s#a#"#o% c%e%&a, &+c"0&+* a(o+* o#$e% #$&+*s, >#$a# Q#$e &+a0(&ss&be
a%e+#s %e(ova 9o"0 %es"# &+ e'ce#&o+a a+0 e'#%e(e "+"s"a $a%0s$& #o
#$e a&e+s so"se, a%e+#, o% c$&0, 9$o &s a c&3e+ o! #$e U+e0 S#a#es.? (d.
1226bb)1)D). A+0 eve+ #$e+, Co+*%ess $as cae0 #$e +"(be% o! ca+cea#&o+s
o! %e(ova a# 4,777 e% ea% +a#&o+9&0e. $eeid. 1226be)1).
I# #a/es a %a#$e% s/e9e0 ee #o see #$&s sc$e(e as a+ "+bo"+0e0 #$%"s#
#o9a%0 >!a(& "+.? I+0ee0, so(e $ave c%&c&3e0 #$e !o%e*o&+* %ov&s&o+s as
&(os&+* 0%aco+&a+ $"%0es #o #$e "+&!&ca#&o+ o! "+0oc"(e+#e0 a%e+#s a+0 #$e&%
c&3e+ c$&0%e+. $ee %&s#& "+0s#%o(, The -nintended Effects of the Three7 and
Ten7Year -nlawful Presence Bars, A L CONTEM. RO@S. ;6 271).
Re*a%0ess 9$e#$e% #$ose $"%0es a%e *oo0 o% ba0 o&c, &s &%%e!"#abe #$a#
Co+*%ess &(ose0 #$e( a+0 #$e De!e+0a+#s &*+o%e0 #$e(. U+0oc"(e+#e0 a%e+#s
o! U.S. c&3e+s +o o+*e% $ave #o co( 9$ Congress,s%e"&%e(e+#s &+ Sec#&o+s
1151b)2)A)&), 11;2a))A)&), a+0 1226bb)1)D) &+s#ea0, #$e ca+ a9!" s#a
&+ #$e U+e0 S#a#es a+0 avo&0 %e(ova %ocee0&+*s s&( b sa#&s!&+* D1$,s
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
30/88
12
%e"&%e(e+#s &+ #$e D&%ec#&ve. T$a# &s #$e e'ac# oose o! co+*%ess&o+a
ac"&esce+ce &s 3o+e--s#e e'ec"#&ve a**%a+0&3e(e+#. $ee Youngstown, 4
U.S. a# Bac/so+, B., co+c"%%&+*).
De!e+0a+#s ca++o# Qe%so+s 9$o e+#e% Q"+a9!" a%e #%ea#e0 as a&ca+#s !o% a0(&ss&o+
I# &s #%"e #$a# "+0oc"(e+#e0 a%e+#s o! U.S. c&3e+s s#& ("s# co( 9$ Co+*%esss
s#a#"#o% %e"&%e(e+#s !o% a+ a00e!e%%e0 ac#&o+? #o >R?). $eeO.
-. @"# #$a#s &%%eeva+#. T$e s#a#"#o% %ov&s&o+s ce0 above %e!ec# #$e +a%%o9 c&%c"(s#a+ces
"+0e% 9$&c$ Co+*%ess a"#$o%&3es #$e %ese+ce o! a%e+#s o! U.S. c&3e+s, a+0 #$ose a%e #$e
%e"&%e(e+#s #$a# #$e De!e+0a+#s "+co+s#"#&o+a 0&s%e*a%0e0 &+ #$e DS D&%ec#&ve. I# &s
&%%eeva+# #$a# DS 0&0 +o# also 0&s%e*a%0 #$e s#a#"#o% %e"&%e(e+#s !o% a0
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
31/88
1
"+0e% INA 25a)1), ; U.S.C. 1225a)1).? IRA B. URH@AN, IMMIGRATION A
SOURCE@OO56 1#$ e0. 2712).
&&. a%e+#s o! Rs
T$e "+0oc"(e+#e0 a%e+#s o! Rs a%e a+ eve+ eas&e% case. U+&/e #$e
a%e+#s o! U.S. c&3e+s, #$e a%e+#s o! Rs never $ave e+!a(& "+?
%e!e%e+ces "+0e% #$e &((&*%a#&o+ a9s. $ee; U.S.C. 1151a)1), 115a)1)-4).
A+0 beca"se Co+*%ess c$ose +o# #o a"#$o%&3e #$e %ese+ce o! a%e+#s o! Rs a+0
c&3e+s o+ &0e+#&ca #e%(s, 9o"0 !%"s#%a#e Co+*%esss "%oses !o% DS #o
+o+e#$eess #%ea# #$e( e"a. $ee$cialabba v. Cuellar de #sorio, 14 S. C#. 2161,
2212-1 2714) +o#&+* #$e e"a#&o+ o! s#a#"#o%& %e!e%%e0 a+0 +o+-%e!e%%e0
&((&*%a+#s >9o"0 ... sc%a(be #$e %&o% o%0e% Co+*%ess %esc%&be0?) "ussello v.
-nited $tates, 44 U.S. 1, 2 16;) >$e%e Co+*%ess &+c"0es a%#&c"a%
a+*"a*e &+ o+e sec#&o+ o! a s#a#"#e b"# o(s &+ a+o#$e% sec#&o+ o! #$e sa(e Ac#,
&s *e+e%a %es"(e0 #$a# Co+*%ess ac#s &+#e+#&o+a a+0 "%ose &+ #$e
0&sa%a#e &+c"s&o+ o% e'c"s&o+.? &+#e%+a "o#a#&o+ (a%/s a+0 a#e%a#&o+
o(#e0)).
T$e De!e+0a+#s o!!e% o+ o+e
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
32/88
14
se%v&ce. $ee ; U.S.C. 147a), 146a). I! #$e (e%e oss&b& o! c&3e+s$& &s
s"!!&c&e+#, as De!e+0a+#s s"**es#, #$e+ DS "+&a#e%a co"0 e*a&3e #$e %ese+ce
o! a 11 (&&o+ "+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s &+ #$e U+e0 S#a#es %a#$e% #$a+ EACs?) #o 478 o! #$e "+0oc"(e+#e0
&((&*%a+#s &+ #$e U+e0 S#a#es. T$e%e!o%e, De!e+0a+#s 9o%/-e%( %o*%a( aso
!as 9$&+ Youngstowns >3o+e .?
De!e+0a+#s o+ co"+#e%a%*"(e+# %e&es o+ ; U.S.C. 124a$)). $eeO.
;, 12, 4; OC Me(o 21-22. @"# !a% !%o( e*a&3&+*9o%/ a"#$o%&3a#&o+ !o% a+o+e,
Sec#&o+ 124a (a/es "+a9!" >#o $&%e . . . a+ "+a"#$o%&3e0 a&e+.? ; U.S.C.
124aa)1)A). I+ a s"bsec#&o+ e+#e0 >De!&+&o+ o! "+a"#$o%&3e0 a&e+,? Sec#&o+
124a #$e+ 0e!&+es 9$&c$ "+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s co"+# as >"+a"#$o%&3e0
a&e+Qs? 9$o ca++o# be $&%e0. T$e 0e!&+&o+a %ov&s&o+ sas, &+ !":
As "se0 &+ #$&s sec#&o+, #$e #e%( "+a"#$o%&3e0 a&e+ (ea+s, 9$
%esec# #o #$e e(o(e+# o! a+ a&e+ a# a a%#&c"a% #&(e, #$a# #$e
a&e+ &s +o# a# #$a# #&(e e$e% A) a+ a&e+ a9!" a0(#e0 !o%
e%(a+e+# %es&0e+ce, o% @) a"#$o%&3e0 #o be so e(oe0 b #$&s
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
33/88
15
c$a#e% o% b #$e A##o%+e Ge+e%a Q+o9 #$e Sec%e#a% o! o(ea+0
Sec"%.
(d. 124a$)). I+ De!e+0a+#s v&e9, 9$e+ Co+*%ess sa&0 >"+a"#$o%&3e0 a&e+Qs?
a%e #$ose +o# >a"#$o%&3e0 #o be so e(oe0 . . . b #$e A##o%+e Ge+e%a,? ibid.,
&(&c *ave #$e E'ec"#&ve @%a+c$ "+%ev&e9abe 0&sc%e#&o+ #o &ss"e 9o%/ e%(s
!o% eve% s&+*e "+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+# &+ #$e U+e0 S#a#es o% 478 o! #$e().
I+ a00&o+ #o s &+$e%e+# &(a"s&b&, #$&s asse%#&o+ o! e'ec"#&ve a"#$o%
&s (&sace0 !o% #$%ee %easo+s. F&%s#, Sec#&o+ 124a$)) &s a 0e!&+&o+a %ov&s&o+,
+o# a s"bs#a+#&ve o+e. I# (e%e 0e!&+es 9$&c$ "+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s co"+# as
>"+a"#$o%&3e0? !o% 9o%/ 0oes +o# *&ve #$e DS Sec%e#a% a+ o9e% #o a"#$o%&3e
9o%/ b a+o+e. T$e DS Sec%e#a%s o9e% #o a"#$o%&3e 9o%/ &+s#ea0 co(es !%o(
o#$e% %ov&s&o+s o! #$e INA. $ee ; U.S.C. 122a)) ce%#a&+ Rs), 121a))
ce%#a&+ &+0&v&0"as 9$o ca++o# be %e(ove0). A+0 o! co"%se, #$ose o#$e%%ov&s&o+s
o! #$e INA sa +o#$&+* abo"# *%a+#&+* 9o%/ a"#$o%&3a#&o+s #o a o% 478) o! #$e
"+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s &+ #$e U+e0 S#a#es.
Seco+0, %ea0&+* Sec#&o+ 124a$)) #o a"#$o%&3e #$e DS Sec%e#a% #o *%a+#
9o%/ a"#$o%&3a#&o+s #o 9$o(eve% $e eases 9o"0 %e+0e% s"%"sa*e #$e o#$e%
%ov&s&o+s o! #$e INA = &/e Sec#&o+s 122a)) a+0 121a)) = #$a# *%a+#
a"#$o% &(e0 #o a%#&c"a% &+0&v&0"as &+ a%#&c"a% s#a#"#o%& %esc%&be0
c&%c"(s#a+ces. $ee' e.g., Corle/ v. -nited $tates, 55 U.S. 7, 14 2776) >QA
s#a#"#e s$o"0 be co+s#%"e0 so #$a# e!!ec# &s *&ve+ #o a s %ov&s&o+s, so #$a# +o
a%# 9& be &+oe%a#&ve o% s"e%!"o"s.? &+#e%+a "o#a#&o+ (a%/s o(#e0)).
Mo%eove%, %ov&s&o+s &/e Sec#&o+s 122a)) a+0 121a)) %ove #$a# Co+*%ess
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
34/88
1
/+e9 $o9 #o a"#$o%&3e #$e DS Sec%e#a% #o *%a+# 9o%/ a"#$o%&3a#&o+s &+
a%#&c"a% c&%c"(s#a+ces !o% a%#&c"a% &+0&v&0"as 9o"0 be abs"%0 #o s"**es#
#$a# #$e Sec%e#a% ca+ +o+e#$eess 0o 9$a#eve% $e 9a+#s 9$ "+%ev&e9abe
0&sc%e#&o+. $ee' e.g., Cit/ of Chicago v. Envtl. Def. Fund, 511 U.S. 2;, ;-6 1664)
>QI# &s *e+e%a %es"(e0 #$a# Co+*%ess ac#s &+#e+#&o+a a+0 "%ose? 9$e+
>&+c"0es a%#&c"a% a+*"a*e &+ o+e sec#&o+ o! a s#a#"#e b"# o(s &+ a+o#$e%,?
a+0 as a co+se"e+ce, a+ a*e+c ca++o# !&+0 a0(&+&s#%a#&ve o9e% 9$e%e Co+*%ess
o(#e0 ).
T$&%0, &s &+co+ce&vabe #$a# Co+*%ess 9o"0 "se a cas"a $%ase &+ a
0e!&+&o+a %ov&s&o+ #o *&ve #$e Sec%e#a% #$e o9e% #o e'#e+0 9o%/ a"#$o%&3a#&o+
#o a &((&*%a+#s %e*a%0ess o! e*a s#a#"s. I# &s a 9e-se##e0 %&+c&e o!
s#a#"#o% &+#e%%e#a#&o+ #$a# Co+*%ess 0oes +o# b"% caac&o"s 0ee*a#&o+s o! o9e%
&+ s(a a+0 &+co+s&c"o"s aces. $ee' e.g., 2hit!an v. A!. Truc+ing Ass,ns' (nc.,
51 U.S. 45, 4; 2771) >Co+*%ess, 9e $ave $e0, 0oes +o# a#e% #$e !"+0a(e+#a
0e#a&s o! a %e*"a#o% sc$e(e &+ va*"e #e%(s o% a+c&a% %ov&s&o+s = 0oes +o#,
o+e (&*$# sa, $&0e ee$a+#s &+ (o"se$oes.?) FDA v. Brown & 2illia!son
Tobacco Cor%., 526 U.S. 127, 17 2777) >Co+*%ess co"0 +o# $ave &+#e+0e0 #o
0ee*a#e a 0ec&s&o+ o! s"c$ eco+o(&c a+0 o&ca s&*+&!&ca+ce #o a+ a*e+c &+ so
c%#&c a !as$&o+.?).
Fo% e'a(e, &+ABA v. FTC, 47 F.0 45 D.C. C&%. 2775), #$e FTC ca&(e0
a"#$o% #o %e*"a#e a a##o%+es e+*a*e0 &+ #$e %ac#&ce o! a9. T$e Co((&ss&o+
%es#e0 s ca&( o+ #$e caac&o"s 0e!&+&o+ o! >!&+a+c&a &+s#"#&o+? &+c"0e0 &+ #$e
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
35/88
1
G%a((-eac$-@&e F&+a+c&a Mo0e%+&3a#&o+ Ac#, "b. . No. 17-172, 11 S#a#.
1; 1666), 9$&c$, #$e FTC co+#e+0e0, *ave s9ee&+* a"#$o% #o %e*"a#e a+
!&%( #$a# co+0"c#s >!&+a+c&a ac#&v&es? = &+c"0&+* a9 !&%(s. T$e FTC 9as
"+#%o"be0 b #$e !ac# #$a# #$e G%a((-eac$-@&e Ac# co+#a&+e0 (o"+#a&+s o!
0e#a&e0 %ov&s&o+s, +o+e o! 9$&c$ (e+#&o+e0 a9 !&%(s a+0 +o+e o! 9$&c$ $a0 a+
co+ce&vabe a&ca#&o+ #o a9 !&%(s. T$e D.C. C&%c" %e
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
36/88
1;
24a.12c)14)). T$a# %e*"a#&o+ "%o%#s #o ao9 DS #o *%a+# 9o%/
a"#$o%&3a#&o+s #o >Qa+ a&e+ 9$o $as bee+ *%a+#e0 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+,? ; C.F.R.
24a.12c)14) = b"# so 9$a# Fo% a o! #$e %easo+s *&ve+ above, DS ca+ o&+#
#o +o s#a#"#o% a"#$o%&3a#&o+ !o% #$a# %e*"a#&o+. A+0 eve+ &! co"0, #$a# 9o"0
%ove +o#$&+*. Fo% e'a(e, #$e I+#e%+a Reve+"e Co0e *&ves #$e IRS %ee'&s#&+*
e*a a"#$o% #o se##e #a' 0&s"#es !o% 7, see2 U.S.C. 121-122 #$a# 0oes
+o# ao9 #$e IRS #o c%ea#e a "+&a#e%a !e0e%a %o*%a( #$a# e%ases 478 o!
A(e%&ca+ #a'ae%s &ab&&es. $ee I Mo#. 2. A+0 &+ a eve+#s, &! #$e 9o%/-
a"#$o%&3a#&o+ %e*"a#&o+ co"0 be &+#e%%e#e0 #o ao9 DS #o *%a+# EACs #o 478 o!
A(e%&cas "+0oc"(e+#e0 o"a#&o+, #oo &s "+co+s#"#&o+a !o% a o! #$e %easo+s
*&ve+ above.
c. &s#o%&ca %ac#&ce %o$&bs #$e DS D&%ec#&ve
De!e+0a+#s ca++o# escae Youngstowns >3o+e ? b sea%c$&+* !o%
>co+*%ess&o+a ac"&esce+ce? &+ %ev&o"s 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ %o*%a(s b %ev&o"s
%es&0e+#s. As #$e De!e+0a+#s co+ce0e, #$e DS D&%ec#&ve &s co+s#"#&o+a "+0e%
Youngstown o+ &+so!a% as &s %oo#e0 &+ co+*%ess&o+a %ece0e+#. $ee O. ;-6
c&+* OC Me(o 14). @"# #$ose o#$e% %o*%a(s a%e +o#$&+* &/e #$e DS
D&%ec#&ve &+ /&+0 o% scae.
Fo% e'a(e, OC co+ce0e0 #$a# co"0 !&+0 +o ev&0e+ce o! a+ 0e!e%%e0
ac#&o+ %o*%a( &+ #$e $&s#o% o! #$e co"+#% #$a# ca(e cose #o a!!o%0&+* e*a
be+e!s #o 4 (&&o+ eoe. $ee OC Me(o 1. @"# #oo/ so(e co(!o%# &+ #$e
1667 >Fa(& Fa&%+ess? %o*%a(, 9$&c$ >(a0e a co(a%abe !%ac#&o+ o!
"+0oc"(e+#e0 a&e+s = a%o'&(a#e !o"% &+ #e+ = o#e+#&a e&*&be !o%
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
37/88
16
0&sc%e#&o+a% e'#e+0e0 vo"+#a% 0ea%#"%e %e&e!.? (bid. @eca"se Co+*%ess a#e%
co0&!&e0 a s&(&a% #$o"*$ 0&!!e%e+#) %o*%a( &+ #$e I((&*%a#&o+ Ac# o! 1667, OC
co+c"0e0 #$a# #$e >Fa(& Fa&%+ess? %o*%a( co+s#"#e0 a #ac co+*%ess&o+a
a%ova o! a+ a#o*e#$e% 0&!!e%e+# %o*%a( &(e(e+#e0 a "a%#e%-ce+#"% a#e%
"+0e% 0&!!e%e+# c&%c"(s#a+ces. (bid. De!e+0a+#s &/e9&se %e o+ #$a# %ece0e+#
$e%e. $eeO. ;, 42.
I# &s 0&!!&c"# #o ove%s#a#e #$e !aac&o"s+ess o! #$a# o*&c. T$e !ac# #$a# a
%ev&o"s Co+*%ess a%ove0 a %ev&o"s %o*%a( 25 ea%s a*o o+ 0&!!e%e+# #e%(s a+0
9$ a 0&!!e%e+# scoe a+0 scae sas +o#$&+* abo"# 9$e#$e% #$&s DS D&%ec#&ve
!as 9$&+ Youngstowns !&%s# o% #$&%0 3o+e. As #"%+s o"#, $o9eve%, #$e
!aac&o"s+ess o! #$e De!e+0a+#s os&o+ &s #$e eas# o! #$e&% 9o%%&es beca"se #$e&%
!ac#"a ca&(s abo"# #$e Fa(& Fa&%+ess %o*%a( a%e !ase. Fa% !%o( e*a&3&+* #$e
%ese+ce o! 478 o! #$e "+0oc"(e+#e0 o"a#&o+, #$e 1667 Fa(& Fa&%+ess
%o*%a( a"#$o%&3e0 a%%ro)i!atel/ 8@. $ee Dav&0 a+coc/, Few (!!igrants -se
Fa!il/ Aid Progra!, MIAMI ERAD, a# @1 Oc#. 1, 1667) A. 7;1) +o#&+* #$a#,
acco%0&+* #o o!!&c&a INS s#a#&s#&cs, o+ 4,;21 o! #$e Na#&o+s .5 (&&o+
"+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s a&e0 !o% 0&sc%e#&o+a% %e&e! "+0e% #$e Fa(&
Fa&%+ess %o*%a() see also Ge++ esse%, Fact Chec+er< #ba!a,s Clai! that
eorge 1.2. Bush ave "elief to >:? Percent, of -ndocu!ented (!!igrants, AS.
OST Nov. 24, 2714), $##:9ao.s#11O"/5/ *&v&+* >T$%ee &+occ$&os? #o
De!e+0a+#s co+#%a% ca&().
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
38/88
27
No% ca+ #$e De!e+0a+#s !&+0 co+*%ess&o+a ac"&esce+ce &+ !o"% o#$e%
0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ %o*%a(s #$a# 9e%e eve+ s(ae% #$a+ Fa(& Fa&%+ess: 1) !o%e&*+
s#"0e+#s a!!ec#e0 b "%%&ca+e a#%&+a 2) 9&0o9s o! U.S. C&3e+s ) T a+0 U
v&sa a&ca+#s a+0 4) 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ !o% AA se!-e#&o+e%s. $ee O. ;-6.
Eac$ o! #$ose %o*%a(s &+vove0 casses o! &((&*%a+#s 9$o Co+*%ess = +o# #$e
E'ec"#&ve = a%ea0 $a0 0ec&0e0 co"0 %e(a&+ a9!" &+ #$e U+e0 S#a#es.
De!e%%e0 ac#&o+ 9as "se0 as a s#o-*a (eas"%e 9$&e #$e &((&*%a+#s #%a+s&o+e0
#o a a9!" s#a#"s #$a# $a0 bee+ %ov&0e0 b Congress. I+ *%a+#&+* 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+
s#a#"s #o #$ose &((&*%a+#s, #$e E'ec"#&ve @%a+c$ 9as &(e(e+#&+* Co+*%esss
9& = +o# e'e%c&s&+* s o9+ b b%"#e !o%ce. $ee Bos$ @ac/(a+, The
Constitutionalit/ of DAPA Part (< Congressional Ac=uiescence to Deferred Action,
17 GEORGETON A BOURNA ONINE KK !o%#$co(&+* 2715), available at
ss%+.co(abs#%ac#V2545544.
e#s 9a/ #$%o"*$ eac$ o! #$e De!e+0a+#s e'a(es. T$e !&%s# a%ose 9$e+
T"a+e U+&ve%s a+0 (a+ o#$e%s ao+* #$e G"! Coas# ca+cee0 #$e&% !a
se(es#e%s a!#e% "%%&ca+e a#%&+a. T$&s e!# 2,777 !o%e&*+ s#"0e+#s &+ &(bo
beca"se #$e #e%(s o! #$e&% s#"0e+# v&sas %e"&%e0 #$e( #o "%s"e a >Q!" co"%se o!
s#"0.? ; C.F.R. 214.2!)). Co+*%ess a%ea0 $a0 9eco(e0 a 2,777 o! #$ose
s#"0e+#s &+#o #$e co"+#%. Ra#$e% #$a+ 0eo%# #$e( o+ acco"+# o! a +a#"%a
0&sas#e%, USCIS *%a+#e0 #$e( 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ !o% a !e9 (o+#$s, "+#& #$e co"0
e+%o a# a+o#$e% "+&ve%s a+0 #$"s (a&+#a&+ #$e&% s#"0e+#-v&sa s#a#"s). $ee
%ess Reease, USCIS, USCIS A++o"+ces I+#e%&( Re&e! !o% Fo%e&*+ S#"0e+#s
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
39/88
21
A0ve%se I(ac#e0 b "%%&ca+e a#%&+a Nov. 25, 2775) A. 764-5). De!e%%e0
ac#&o+ 9as a b%&0*e !%o( o+e a9!" &((&*%a#&o+ s#a#"s #o a+o#$e%.
T$e %o*%a( !o% 9&0o9s o! U.S. c&3e+s 9as s&(&a%. I# *ave a !e9 (o+#$s o!
0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ #o +o+-c&3e+ so"ses 9$o 9e%e (a%%&e0 !o% ess #$a+ #9o ea%s
9$e+ #$e&% c&3e+ so"se 0&e0. A# #$e #&(e, beca"se o! 0eas &+ %ocess&+* v&sa
a&ca#&o+s a+0 beca"se o! USCISs &+#e%%e#a#&o+ o! a #$e+-e'&s#&+* s#a#"#e, +o+-
c&3e+ 9&0o9s a+0 9&0o9e%s beca(e %e(ovabe "o+ #$e 0ea#$ o! #$e&% so"ses
beca"se #$e 9e%e +o o+*e% >&((e0&a#e %ea#&ves? "+0e% #$e INA. $ee"obinson v.
0a%olitano, 554 F.0 5;, 0 C&%. 2776) a*%ee&+* 9$ USCISs
&+#e%%e#a#&o+) but seeLoc+hart v. 0a%olitano, 5 F.0 251, 255-2 #$ C&%. 2776)
%e
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
40/88
22
&oe+ce A*a&+s# o(e+ Ac# >AA?), "b. . No. 17-22, #. I, 17; S#a#. 16,
1672. @o#$ %o*%a(s &+vove0 +o+c&3e+s 9$ose %osec# !o% ob#a&+&+* a9!"
s#a#"s 9as &((&+e+#, a+0 9$o +ee0e0 o+ a !e9 (o+#$s !o%bea%a+ce so USCIS
co"0 %ocess #$e ae%9o%/. Fo% e'a(e, AA a"#$o%&3e0 +o+c&3e+s 9$o $a0
bee+ ab"se0 b U.S. c&3e+ o% R so"ses o% a%e+#s #o se!-e#&o+ !o% a9!"
&((&*%a#&o+ s#a#"s, 9$o"# $av&+* #o %e o+ #$e&% ab"s&ve !a(& (e(be%s #o
e#&o+ o+ #$e&% be$a!. $ee ; U.S.C. 1154a)1)A)&&&)-&v), v&&). Co+s&s#e+# 9$
co+*%ess&o+a 9&, USCIS *%a+#e0 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ #o #$ese +o+c&3e+s 9$e+eve%
#$e&% v&sa a&ca#&o+s $a0 bee+ a%ove0 b"# #$e v&sa se! 9as +o# &((e0&a#e
ava&abe = "s"a beca"se #$e a%ova ca(e +ea% #$e e+0 o! #$e ea%, 9$e+ #$e
s#a#"#o% ca o+ AA v&sas $a0 bee+ %eac$e0. $eea" . &%#"e, Me(o%a+0"(
!o% Re*&o+a D&%ec#o%s e# a., Re: S"e(e+#a G"&0a+ce o+ @a##e%e0 A&e+ Se!-
e#&o+&+* %ocess a+0 Rea#e0 Iss"es a# Ma , 166) A. 172). Ra#$e% #$a+
0eo%# #$ese +o+c&3e+s, 9$o Co+*%ess $a0 &+ve0 #o a !o% a9!" s#a#"s,
USCIS o!!e%e0 #$e( 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ "+#& a v&sa beca(e ava&abe. (bid.
Fo% s&(&a% %easo+s, USCIS $as *%a+#e0 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ #o v&c#&(s o! $"(a+
#%a!!&c/&+* 9$o a&e0 !o% T a+0 U v&sas. T$%o"*$ #$e &c#&(s o! T%a!!&c/&+* a+0
&oe+ce %o#ec#&o+ Ac# >TA?), "b. . No. 17-;, 114 S#a#. 144 2777),
Co+*%ess 0&%ec#e0 USCIS #o *&ve a9!" s#a#"s #o v&c#&(s o! $"(a+ #%a!!&c/&+* a+0
o#$e% c%&(es. $ee ibid.&(os&+* a++"a &( o! 5,777 T v&sas a+0 17,777 U v&sas).
Co+s&s#e+# 9$ Co+*%esss &+s#%"c#&o+s, USCIS #o0 &((&*%a#&o+ o!!&ce%s #o *%a+#
0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ o% s#as o! %e(ova #o a+ TA a&ca+# 9$o (a0e a >%&(a
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
41/88
2
!ac&e? o% >bo+a !&0e? s$o9&+* o! e&*&b&. S#"a%# A+0e%so+, Me(o%a+0"( !o%
Bo$++ N. &&a(s, Re: De!e%%e0 Ac#&o+ !o% A&e+s 9$ @o+a F&0e A&ca#&o+s !o%
T No+&((&*%a+# S#a#"s a# 1 Ma ;, 2772) A. 774;) &&a( R. Ja#es,
Me(o%a+0"( !o% #$e D&%ec#o%, e%(o+# Se%v&ce Ce+#e%, Re: Ce+#%a&3a#&o+ o!
I+#e%&( Re&e! !o% U No+&((&*%a+# S#a#"s A&ca+#s a# 5 Oc#. ;, 277) A.
1756). &/e a o#$e% &+s#a+ces o! 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+, #$&s %o*%a( 9as c%ea#e0 !o% #$e
be+e! o! &((&*%a+#s 9$ e'&s#&+* a9!" s#a#"s &+ #$e U.S. o% a# ve% eas# #$e
&((e0&a#e %osec# o! s"c$ s#a#"s. A+0, &/e &+ a #$e o#$e% cases, #$e %o*%a(
9as &+#e+0e0 as a #e(o%a% b%&0*e #o a+o#$e% !o%( o! a9!" s#a#"s !o% 9$&c$ #$e
a&e+s $a0 a%ea0 es#ab&s$e0 e&*&b&.
T$e DS D&%ec#&ve, o! co"%se, oo/s +o#$&+* &/e #$ese as# %o*%a(s beca"se
&+voves &((&*%a+#s 9$o a%e $e%e "+a9!", 9$o $ave +o %osec# o! a9!"
s#a#"s, a+0 9$o Co+*%ess $as +eve% eve+ &+ve0 #o a !o% a9!" s#a#"s.4 A+0
a#$o"*$ s$o"0 *o 9$o"# sa&+*, Co+*%esss a%ova o! 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ !o%
2,777 a9!" %ese+# a#%&+a v&c#&(s 0oes +o#$&+*#o a%ove 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ !o% 4
(&&o+ &((&*%a+#s 9$o 9e%e +o# e*a %ese+# #o be*&+ 9$.
0. Co+*%ess&o+a %e
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
42/88
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
43/88
25
. The D1$ Directive (s Law!a+ing' 0ot Discretionar/
Decision!a+ing
av&+* !a&e0 #o &+s"a#e #$e DS D&%ec#&ve !%o(
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
44/88
2
F&%s#, #$e S"%e(e Co"%# $as $e0 #$a# %&va#e a&+#&!!s *e+e%a 0o +o#
$ave a %&*$# #o 0e(a+0 #$a# #$e *ove%+(e+# e+!o%ce a a%#&c"a% s#a#"#e a*a&+s# a
a%#&c"a% e%so+. Fo% e'a(e, &+ Town of Castle "oc+ v. on*ales, 545 U.S. 4;
2775), #$e S"%e(e Co"%# $e0 #$a# a a%#&c"a% 9o(a+ 0&0 +o# $ave a D"e %ocess
%&*$# #o 0e(a+0 #$a# o&ce e+!o%ce a a%#&c"a% %es#%a&+&+* o%0e% a*a&+s# $e%
v&oe+# $"sba+0. T$e Co"%# co+c"0e0 #$a# beca"se o! >&+s"!!&c&e+# %eso"%ces,?
>s$ee% $s&ca &(oss&b&,? o% >%ac#&ca +ecess,? #$e o&ce $ave 0&sc%e#&o+ +o#
#o e+!o%ce c%&(&+a a9s a*a&+s# a%#&c"a% v&oa#o%s. (d. a# 7-2 &+#e%+a
"o#a#&o+ (a%/s o(#e0). T$e Co"%# %eac$e0 a s&(&a% co+c"s&o+ &+ Chane/, &+
9$&c$ $e0 #$a# a%#&c"a% 0ea#$-%o9 %&so+e%s 0&0 +o# $ave %&*$#s "+0e% #$e AA
#o 0e(a+0 #$a# #$e FDA e+!o%ce ce%#a&+ (&sb%a+0&+* a+0 (&sabe&+* %ov&s&o+s
a*a&+s# #$e (a+"!ac#"%e%s o! e#$a-&+
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
45/88
2
se##&+* 0&sc%e#&o+, #$e Co%s c%ea#e0 ce%#a&+ >s#%ea(&+eQ0? e%(s !o% o9-eve
o"#e%s. T$e co"%# $e0 #$a# #$ose e%(s 9e%e e*a be+e!s = i.e., #$e 9e%e
e+#e(e+#s #o 0&sc$a%*e 9as#e &+#o #$e 9a#e% = a+0 as s"c$, #$e 9e%e
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
46/88
2;
De!e+0a+#s e!!o%#s "a&! as #$e /&+0 o! >a*e+c &+ac#&o+? $e0 "+%ev&e9abe &+
Chane/. $ee47 U.S. a# ;4 Ma%s$a, B., co+c"%%&+*).
T$a# &s 9$ De!e+0a+#s a%e 9%o+* #o %e o+ "eno v. A!erican7Arab Anti7
Discri!ination Co!!ittee, 525 U.S. 41 1666) >AAADC?), a+0Perales. @o#$ cases
+o#e0 #$a# #$e E'ec"#&ve @%a+c$ $as 0&sc%e#&o+ +o# #o e+!o%ce a a%#&c"a%
&((&*%a#&o+ s#a#"#e &+ a%#&c"a% cases. $ee AAADC, 525 U.S. a# 4;4-;5 Perales,
67 F.20 a# 174-4;. Fo% e'a(e, Perales $e0 #$a# a+ "+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#
ca++o# c$ae+*e DSs %e!"sa#o *&ve o"# 9o%/ e%(s: >A+ a*e+cs &+ac#&o+ &+
s"c$ a s"a#&o+ &s +ecessa%& e'e(# !%o(
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
47/88
26
Co"%# $as $e0, #$e sine =ua non o! %osec"#o%&a 0&sc%e#&o+ &s *e+"&+e case-b-case
0ec&s&o+(a/&+*, %a#$e% #$a+ ac%oss-#$e-boa%0 o&c(a/&+*. $ee' e.g.,AAADC, 525
U.S. a# 4;4 L +.; 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ 0ec&s&o+s ("s# be (a0e o+ >case-b-case bas&s?).5
@"# as e'a&+e0 beo9, &s +o9 "+0&s"#e0 #$a# #$e De!e+0a+#s $ave *&ve+ DACA
#o ever/ e%so+ 9$o sa#&s!&e0 #$e&% #$%es$o0 e&*&b& c%e%&a. A+0 &s aso
"+0&s"#e0 #$a# #$e De!e+0a+#s a+ #o #a/e #$e sa(e %"bbe%-s#a( a%oac$
"+0e% #$e DS D&%ec#&ve. $eeO. 12, 47 co+ce0&+* 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ a&ca#&o+s
"+0e% #$e D&%ec#&ve 9& be %ocesse0 #$e sa(e 9a DS %ocesse0 DACA
a&ca#&o+s). T$a# "+0&s"#e0 %oo! o! %"bbe%-s#a(&+* %e+0e%s #$e D&%ec#&ve
"+a9!".
As 9e %ev&o"s e'a&+e0, USCIS s#a#&s#&cs s$o9 #$a# #$e De!e+0a+#s
%"bbe%-s#a(e0 66.58 o! DACA a&ca#&o+s. $ee FAC 25 De!e%%e0 Ac#&o+ !o%
C$&0$oo0 A%%&vas Reo%#, U.S. C&3e+s$& a+0 I((&*%a#&o+ Se%v&ces A%. 17,
271) A. 74) a&+/as Dec. ; A. 7;55). De!e+0a+#s %o"0 %eso+0
#$a#, +o, #$e o+ a%ove0 64.48 o! DACA a&ca#&o+s. $ee O. 41. Eve+
ass"(&+* #$a# 64.48 &s #$e co%%ec# +"(be% o! DACA a%ovas, De!e+0a+#s ca++o#
ca&( #$a# #$e %e(a&+&+* 5.8 >9e%e 0e+&e0 !o% !a&"%e #o (ee# e&*&b& c%e%&a or
5De!e+0a+#s %e&a+ce o+ AAADC&s "33&+* beca"se #$e ca&( *&ves #$e( >b%oa0 a"#$o%?
#o *%a+# 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ o+ a &(ess scae a+0 !o% "+%ev&e9abe %easo+s. O. -5. AAADC0oes
+o#$&+* o! #$e so%# #$e case $&+*e0 o+ 9$e#$e% #$e INA 0e%&ve0 !e0e%a co"%#s o!
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
48/88
7
for other discretionar/ reasons.? (bid. e($as&s a00e0). As !a% as #$e %eco%0
%eveas, eve% 0e+&e0 a&ca#&o+ 9as 0e+&e0 !o% !a&"%e #o (ee# e&*&b& c%e%&a
+o+e 9e%e 0e+&e0 >!o% o#$e% 0&sc%e#&o+a% %easo+s.?
I#s +o# !o% ac/ o! oo%#"+ #$a# De!e+0a+#s ca+ &0e+#&! 3e%o e'a(es o!
DACA a&ca#&o+s 0e+&e0 >!o% o#$e% 0&sc%e#&o+a% %easo+s.? Me(be%s o! Co+*%ess
$ave bee+ %ess&+* #$e De!e+0a+#s !o% #$a# ev&0e+ce !o% (o+#$s &! +o# ea%s). A+0
!a% !%o( %ov&0&+* , De!e+0a+#s a0(#e0 0oes +o# e'&s#: DS >a0(#e0 #o #$e
Qo"se B"0&c&a% Co((#ee #$a#, &! a+ a&e+ a&es a+0 (ee#s #$e DACA
e&*&b& c%e%&a, #$e 9& %ece&ve 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+. I+ %ea, &((&*%a#&o+ o!!&c&as
0o +o# $ave 0&sc%e#&o+ #o 0e+ DACA a&ca#&o+s &! a&ca+#s !"!& #$e c%e%&a.?
%*. T%. a# 1, %es&0e+# Oba(as E'ec"#&ve Ove%%eac$ o+ I((&*%a#&o+, o"se
B"0&c&a% Co((., Dec. 2, 2714 A. 7625) s#a#e(e+# o! Re. Goo0a##e). Ove% !o"%
(o+#$s a*o, Co+*%ess as/e0 #$e DS Sec%e#a% #o &0e+#&! a+ 0&sc%e#&o+a%
%easo+s #$a# $&s Dea%#(e+# "se0 #o 0e+ DACA a&ca#&o+s. $ee e##e% !%o( @ob
Goo0a##e L C$a%es E. G%asse #o Be$ Bo$+so+ a# 2 A"*. 26, 2714) A. 7;7;)
>B"0&c&a% Co((#ees e##e%?). DS co"0 o&+# #o +o+e. $eee##e% !%o( eo+
Ro0%&*"e3 #o C$a%es E. G%asse, E+cos"%e 1 a# 1 Oc#. 6, 2714) A. 76;)
>Ro0%&*"e3 e##e%?) +o#&+* 42,67 DACA a&ca#&o+s 9e%e 0e+&e0 a+0 &s#&+* as
%easo+s o+ 1) !a&"%e #o "se #$e co%%ec# !o%(, 2) !a&"%e #o s&*+ #$e !o%(,
) !a&"%e #o a #$e %e"&%e0 !ee, a+0 4) !&&+* #$e !o%( a# #$e 9%o+* #&(e).
T$e M&*%a#&o+ o&c I+s#"#e co+0"c#e0 a+ e'$a"s#&ve a+as&s o! DACA 0a#a, a+0 0&0 +o#
&0e+#&! a s&+*e e'e%c&se o! &+0&v&0"a&3e0 >0&sc%e#&o+? as oose0 #o %o#e a&ca#&o+ o! DSs
e&*&b& c%e%&a). $ee Bea++e @a#aova e# a., DACA a# #$e T9o-Jea% Ma%/, M&*%a#&o+ o&c
I+s#"#e A"*. 2714) A. 77;;-7121).
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
49/88
1
T$e abse+ce o! eve+ a s&+*e case #$a# 9as 0e+&e0 !o% >0&sc%e#&o+a% %easo+s?
&s "+s"%%&s&+* *&ve+ #$e 9a #$e De!e+0a+#s se# " #$e DACA %o*%a( a+0 #$e
9a #$eve %o(&se0 #o !oo9 s" "+0e% #$e 2714 D&%ec#&ve). As e'a&+e0 b #$e
USCIS "+&o+ %es&0e+#, >USCIS (a+a*e(e+# $as #a/e+ seve%a s#es #o e+s"%e
#$a# DACA a&ca#&o+s %ece&ve %"bbe%-s#a(e0 a%ovas %a#$e% #$a+ #$o%o"*$
&+ves#&*a#&o+s.? a&+/as Dec. A. 7;54). T$e De!e+0a+#s $ave >%eve+#e0
&((&*%a#&o+ o!!&ce%s !%o( co+0"c#&+* case-b-case &+ves#&*a#&o+s o! DACA
a&ca#&o+s? b %o"#&+* #$ose a&ca#&o+s #o se%v&ce ce+#e%s a+0 %eve+#&+*
&+ves#&*a#o%s !%o( &+#e%v&e9&+* a&ca+#s. (d. ; A. 7;55). T$a# >*"a%a+#eeQs
#$a# a&ca#&o+s 9& be %"bbe%-s#a(e0 !o% a%ova, a %ac#&ce #$a# v&%#"a
*"a%a+#ees 9&0es%ea0 !%a"0 a+0 aces "b&c sa!e# a# %&s/.? (bid.
I+#e%+a USCIS 0oc"(e+#s o!!e% !"%#$e% %oo! #$a# #$e De!e+0a+#s $ave
0&ves#e0 #$e&% !&e0 a*e+#s o! #$e ab& #o &+ves#&*a#e DACA a&ca#&o+s. DS $as
"b&c >ass"%Qe0 o#e+#&a DACA a&ca+#s #$a# USCIS $as +o a+s #o ac#"a
ve%&! #$e va&0 o! a+ ev&0e+#&a% 0oc"(e+#s s"b(#e0 &+ s"o%# o! a+
a&ca#&o+.? B"0&c&a% Co((#ees e##e% a# 1 A. 7;7). USCIS $as 0&%ec#e0 s
s#a!! #o >NOT 0e+ a DACA %e"es#? "+ess DSs &+#e%+a %eco%0s co+#a&+
s"!!&c&e+# ev&0e+ce #o s"o%# a 0e+&a "+0e% #$e D&%ec#&ves e&*&b& c%e%&a =
e.g., beca"se #$e a&ca+# !"+/s #$e c%&(&+a-bac/*%o"+0 c$ec/. DACA S#a+0a%0
Oe%a#&+* %oce0"%es A. 71;). F&+a, USCIS $as e'a&+e0 9$ s#%&c#
a&es #$e e&*&b& c%e%&a a+0 0oes +o# *&ve s o!!&ce%s e+!o%ce(e+# 0&sc%e#&o+.
A+ &+#e%+a o9e%o&+# %ese+#a#&o+ sas #$a# #$e DS Sec%e#a% a%ea0 $as
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
50/88
2
e'e%c&se0 #$e %e"&se >0&sc%e#&o+? &+ se##&+* #$e DACA e&*&b& c%e%&a, a+0 a
#$a# &s e!# !o% USCIS o!!&ce%s #o 0o &s #o "se a se%&es o! >#e(a#es? #o e+s"%e #$a#
#$e Sec%e#a%s D&%ec#&ve &s >a&e0 co+s&s#e+#.? DACA S#a+0a%0 Oe%a#&+*
%oce0"%es A. 7444).
@"# 9$e+ co(es #o aba+0o+&+* 0" e+ac#e0 s#a#"#es, co+s&s#e+c &s a v&ce
+o# a v&%#"e. Fo% e'a(e, &+Ada!s v. "ichardson, 4;7 F.20 1156 D.C. C&%. 16)
e% c"%&a() e+ ba+c), #$e Dea%#(e+# o! ea#$, E0"ca#&o+, a+0 e!a%e >E?)
*ave Te I !"+0s #o 4 o! 11 +o+co(&a+# sc$oo 0&s#%&c#s a+ "+a9!"-!"+0&+*
%a#e o! 58). $ee 5 F. S". 62, 65 D.D.C. 16). E a *e+e%a o&c 9$&c$
&s &+ e!!ec# a+ ab0&ca#&o+ o! s s#a#"#o% 0"#.? Ada!s, 4;7 F.0 a# 112 see also
Chane/, 47 U.S. a# ; +.4 ca%&!&+* #$a# s $o0&+* 0oes +o# a o+ Ada!s
!ac#s). Eve+ "s&+* De!e+0a+#s (os#-co+se%va#&ve es#&(a#es, #$&s case &s eas&e% #$a+
Ada!s.
c. T$eo%e#&ca %evocab& o! 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ ca++o# save #$e
DS D&%ec#&ve
A*a&+s# a o! #$&s, De!e+0a+#s a%*"e #$a# #$e D&%ec#&ve &s s$%o"0e0 !%o(
%ev&e9 b a+ co"%# a# a+ #&(e beca"se 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ 0oc"(e+#s a%e +o# 9o%#$
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
51/88
#$e ae% #$e%e %&+#e0 o+. $ee O. 4-5. T$e&% &0ea see(s #o be #$e D&%ec#&ve
&s a+ ac# o! >e+!o%ce(e+# 0&sc%e#&o+? beca"se 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ 0oes +o# co+!e% >a+
e*a s#a#"s? >ca+ be %evo/e0 a# a+ #&(e? De!e+0a+#s ca+ c$a+*e #$e&% (&+0s
!o% a+ %easo+ o% +o %easo+ a+0 #$e%e!o%e, 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ 0oes +o# ac#"a %eve+#
a+o+e !%o( be&+* 0eo%#e0 eve%. (bid. T$ose a%e #%o"b&+* asse%#&o+s beca"se #$e
%es&0e+# a+0 De!e+0a+# Ro0%&*"e3 $ave "%*e0 "+0oc"(e+#e0 &((&*%a+#s ac%oss
#$e U+e0 S#a#es #o >co(e o"# o! #$e s$a0o9s? a+0 %o(&se0 #$e( #$a# #$e >9&
+o#be 0eo%#e0? &! #$e 0o so. FAC 57, 55. E$e% #$a# %o(&se 9as !ase, o%
DOBs %e%ese+#a#&o+s #o #$&s Co"%# s$o"0 be 0&s(&sse0 as >+o#$&+* (o%e #$a+ a
co+ve+&e+# &*a#&+* os&o+.? Christo%her v. $!ith3line Beecha! Cor%., 12 S.
C#. 215, 21 2712) &+#e%+a "o#a#&o+ (a%/s o(#e0).
Da#a %ov&0e0 #o Co+*%ess s"**es# s #$e a##e%. De!e+0a+#s co+!&%(e0 #$a#
#$e %evo/e DACA #$e sa(e 9a #$e 0e+ : e'#%e(e %a%e a+0 +eve% !o%
>0&sc%e#&o+a%? %easo+s. I+ a%#&c"a%, o"# o! 561,555 DACA a%ovas, De!e+0a+#s
$ave %evo/e0 o+ 11 a %a#e o! 7.71618). $eeRo0%&*"e3 e##e%, E+cos"%e 1 a# 1-2
A. 76;-6). A+0 eve% o+e o! #$e( 9as %evo/e0 beca"se 1) USCIS (a0e a+
e%%o% a+0 s"bse"e+# >0e#e%(&+e0 #$e %e"es#o% 0&0 +o# sa#&s! a DACA
*"&0e&+es a# #$e #&(e o! !&&+*,? o% 2) #$e DACA %ec&&e+# s"bse"e+# v&oa#e0 a+
e&*&b& c%e%&o+ b, !o% e'a(e
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
52/88
4
"+#& #$e a%e %evo/e0. $&c$eve% 9a o" s&ce , #$e D&%ec#&ve ca%%&es e*a e!!ec#
= a+0 #$e Ta/e Ca%e Ca"se !o%ecoses #$e De!e+0a+#s !%o( c%ea#&+* #$ose e*a
e!!ec#s "+&a#e%a.
B) De,eda!s V"ola!ed T'e APA
Eve+ &! a&+#&!!s Ta/e Ca%e ca&( !a&s, a %e&(&+a% &+cea% a+0 co+v&+c&+* ev&0e+ce o! e*&sa#&ve &+#e+#&o+? #$a# Co+*%ess 9a+#e0 #o
ove%%&0e #$a# %es"(#&o+. 6a%an 2haling Ass,n v. A!erican Cetacean $oc,/, 4;
U.S. 221, 27 +.4 16;) accord Abbott Labs. v. ardner, ; U.S. 1, 147-41
16) coec#&+* cases). $e%e #$e a*e+c !a&s #o ca%% #$a# b"%0e+, #$e AA
%e"&%es #$e a*e+c #o "b&s$ s %oose0 ac#&o+ >+o#&ce?), ao9 (e(be%s o! #$e
"b&c #o o!!e% !ee0bac/ >co((e+#?), a+0 #$e+ "b&s$ a !&+a 0ec&s&o+ >%"e?) #$a#
co+s&0e%s "b&c &+"# a+0 %eac$es a %easo+e0, +o+-a%b%a% 0ec&s&o+. $ee5 U.S.C.
55. e%so+s a**%&eve0 b #$e a*e+cs 0ec&s&o+ #$e+ ca+ c$ae+*e &+ !e0e%a
co"%#. $eeid. 72, 74, 7.
e%e, a&+#&!!s AA ca&(s a%e &/e #o s"ccee0 !o% #$%ee %easo+s. F&%s#, #$e
AA a&es #o #$e DS D&%ec#&ve. Seco+0, De!e+0a+#s ca++o# "+&a#e%a abe
#$e D&%ec#&ve a >o&c? s#a#e(e+# a+0 escae
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
53/88
5
beca"se #$e "+0&s"#e0 !a&e0 #o co( 9$ #$e AAs +o#&ce-a+0-co((e+#
%e"&%e(e+#s #$e D&%ec#&ve &s aso a%b%a%, ca%&c&o"s, a+0 co+#%a% #o a9.
8. The D1$ Directive (s "eviewable -nder The APA
T$e AA a&es #o a+ >!&+a a*e+c ac#&o+ !o% 9$&c$ #$e%e &s +o o#$e%
a0e"a#e %e(e0 &+ a co"%#.? 5 U.S.C. 74. T$e S"%e(e Co"%# $as $e0 #$a# #$e
AA &s a >se(&+a ac#? #$a# >(a+&!es#s a co+*%ess&o+a &+#e+#&o+ #$a# cove% a
b%oa0 sec#%"( o! a0(&+&s#%a#&ve ac#&o+s.? Abbott Labs., ; U.S. a# 147. T$e
Co"%# !"%#$e% >$as ec$oe0 #$a# #$e(e b +o#&+* #$a# #$e A0(&+&s#%a#&ve %oce0"%e
Ac#s *e+e%o"s %ev&e9 %ov&s&o+s ("s# be *&ve+ a $osabe &+#e%%e#a#&o+,? id. a#
147-41 "o#&+* $haughness/ v. Pedreiro, 46 U.S. 4;, 51 1655)), "+0e% 9$&c$ #$e
AA a&es "+ess #$e a*e+c %oves #$a# Co+*%ess &+#e+0e0 o#$e%9&se, see6a%an
2haling.
Foo9&+* #$ose &+s#%"c#&o+s, #$e o9e% !e0e%a co"%#s $ave 0eveoe0 a
+"(be% o! 0oc#%&+es #$a# 0e(a%ca#e #$ose >a*e+c ac#&o+s? #$a# ("s# co( 9$
#$e AA !%o( #$ose !e9 #$a# +ee0 +o#. T$e o+ 0oc#%&+e a# &ss"e $e%e &s #$e o+e
#$a# (a/es >s"bs#a+#&ve %"es? s"b+o+-s"bs#a+#&ve %"e? aso cae0 a >o&c
s#a#e(e+#? o% >*"&0a+ce? 0oc"(e+#) (e%e >a++o"+ces #$e a*e+cs #e+#a#&ve
&+#e+#&o+s !o% #$e !"#"%e.? (d. a# 56 &+#e%+a "o#a#&o+ (a%/s o(#e0). >T$e /e
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
54/88
&+"&%? &+ 0&s#&+*"&s$&+* be#9ee+ s"bs#a+#&ve a+0 +o+-s"bs#a+#&ve %"es >&s #$e
e'#e+# #o 9$&c$ #$e c$ae+*e0 o&c eaves #$e a*e+c !%ee #o e'e%c&se s 0&sc%e#&o+
#o !oo9 o% +o# #o !oo9 #$a# *e+e%a o&c &+ a+ &+0&v&0"a case, o% o+ #$e o#$e%
$a+0, 9$e#$e% . . . "o+ a&ca#&o+ o+e +ee0 o+ 0e#e%(&+e 9$e#$e% a *&ve+ case &s
9$&+ #$e %"es c%e%&a.? (bid.
a. T$e D&%ec#&ve &s a s"bs#a+#&ve %"e
T$e DS D&%ec#&ve eas& "a&!&es as a >s"bs#a+#&ve %"e? beca"se #$e%e &s
+o#$&+* #e+#a#&ve abo"# . To #$e co+#%a%, "ses a se%&es o! shalls a+0 !usts#o
b&+0 &((&*%a#&o+ o!!&ce%s a+0 !o%ce #$e( #o a #$e D&%ec#&ves e&*&b& c%e%&a.
A+0 &! a&ca+#s !a& #o sa#&s! o+e o! #$e e&*&b& %e"&%e(e+#s, #$e o!!&ce%s $ave
+o 0&sc%e#&o+ #o *%a+# a %e%&eve: #$e o!!&ce% &+s#ea0 ("s# !oo9 %e-9%#e+ s#es
a+0 c$ec/ a >s#a+0a%0? 0e+&a bo' &+ a #e(a#e. DACA S#a+0a%0 Oe%a#&+*
%oce0"%es A. 7;2-;). T$e %easo+s !o% 0e+&a 9$&c$ a%e &s#e0 o+ #$e #e(a#e
&+c"0e o+ !a&"%es #o (ee# va%&o"s e&*&b& %e"&%e(e+#s a+0 !a&"%es #o
cooe%a#e &+ #$e %ocess&+* o! #$e a&ca#&o+ #$e #e(a#e *&ves o!!&ce%s +o
>0&sc%e#&o+a%? bo' #o c$ec/. DACA S#a+0a%0 Oe%a#&+* %oce0"%es A. 7565)
see also a%# I.A., su%ra DS D&%ec#&ve eaves +o %oo( !o% case-b-case
>0&sc%e#&o+?).
T$a# &s b 0es&*+. De!e+0a+#s co+s#%"c#e0 #$e&% 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+ %e*&(e so
#$a# >"o+ a&ca#&o+? a+ &((&*%a#&o+ o!!&ce% >+ee0 o+ 0e#e%(&+e 9$e#$e% a
*&ve+ case &s 9$&+ #$e %"es c%e%&a.? Prof,ls & Patients, 5 F.0 a# 56. As #$e
USCIS "+&o+ %es&0e+# $as e'a&+e0, De!e+0a+#s $ave >%eve+#e0 &((&*%a#&o+
o!!&ce%s !%o( co+0"c#&+* case-b-case &+ves#&*a#&o+s o! DACA a&ca#&o+s,? a+0
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
55/88
$ave >*"a%a+#eeQ0 #$a# a&ca#&o+s 9& be %"bbe%-s#a(e0 !o% a%ova, a %ac#&ce
#$a# v&%#"a *"a%a+#ees 9&0es%ea0 !%a"0 a+0 aces "b&c sa!e# a# %&s/.?
a&+/as Dec. ; A. 7;55). DS !o%b&0s &((&*%a#&o+ o!!&ce%s #o e'e%c&se a+
case-b-case 0&sc%e#&o+ beca"se #$e !ea% #$a# #$e b"%ea"c%ac (&*$# !a& #o #%ea#
&/e cases a&/e. $ee DACA S#a+0a%0 Oe%a#&+* %oce0"%es A. 7444) o!!&c&as
s$o"0 "se >#e(a#es? &+ >c$ec/bo' !o%(a#? #o e+s"%e DS D&%ec#&ve &s >a&e0
co+s&s#e+#?). A+0 as a co+se"e+ce, &s "+0&s"#e0 #$a# #$e D&%ec#&ve $as &e0e0
a 66.5-64.48 a%ova %a#e = 9$&c$ &s (o%e #$a+ s"!!&c&e+# #o s$o9 #$a# &s a
>s"bs#a+#&ve,? >b&+0&+*? %"e. Cha!ber of Co!!erce v. D#L, 14 F.0 27, 27;, 212
D.C. C&%. 1666) 78-678 %a#e s"!!&c&e+#).
S"c$ %e0&c#ab& &s a a"0abe *oa !o% a s9ee&+* e+#e(e+# %o*%a(,
b"# 0oes +o# (a/e !o% a >+o+-b&+0&+*? >o&c s#a#e(e+#.? $eeProf,ls & Patients,
5 F.0 a# 56-6A%%alachian Power Co. v. EPA, 27; F.0 1715, 1721-22 D.C. C&%.
2777) $o0&+* a*e+c ca+ eva0e AA o+ 9$e%e ca+ %ove #$a# a >*"&0a+ce?
0oc"(e+# o% >o&c s#a#e(e+#? &s >+o# b&+0&+* &+ %ac#&ca se+se?). @eca"se #$e
D&%ec#&ve co((a+0s a+0 0&c#a#es, &s a >s"bs#a+#&ve %"e? a+0 #$e%e!o%e ("s#
co(o%# 9$ #$e AA.
b. De!e+0a+#s a%e 9%o+* #o ca #$e D&%ec#&ve a +o+-
s"bs#a+#&ve >*"&0a+ce? o% >o&c? 0oc"(e+#
De!e+0a+#s co"+#e%a%*"(e+# &s #$a# #$e AA &s &+a&cabe beca"se #$e
D&%ec#&ve se%ves o+ #o >a0v&se #$e "b&c? a+0 0oes +o# >&(ose a+ %&*$#s a+0
ob&*a#&o+s.? O. 45. T$ese s#a#e(e+#s %es# "+co(!o%#ab ao+*s&0e #$e
De!e+0a+#s a#e% ca&(s #$a# e+&(ac#Q #$e &ves o!
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
56/88
;
(a+ eoe,? 9& >0&s%"#,? >&+#e%!e%e,? a+0 >&(e0e? #$e 9o%/ o! DS, a+0 9&
>$a#Q o&c&es? #$a# %o(o#e >+a#&o+a sec"%? a+0 >$"(a+a%&a+ co+ce%+s.? (d.
a# 54. T$e s#a#e(e+#s aso %es# "+co(!o%#ab ao+*s&0e #$e De!e+0a+#s
ac/+o9e0*(e+#s #$a# >DS o!!&c&as $ave bee+ &+s#%"c#e0 #o &(e(e+# . . . Q#$e
DS D&%ec#&ve 9$&+ 1;7 0as,? a+0 #$a# >Qa %e&(&+a% &+c$a%ac#e%&3a#&o+ o! #$e %"e? as >a *e+e%a s#a#e(e+# o! o&c?). @"# co"%#s &+ #$e
F&!#$ C&%c" a+0 beo+0 0o +o# ao9 a*e+c&es #o eva0e
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
57/88
6
a%#&c"a% a*e+c "#s "o+ s *&ve+ e'e%c&se o! a0(&+&s#%a#&ve o9e% &s +o#, !o%
o"% "%oses, co+c"s&ve %a#$e%, &s 9$a# #$e a*e+c 0oes &+ !ac#.?) Philli%s
Petroleu! Co. v. 6ohnson, 22 F.0 1, 16 5#$ C&%. 1664), !odified on other
grounds, No. 6-1, 1664 4;457 Se#. , 1664) %e#o avo&0 #$e +o#&ce a+0 co((e+# %e"&%e(e+#s o! #$e AA b
(&sc$a%ac#e%&3&+* a e*&sa#&ve %"e as a (e%e a%0s#&c/ a+0 o&c *"&0e&+e?)
Cro%life v. EPA, 26 F.0 ;, ;;2 D.C. C&%. 277) $o0&+* #$a# a+ EA >%ess
%eease? a++o"+ce0 a e*&sa#&ve %"e a+0 #$e%e!o%e #$a# #$e EA co"0 +o# escae
+o#&ce-a+0-co((e+# a+0 ce+#%a "%ose? &s #o >%ov&0Qe a b%oa0 sec#%"( o!
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
58/88
47
C&%c" (e%e $e0 #$a# #$ose o0 &+s#%"c#&o+s 0&0 +o# c%ea#e a >b&+0&+* +o%(? a+0
&+s#ea0 e!# a*e+c o!!&c&as !%ee #o (a/e >0&sc%e#&o+a%? a+0 >&+0&v&0"a&3e0
0e#e%(&+a#&o+s,? Mada7Luna v. Fit*%atric+, ;1 F.20 177, 171-14 6#$ C&%. 16;)
#$a# sas +o#$&+* abo"# 9$e#$e% this D&%ec#&ve &s s&(&a% +o+-s"bs#a+#&ve.
I+0ee0, De!e+0a+#s #$e(seves co+ce0e #$a# #$e DS D&%ec#&ve &s "+%ece0e+#e0,
see OC Me(o 7, a+0 eve+ OC 0oes +o# co+#e+0 #$a# #$e 0e!e%%e0 ac#&o+
>&+s#%"c#&o+s? !%o( #$e 16;7s QT$e !ac#
#$a# 9e %ev&o"s !o"+0 a+o#$e% FDA co(&a+ce o&c *"&0e #o be a o&c
s#a#e(e+# &s +o# 0&sos&ve 9$e#$e% CG 12.1 &s a o&c s#a#e(e+#.?).
No% ca+ De!e+0a+#s eva0e T$&s (e(o%a+0"( co+!e%s +o s"bs#a+#&ve %&*$# . . . .? FAC E'. A
a# 5. EA &+c"0e0 a s&(&a% bo&e%a#e a%a*%a$ a# #$e e+0 o! s >*"&0a+ce?
0oc"(e+# &+ A%%alachian Power, a+0 #$e Co"%# o! Aeas $e0 #$a# #$e AA
a&e0 a+9a: >QT$e e+#&%e G"&0a+ce, !%o( be*&++&+* #o e+0 = e'ce# #$e as#
a%a*%a$ = %ea0s &/e a "/ase. I# co((a+0s, %e"&%es, o%0e%s, 0&c#a#es.?
27; F.0 a# 172. So #oo $e%e.
. Plaintiffs, APA Clai!s Are Li+el/ To $ucceed #n The Merits
I! #$e D&%ec#&ve &s a s"bs#a+#&ve %"e %a#$e% #$a+ a o&c s#a#e(e+#), &s
"+co+#es#e0 #$a# #$e De!e+0a+#s 9& ose beca"se #$e &ss"e0 &+ v&oa#&o+ o! #$e
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
59/88
41
AAs +o#&ce-a+0-co((e+# %e"&%e(e+#s. $ee5 U.S.C. 55. @eo+0 #$a# v&oa#&o+
o! #$e AAs %oce0"%a %e"&%e(e+#s, #$e D&%ec#&ve aso &s a%b%a%, ca%&c&o"s,
a+0 co+#%a% #o a9 beca"se v&oa#es Co+*%esss cea% s#a#"#o% co((a+0s. $ee
id. 7 a%# I.A.2, su%ra.
De!e+0a+#s o+ 0e!e+se o! #$e D&%ec#&ve o+ #$e (e%s &s #$a# so(e$o9
co(o%#s 9$ vac"o"s s#a#"#o% %ov&s&o+s = s"c$ as #$e DS Sec%e#a%s
a"#$o% #o >e%!o%( s"c$ o#$e% ac#s as $e 0ee(s +ecessa% !o% ca%%&+* o"# $&s
a"#$o%? "+0e% #$e INA. ; U.S.C. 117a)). F&%s#, #$e as-$e-0ee(s-+ecessa%
ca"se *&ves Sec%e#a% Bo$+so+ o9e% #o >ca%%Q o"# $&s a"#$o%? "+0e% #$e INA
0oes +o# *&ve $&( o9e% #o v&oa#e #$e INA o% %e+0e% e+#&%e o%#&o+s o!
s"e%!"o"s. $eea%# I.A.2, su%ra De!e+0a+#s v&oa#e0 cea% s#a#"#o% co((a+0s
b e*a&3&+* #$e %ese+ce o! a+0 *&v&+* 9o%/ e%(s #o 4 (&&o+ eoe).
A+0 seco+0, 9o"0 %a&se se%&o"s co+s#"#&o+a co+ce%+s #o %ea0 Sec#&o+
117a)) as *&v&+* #$e DS Sec%e#a% a"#$o% #o &*+o%e #$e e+#&%e s#a#"#e 9$e+
>$e 0ee(s Q +ecessa%.? Co"%#s *o #o *%ea# e+*#$s 9$e+ %ea0&+* !e0e%a s#a#"#es
#o avo&0 co+s#"#&o+a 0&!!&c"#&es. $eeAshwander v. Tennessee alle/ Auth., 26
U.S. 2;;, 4 16) @%a+0e&s, B., co+c"%%&+*) 0.2. Austin Mun. -til. Dist. 0o. 8 v.
1older, 55 U.S. 16 2776). A+0 #$e Co+s#"#&o+ !o%b&0s Co+*%ess #o 0ee*a#e s
a9(a/&+* a"#$o% #o #$e E'ec"#&ve @%a+c$ abse+# a+ >&+#e&*&be %&+c&e.?
A!. Truc+ing, 51 U.S. a# 44-. De!e+0a+#s &+#e%%e#a#&o+ o! Sec#&o+ 117a))
#es#s #$ose co+s#"#&o+a &(s beca"se !a&s #o a%#&c"a#e a+ &+#e&*&be
%&+c&e !o% Co+*%esss 0ee*a#&o+ o! &(ess a9(a/&+* o9e% #o DS. T$ose
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
60/88
42
co+s#"#&o+a co+ce%+s a%e eve+ *%ave% "+0e% De!e+0a+#s &+#e%%e#a#&o+ o! ;
U.S.C. 124a$)), 9$&c$ #$e &+vo/e as #$e s#a#"#o% bas&s #o *%a+# 4 (&&o+
EACs. As e'a&+e0 above, Sec#&o+ 124a$)) &s a 0e!&+&o+a %ov&s&o+ a+0
0ee*a#es +o#$&+* = ("c$ ess 0oes "+co+s#"#&o+a "%o%# #o 0ee*a#e
&(ess a9(a/&+* o9e%. $eea%# I.A.2.b, su%ra. T$e ca+o+ o! co+s#"#&o+a
avo&0a+ce #$e%e!o%e %e"&%es %ea0&+* bo#$ Sec#&o+ 117a)) a+0 Sec#&o+
124a$)) +a%%o9 a+0 #o 0&sao9 DSs &(ess 0&sc%e#&o+.
C) Pla"!",,s Ha$e S!ad"&
Fo% a o! s co(e'&es, #$e o&+# o! #$e s#a+0&+* 0oc#%&+e &s s&(e: #o
e+s"%e #$a# a# eas# o+e a&+#&!! be!o%e #$&s Co"%# $as >Q#$e %e"&se e%so+a
&+#e%es#? #o c%ea#e a >Case? o% >Co+#%ove%s? "+0e% A%#&ce III. Friends of the Earth'
(nc. v. Laidlaw Environ!ental $ervs. 4T#C5' (nc., 52; U.S. 1, 1;6 2777). T$e
a&+#&!!s $e%e $ave seve%a e%so+a &+#e%es#s: 1) #$e DS D&%ec#&ve 9& &(ose
(&&o+s o! 0oa%s o! cos#s o+ s#a#e &ce+s&+* %o*%a(s 2) #$e D&%ec#&ve 9& !o%ce
#$e S#a#es #o se+0 $"+0%e0s o! (&&o+s o! 0oa%s o+ $ea#$, e0"ca#&o+, a+0 a9-
e+!o%ce(e+# %o*%a(s a+0 ) #$e D&%ec#&ve 9& 0&s#o%# abo% a+0 e(o(e+#
(a%/e#s &+ #$e a&+#&!! S#a#es. T$ose &+#e%es#s a%e 0%a(a#&ca (o%e co+c%e#e,
e%so+a, a+0
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
61/88
4
8. The D1$ Directive 2ill (!%ose Econo!ic (nuries #n Plaintiffs,
Driver,s License Progra!s
a. T$e S#a#es 9& ose (o+e
As #$e De!e+0a+#s aea% #o co+ce0e, a&+#&!! S#a#es ca+ es#ab&s$ s#a+0&+*
b s$o9&+* #$a# >Q#$e cos#s o! %ocess&+* a00&o+a Q0%&ve%s &ce+ses? a%e +o#
>%eco"e0 #$%o"*$ !ees ev&e0 o+ #$e &+0&v&0"a %ec&&e+#s.? O. 22 +.27. T$a#
co+cess&o+ 9as a 9&se o+e beca"se >eco+o(&c &+9$o &s +o# a c&3e+ o! #$e U+e0 S#a#es
("s# %ese+# #o #$e QDea%#(e+# o! "b&c Sa!e# >DS?) 0oc"(e+#a#&o+ &ss"e0 b
#$e a%o%&a#e U+e0 S#a#es a*e+c #$a# a"#$o%&3es #$e a&ca+# #o be &+ #$e
U+e0 S#a#es be!o%e #$e a&ca+# (a be &ss"e0 a 0%&ve%s &ce+se.? TEX.TRANS.
CODE 521.142a). Sec#&o+ 521.14250), &+ #"%+, %ov&0es #$a# DS >(a +o# 0e+ a
0%&ve%s &ce+se #o a+ a&ca+# 9$o %ov&0es 0oc"(e+#a#&o+ 0esc%&be0 b Sec#&o+
521.142a) base0 o+ #$e 0"%a#&o+ o! #$e e%so+s a"#$o%&3e0 s#a &+ #$e U+e0
S#a#es, as &+0&ca#e0 b #$e 0oc"(e+#a#&o+ %ese+#e0 "+0e% Sec#&o+ 521.142a).?
A+0 &! #$e a&ca+# as #$e %e"&%e0 !ee, DS >s$a &ss"e? a 0%&ve%s &ce+se. (d.
521.1;1. T$e !ee &s 24. (d. 521.421a), a-).
8/10/2019 Plaintiff's Reply - Texas v. United States
62/88
44
T$a# !ee 0oes +o# co(e cose #o cove%&+* #$e S#a#es cos#s !o% &ss"&+* 0%&ve%s
&ce+ses "+0e% #$e DS D&%ec#&ve. Te'ass "+0oc"(e+#e0 o"a#&o+ +"(be%s a#
eas# 1. (&&o+. $ee Esc$bac$ Dec. A. 7). I! o+ o+e-#$&%0 o! #$e(
a !o% 0%&ve%s &ce+ses "+0e% #$e DS D&%ec#&ve, 9& cos# #$e S#a#e 16;.
e% &ce+se, a# a +e# oss o! 14. e% &ce+se. $eee#e%s Dec. ; A. 7;7-1).
Eve+ &! o+ 2