Plaintiff Armstrong's memorandum in opposition to motion to dismiss

7/23/2019 Plaintiff Armstrong's memorandum in opposition to motion to dismiss

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]EKPM@ _PJPM_ @K_PRKOP OD]RP

\M_PMRE @K_PRKOP DG PMXJ_

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PD @K_FK__ DR _PJ[ ]E@MR PHM GM@MRJC JRBKPRJPKDE JOP

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2/36

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PJBCM DG ODEPMEP_

KEPRD@]OPKDE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:BJOALRD]E@ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%2

J% Rmcmwjep Drljekyjpkdes je` R}cms% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%2B% Fr% Jrfsprdels ]OK Ckomesms%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%0O% ]_J@Js Ohjrlkel Cmppmrs% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%0@% ]e`mr phm ]OK J@R# ]OK Hjs Mxoc}skwm I}rks`kopkde pd @mpmrfkem

\hmphmr pd ^}rs}m Ohjrlms Jljkesp Fr% Jrfsprdel% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%= :% ]OK Hjs Mxoc}skwm I}rks`kopkde Bmoj}sm Phmsm Ohjrlms Kewdcwm_jf~cms Odccmopm` b{ ]OK% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0% ]OK Hjs Jssmrpm` I}rks`kopkde Dwmr phm Fjppmr je` @krmopm`

]_J@J Edp pd ^rdomm`% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%::M% ]OK Jcsd Hjs Mxoc}skwm I}rks`kopkde ke phks Fjppmr ]e`mr phm \J@J

Od`m% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:2G% ]_J@J Hjs Ed I}rks`kopkde Pd Brkel j Odesdck`jpm` Jopkde Jljkesp _kx

^md~cm ]e`mr j Odes~krjo{ Phmdr{% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:?L% Phm 2>>= P{ljrp Jggk`jwkp Hjs Ed Bmjrkel de ]_J@Js I}rks`kopkde% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:?

JRL]FMEP %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:0K% PHM _^DRP_ JOP @DM_ EDP J^^C[ PD FR% JRF_PRDEL_ OCJKF_% %%%%%%%%%%%:0KK% MWME KG PHM _^DRP_ JOP J^^CKM@# KP \D]C@ EDP ^RMMF^P FR%

JRF_PRDEL_ OCJKF_% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm 2 dg ?7


3/36

kk

KW% FR% JRF_PRDEL @K@ EDP JLRMM PD JRBKPRJPM HK_ OCJKF_JLJKE_P ]_J@J% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%22J% ]_J@J Hjs phm B}r`me dg ^rdwkel je Jlrmmfmep pd Jrbkprjpm phm Fjppmrs

jp Kss}m% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%2?B% ]_J@J Hjs Edp Mspjbckshm` je{ Odeprjop}jc Jlrmmfmep b{ Fr%

Jrfsprdel Pd Jrbkprjpm Mkphmr ]_J@Js Ohjrlms dr phm Ocjkfs ke phm

Odf~cjkep% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%20O% ]_J@J Hjs Edp Fmp Kps B}r`me dg @mfdesprjpkel phjp Fr% Jrfsprdel

Jlrmm` Pd Jrbkprjpm phm Z}mspkde dg Jrbkprjbkckp{% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%2>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm ? dg ?7


4/36

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PJBCM DG J]PHDRKPKM_

GM@MRJC OJ_M_

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5/36

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Lrjhjf w% ]%_% Jepk&@d~kel Jlmeo{# Ed% =9:>&OW&:;0&G# 2>:: \C :27:?2: (M%@%E%O%

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Hjr`kel w% ]%_% Gkl}rm _ajpkel Jsse# 8=: G% _}~~% :00+ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:8

Emp}fjr Ckems w% Lmemrjc Ododj Od%# Ed% ;7 OKW >:?7# :;;< \C 0>:778 (_%@%E%[%I}c{ :7# :;;>8+

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_pmmc Od% w% Okpkymes gdr j Bmppmr Mewp# =2? ]%_% 8? (:;;8+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%22

_pmre w% Fjrshjcc# :?: _% Op% 2=;0# rmhl `mekm`# :?2 _% Op% =7 (2>::+ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%2>

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\kcc&@rkcc Rms%# Keo% w% _jfsde Rms% Od%# ?=2 G%?` 2:: (=ph Okr% 2>>?+ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%2?

_PJPM OJ_M_

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7/36

KEPRD@]OPKDE

]_J@J smmas pd gdrmocdsm i}`kokjc rmwkm| dg kps }ej}phdrkym` jssmrpkde dg `d~kel ohjrlms

jljkesp Fr% Jrfsprdel% B}p phm Od}rp hjs i}rks`kopkde pd meidke ]_J@Js }cprj wkrms ~rdomm`kel

je` rmz}krm ]_J@J pd gdccd| phm r}cms phjp ldwmre je` ckfkp kps j}phdrkp{% Phm kepmrejpkdejc

o{ockel gm`mrjpkde# phm ]ekde O{ockspm Kepmrejpkdejcm (]OK+# hjs mxoc}skwm i}rks`kopkde dwmr phm

fjppmrs ke ]_J@Js ohjrlkel cmppmrs je` hjs s~mokgkojcc{ `krmopm` ]_J@J edp pd ~rdomm`%

Edp|kphspje`kel ]_J@Js dbckljpkde pd jbk`m b{ ]OKs `mokskdes je` phm ldwmrekel ]OK r}cms#

]_J@J `mfje`s phjp Fr% Jrfsprdel mkphmr jrbkprjpm kps ohjrlms dr s}ggmr j ckgmpkfm bje grdf

o{ockel% Fr% Jrfsprdels ocjkfs gdr rmckmg jrm edp ~rmmf~pm` b{ phm Pm` _pmwmes Dc{f~ko je`

Jfjpm}r _~drps Jop (_~drps Jop+% Edr ks Fr% Jrfsprdel odeprjop}jcc{ rmz}krm` pd jrbkprjpm

phmsm fjppmrs% Joodr`kelc{# @mgme`jeps fdpkde pd `ksfkss (Fdp%+ shd}c` bm `mekm`%

B{ kps ~cjke pmrfs# phm _~drps Jop hjs ed j~~ckojpkde pd Fr% Jrfsprdels ocjkfs# |hkoh `d

edp kewdcwm je jfjpm}r jphcmpm dr jphcmpko mwmeps odwmrm` b{ phm spjp}pm% Mwme kg phm Jop j~~ckm`#

hd|mwmr# phm Od}rp hjs i}rks`kopkde pd odesk`mr |hmphmr ]_J@J ks jopkel ke wkdcjpkde dg phm

ldwmrekel r}cmsj fjppmr phjp `dms edp rmz}krm je{ `mpmrfkejpkde odeomrekel mkphmr phm fmrkps dg

]_J@Js ohjrlms dr Fr% Jrfsprdels mcklkbkckp{ pd odf~mpm%

]_J@J jssmrps phjp Fr% Jrfsprdel ks skcmep js pd fje{ dg phm j~~ckojbcm r}cms je`

smmas pd ormjpm j em| smp dg r}cms j~~ckojbcm dec{ pd hkf% Fdp% jp 2% B}p kp ks ]_J@J phjp

`ksrmljr`s phm ldwmrekel r}cms% Ke`mm`# ]_J@J gjkcs mwme pd keoc}`m js je mxhkbkp pd kps fdpkde

phm ]OK Jepk&@d~kel R}cms (]OK J@R+# de |hkoh kp mxoc}skwmc{ rmckms ke kps ohjrlkel cmppmrs js

phm sd}rom dg kps jccmlm` i}rks`kopkde% Kps rmg}sjc pd j``rmss phm ]OK J@R ke kps fdpkde# `ms~kpm kps

mx~rmss rmckjeom de phdsm r}cms ke kps ohjrlkel cmppmrs js phm dec{ sd}rom dg kps ocjkfm` i}rks`kopkde

je` phm ~rkeok~jc bjsks gdr kps s}bspjepkwm ohjrlms# kcc}sprjpms ]_J@Js `ksrmljr` dg phm

ldwmrekel r}cms%

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm < dg ?7


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2

Ke`mm`# ]_J@J ks `mg{kel edp dec{ phm ldwmrekel ]OK r}cms# b}p jcsd phm mx~rmss

`krmopkwms dg ]OK# |hdsm `mokskdes je` r}cms pjam ~rmom`meom dwmr phdsm dg ]_J O{ockel je`

]_J@J% ]_J@Js fdpkde emwmr fmepkdes phm orkpkojc gjops phjp ]OK hjs jssmrpm` i}rks`kopkde

dwmr phm fjppmrs ke ]_J@Js ohjrlkel cmppmrs je` phjp ]OK hjs `krmopm` ]_J@J edp pd ~rdomm`%

Gkejcc{# ]_J@J hjs edp fmp kps b}r`me dg `mfdesprjpkel phjp Fr% Jrfsprdel ks

odeprjop}jcc{ rmz}krm` pd jrbkprjpm hks ocjkfs% Fr% Jrfsprdels kepmrejpkdejc o{ockel ckomesm

j~~ckojpkdes `d edp rmz}krm hkf pd jrbkprjpm ocjkfs phjp wkdcjpm phm ]OK J@R je` phm \drc` Jepk&

@d~kel Od`m# je` phjp ]OK hjs `krmopm` ]_J@J edp pd ~}rs}m% Fr% Jrfsprdels fmfbmrshk~ ke

]_J O{ockel je` ]_J Prkjphcde jcsd `d edp rmz}krm jrbkprjpkde# js ]_J@J hjs ed i}rks`kopkde

pd brkel phm ohjrlms kp hjs jssmrpm`# ]OK hjs mx~rmssc{ `krmopm` ]_J@J edp pd ~rdomm`# je` phm

]OK J@Redp phm ]_J@J ^rdpdodcldwmre% Jp j fkekf}f# phmrm jrm fjpmrkjc `ks~}pm` gjops

phjp f}sp bm j``rmssm` bmgdrm phm Od}rp `mok`ms |hmphmr pd odf~mc jrbkprjpkde%

BJOALRD]E@

]_J@J `dms edp hjwm ~cmejr{ j}phdrkp{ dwmr jepk&`d~kel jccmljpkdes jljkesp o{ocksps

s}oh js Fr% Jrfsprdel% Pd phm odeprjr{# ]_J@J ks dem dg j e}fbmr dg drljekyjpkdes phjp

~rdpmop phm kepmlrkp{ dg s~drpkel mwmeps% Phmsm drljekyjpkdes jrm bd}e` b{ r}cms phjp `mckemjpm

phmkr i}rks`kopkde% Js ]OK hjs fj`m ocmjr ke kps cmppmrs krmopkel phjp ]_J@J edp ~rdomm` g}rphmr

ke phks fjppmr# kp ks ]OK# edp ]_J@J# phjp hjs i}rks`kopkde }e`mr phm ldwmrekel r}cms%

J% Rmcmwjep Drljekyjpkdes je` R}cms%]OK ks phm kepmrejpkdejc gm`mrjpkde (KG+ gdr o{ockel% _mm Mx% : (Jggk`jwkp dg Pkfdph{ I%

Hmrfje (Hmrfje Jgg%++ 2>% Kp ks rms~deskbcm gdr dwmrsmmkel kepmrejpkdejc o{ockel# keoc}`kel

pmspkel jphcmpms gdr ~rdhkbkpm` s}bspjeoms jp kepmrejpkdejc mwmeps% K`% ]OK hjs j odf~rmhmeskwm

smp dg jepk&`d~kel r}cms (phm ]OK J@R+# b{ |hkoh kps ckomesm&hdc`mrs je` fmfbmr gm`mrjpkdes jrm

bd}e`% K`% 22% ]e`mr phdsm r}cms# ]OK hjs mxoc}skwm i}rks`kopkde dwmr pmspkel jp kepmrejpkdejc



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mwmeps# je` @d~kel Odeprdc gdr s}oh fjppmrs (`mgkem` pd keoc}`m sjf~cm odccmopkde je`

hje`ckel je` rms}cps fjejlmfmep je` hmjrkels+ ks ldwmrem` mxoc}skwmc{ b{ phm ]OK J@R%

_mm Hmrfje Jgg% 2?1 Mx% 2? pd Hmrfje Jgg% (]OK J@R+ Jrp% 0 ' J~~x :% ]OK jcsd ode`}ops

d}p&dg odf~mpkpkde pmspkel% @d~kel Odeprdc gdr s}oh pmspkel ks ldwmrem` mxoc}skwmc{ b{ phm ]OK

J@R% _mm Hmrfje Jgg% 201 Mx% 2? pd Hmrfje Jgg% (]OK J@R+ Jrp% 8%

]_J O{ockel ks phm Ejpkdejc Gm`mrjpkde je` Ejpkdejc Ldwmrekel Bd`{ (ELB+ gdr

o{ockel ke phm ]ekpm` _pjpms% _mm Hmrfje Jgg% 2:% ]e`mr phm ]OK Odespkp}pkde# phm Dc{f~ko

Ohjrpmr# je` ]_J O{ockels B{cj|s# ]_J O{ockel ks bd}e` b{ ]OKs r}cms je` `mokskdes%:

Kp

shjcc odf~c{ |kph phm Odespkp}pkde je` Rml}cjpkdes dg phm ]OK# js |mcc js |kph jcc `mokskdes

pjame ke joodr`jeom phmrm|kph% Ckam|ksm# QkpV shjcc hjwm phm Odespkp}pkde# Rml}cjpkdes je`

`mokskdes dg phm ]OK odf~ckm` |kph b{ jcc ~mrsdes odeomrem`% Mx% 22 pd Hmrfje Jgg% (]OK

Odesp%+ Jrp% 7%:% ]_J O{ockel ks rmz}krm` pd keoc}`m ]OKs rml}cjpkdes ke kps d|e rml}cjpkdes%

_mm Mx% 2> pd Hmrfje Jgg%# Jrp% ?% Kg ]_J O{ockels r}cms dr ~rdom`}rms odegckop |kph ]OKs#

]OKs r}cms pjam ~rmom`meom% _mm Mx% 22 pd Hmrfje Jgg% (]OK Odesp%+ Jrp% 7%?%

Ke :;;;# phm \drc` Jepk&@d~kel Jlmeo{ (\J@J+ |js ormjpm`% Ke 2>>?# phm \J@J

Od`m |js keprd`}om`% ]OK je` ]_J@J jrm sklejpdrkms pd phm \J@J Od`m je` f}sp odf~c{

|kph kps ~rdwkskdes% _mm Hmrfje Jgg% 2>% Bdph ]OK je` ]_J@J jrm Jepk&@d~kel

Drljekyjpkdes }e`mr phm \J@J Od`m% _mm Mx% B pd Jggk`jwkp dg Prjwks P{ljrp (@do% ??&?+

:_mm Mx% 22 pd Hmrfje Jgg% (]OK Odesp%+ Jrp% 7 (Phm odespkp}pkde je` rml}cjpkdes dg phm

gm`mrjpkdes shjcc edp r}e od}epmr pd phm Odespkp}pkde je` Rml}cjpkdes dg phm ]OK% Ke ojsm dg

`kwmrlmeom# dec{ phm Odespkp}pkde je` Rml}cjpkdes dg phm ]OK shjcc j~~c{%+1 Mx% 2= pd Hmrfje

Jgg% (Dc{f~ko Ohjrpmr+ Jrp% 2; (Pd bm rmodleksm` b{ je EDO % % % j ejpkdejc gm`mrjpkde f}sp % % %bm ldwmrem` b{ je` odf~c{ ke jcc js~mops |kph % % % phm r}cms dg kps KG%+1 Mx% 20 pd Hmrfje Jgg%

(]_J O{ockel B{cj|s+ A%0 (Jcc @krmopdrs# _~drp Odffkppmm fmfbmrs# mf~cd{mms# je` dphmr

jlmeps dg ]_J O{ockel jrm dbckljpm` pd % % % QmVes}rm phjp ]_J O{ockel j`hmrms pd phm j~~ckojbcmr}cms# rml}cjpkdes# je` ~dckokms dg % % % kepmrejpkdejc s~drp ldwmrekel bd`kms |kph |hkoh ]_J

O{ockel jrm jggkckjpm`%+%

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm ; dg ?7


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(P{ljrp Jgg%+# J~~x :# jp :27% Phm \J@J Od`m ~rdwk`ms phjp rms}cps fjejlmfmep je`

hmjrkels jrm phm rms~deskbkckp{ dg je` shjcc bm ldwmrem` b{ phm ~rdom`}rjc r}cms dg phm Jepk&

@d~kel Drljekyjpkde phjp kekpkjpm` je` `krmopm` _jf~cm odccmopkde# k`% Jrp% :=%?hmrm# ]OK%

]_J@J |js ormjpm` ke 2>>>% _mm Fdp% jp 0% Kp ocjkfs pd `mrkwm kps j}phdrkp{ dwmr ]%_%

o{ocksps b{ wkrp}m dg j `mcmljpkde dg j}phdrkp{ grdf ]_J O{ockel% K`% jp ::# e%0>% I}sp js ]_J

O{ockel ks rmz}krm` pd gdccd| phm ]OK J@R je` phm \J@J Od`m# sd pdd ks ]_J@J# |hdsm

i}rks`kopkde ke o{ockel fjppmrs ks `mgkem` je` ckfkpm` b{ phm ]OK J@R je` phm \J@J Od`m%

B% Fr% Jrfsprdels ]OK Ckomesms%Js je mckpm kepmrejpkdejc odf~mpkpdr# Fr% Jrfsprdel dbpjkem` ]OK kepmrejpkdejc ckomesms%

_mm Hmrfje Jgg% 27% Js dg 2>>=# phm ]OK ckomesm j~~ckojpkdes rmz}krm` Fr% Jrfsprdel pd bm

bd}e` b{ phm ]OK J@R# phm \J@J Od`m# je` ]_J@J rml}cjpkdes ~rdwk`m` s}oh rml}cjpkdes

odf~c{ |kph phm \drc` Jepk&@d~kel Od`m% _mm Mxs% C&^ pd Jggk`jwkp dg Fdcc{ Pdfcdedwko

(@do% ??&7+ (ckomesm j~~ckojpkdes+%

O% ]_J@Js Ohjrlkel Cmppmrs%

De I}em :2# 2>:2# ]_J@J smep j cmppmr pd Fr% Jrfsprdel je` gkwm dphmr ke`kwk`}jcs#

jssmrpkel phjp ]_J@J |js d~mekel j skelcm odesdck`jpm` jopkde jljkesp phmf gdr je jccmlm`

`d~kel odes~krjo{% Mx% K pd P{ljrp Jgg% jp ::% Phm cmppmr jccmlms phjp Fr% Jrfsprdel }sm`

bjeem` s}bspjeoms `}rkel phm ~mrkd` grdf bmgdrm :;;8 phrd}lh 2>>=% K`% jp ::% Kp jccmlms

wkdcjpkdes dg phm ]OK J@R je` phm \J@J Od`m% K`% jp =&7 e%2% Kp jssmrps# js jccmlm` mwk`meom

ke s}~~drp dg kps ohjrlms# phjp Fr% Jrfsprdels }rkem sjf~cm rms}cps grdf phm 2>>: Pd}r dg

_|kpymrcje` (j ]OK sjeopkdem` mwmep#smm Hmrfje Jgg% 28+ |mrm ke`kojpkwm dg M^D }sm# je`

phjp Fr% Jrfsprdels jccmlm` `d~kel ks mwk`meom` b{ phm `jpj grdf bcdd` odccmopkdes dbpjkem`

b{ phm ]OK grdf Cjeom Jrfsprdel ke 2>>; je` 2>:>% Mx% K pd P{ljrp Jgg% jp ::%

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm :> dg ?7


11/36

=

]_J@J k`mepkgkm` phm sd}rom dg kps ocjkfm` i}rks`kopkde ke j smopkde dg phm I}em :2 cmppmr

mepkpcm` ]_J@J Rms}cps Fjejlmfmep J}phdrkp{% K`% jp :2&:? (mf~hjsks ke drklkejc+% Kp

k`mepkgkm` phm ]OK J@R js phm dec{ bjsks gdr kps i}rks`kopkde% K`% jp :2% ]_J@J ocjkfm` phjp kp

hjs rms}cps fjejlmfmep j}phdrkp{ Q~V}rs}jep pd phm ]OK J@R# okpkel ]OK J@R Jrpkocms :>#

:?# je` :8% K`% Kp spjpm` phjp ~}rs}jep pd phm ]OK J@R# phm rms}cps fjejlmfmep je` hmjrkel

~rdomss ke s}oh ojsms ks pd bm j`fkekspmrm` je` }e`mr phm ]_J@J ^rdpdodc% K`% jp :? (mf~hjsks

j``m`+% ]_J@J jppjohm` od~kms dg |hjp j~~mjr pd bm mwmr{ wmrskde dg phm ]OK J@R grdf :;;;

pd 2>:2 pd kps cmppmr% _mm Hmrfje Jgg% 2% Kp `k` edp jppjoh je{ `do}fmep grdf ]_J O{ockel dr

phm ]%_% Dc{f~ko Odffkppmm (]_DO+% K`% ?% Ph}s# kp |js ]_J@Jedp Fr% Jrfsprdel

phjp drklkejcc{ jssmrpm` phjp phm ]OK J@R ldwmres phm z}mspkde dg rms}cps fjejlmfmep

i}rks`kopkde dwmr phm ohjrlms jljkesp Fr% Jrfsprdel je` phm dphmr gkwm rms~de`meps% \hkcm

]_J@J keoc}`ms phm I}em :2 cmppmr js je mxhkbkp pd kps fdpkde# kp `dms edp keoc}`m phm

jppjohfmeps pd phm I}em :2 cmppmr js mxhkbkps dr dphmr|ksm jppjoh je{ wmrskde dg phm ]OK J@R%2

@% ]e`mr phm ]OK J@R# ]OK Hjs Mxoc}skwm I}rks`kopkde Pd @mpmrfkem \hmphmr

Pd ^}rs}m Ohjrlms Jljkesp Fr% Jrfsprdel%

@ms~kpm ]_J@Js mxoc}skwm rmckjeom de phm ]OK J@R ke kps ohjrlkel cmppmrs js phm

sd}rom dg kps ocjkfm` i}rks`kopkde# ]_J@J ed| jssmrps phjp kps ocjkfs jrm edp mxoc}skwmc{

~rmfksm` }~de ]_J@Js i}rks`kopkde }e`mr phm ]OK J@R b}p QjrmV jcsd gd}e`m` }~de % % % phm

r}cms dg ]_J@J# phm ]_DO je` ]_J O{ockel % % % % P{ljrp Jgg% ?71smm jcsd Fdp% jp 2 e%:%

]_J@J ks bd}e` b{ kps spjpmfmeps ke kps I}em :2 ohjrlkel cmppmr|hkoh odepjkes phm ohjrlms

phjp ]_J@J smmas pd ~}rs}m je` |hkoh kp s}bfkppm` pd kps Rmwkm| Bdjr`% ]_J@J ojeedp

ohjelm phm bjsks dg kps ocjkfm` i}rks`kopkde jgpmr ckpkljpkde hjs odffmeom`# ~jrpko}cjrc{ |hmrm kp

2]_J@Js I}em :2# 2>:2 cmppmr ks keodr~drjpm` b{ rmgmrmeom ke kps I}em 28# 2>:2 ohjrlkel cmppmr%

Mx% I pd P{ljrp Jgg% jp :% Phm I}em 28 cmppmr `dms edp sm~jrjpmc{ j``rmss ]_J@Js i}rks`kopkde%

Kp jccmlms s}bspjepkwm wkdcjpkdes dg phm ]OK J@R je` phm \J@J Od`m% K`% jp 2 e%:# =&7%

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm :: dg ?7


12/36

7

jcrmj`{ hjs kf~dsm` sjeopkdes jljkesp p|d dg phm skx ejfm` rms~de`meps bjsm` de kps I}em :2 je`

I}em 28 ohjrlkel cmppmrs (je` phm ]OK J@R+% _mm Mx% :> pd Hmrfje Jgg%

Mwme kg# js ]_J@J ed| ocjkfs# ]_J O{ockels r}cms jrm ed| j sd}rom dg kps ocjkfm`

i}rks`kopkde# phdsm r}cms rmz}krm ]_J O{ockel pd odf~c{ |kph# je` |hmrm ke odegckop `mgmr pd# phm

r}cms je` `mokskdes dg ]OK% _mm _mopkde J#s}~rj% ]e`mr phm Dc{f~ko Ohjrpmr# ]_J O{ockel

jcsd ks bd}e` b{ ]OKs r}cms% _mm k`% ]_J@J# |hkoh jssmrps phjp kp jops }e`mr j}phdrkp{

`mcmljpm` b{ ]_J O{ockel#smm Fdp% jp :: e%0># ks mz}jcc{ bd}e` b{ phm ]OK J@R je` ]OKs

`mokskdes# je` ]_J O{ockel ks rmz}krm` pd mes}rm phjp ]_J@J jbk`ms b{ phdsm r}cms je`

`mokskdes% _mm Mx% 22 pd Hmrfje Jgg% (]OK Odesp%+ Jrp% 7%:% D~kekdes dg phm Od}rp dg

Jrbkprjpkde gdr _~drp (OJ_+# phm prkb}ejc |hkoh rmsdcwms `ks~}pms kewdcwkel phm Dc{f~ko

Ljfms je` dphmr kepmrejpkdejc odf~mpkpkdes# odegkrf phjp phm r}cms je` `mokskdes dg kepmrejpkdejc

gm`mrjpkdes s}oh js ]OK pjam ~rmom`meom dwmr phdsm dg ejpkdejc s~drps drljekyjpkdes%?

Phm ]OK J@R ~rdwk`m }emz}kwdojcc{ phjp ]OK hjs mxoc}skwm i}rks`kopkde dwmr phm

ohjrlms ]_J@J smmas pd brkel# gdr gd}r ke`m~me`mep rmjsdes9 (:+ joodr`kel pd ]_J@Js

ohjrlkel cmppmrs# phm ohjrlms jccmlm` jljkesp Fr% Jrfsprdel kewdcwm sjf~cms odccmopm` b{ ]OK1

?_mm OJ_ ;8$:;2]OK$_%# @jefjras O{acm ]ekde (@O]+ je` @jefjras K`rjmps&Gdrb}e` (@KG+

(2: Dop% :;;8+ (]OKs jepk&`d~kel r}cms ~rmwjkc dwmr odegckopkel r}cms dg @mefjras ejpkdejc

o{ockel gm`mrjpkde+1 OJ_ 2>>>$O$2== Odfkpjpd Dckf~kod Ejykdejcm Kpjckjed (ODEK+ (:7 I}e%

2>>>+ :: (QPVhm gm`mrjpkdes# js fmfbmrs dg ]OK# jrm dbckljpm` pd odf~c{ |kph phmOdespkp}pkde je` Rml}cjpkdes dg ]OK# js |mcc js |kph jcc `mokskdes pjame ke joodr`jeom

phmrm|kph%+1 OJ_ ;0$:28 ]OK$ODEK 2:(QPVhm KGQsV meid{ ~rkeok~jc odf~mpmeom |kph rmljr`

pd phm gklhp jljkesp `d~kel% Kp ejp}rjcc{ gdccd|s phjp phmkr r}cms ~rmwjkc dwmr phdsm phjp fj{ hjwmbmme kss}m` b{ Qj ejpkdejc Dc{f~ko odffkppmmV dr ejpkdejc s~drps j}phdrkp{ (gdr mxjf~cm j

Qejpkdejc gm`mrjpkdeV++1 OJ_ ;7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm :2 dg ?7


13/36

:2 ohjrlkel cmppmr# |hkoh ks keodr~drjpm` ke g}cc ke kps I}em 28# 2>:2

cmppmr# jssmrps ohjrlms jljkesp Fr% Jrfsprdel phjp kewdcwm sjf~cms odccmopm` b{ ]OK% ]_J@J

jccmlms phjp Fr% Jrfsprdels }rkem sjf~cm rms}cps grdf phm 2>>: Pd}r dg _|kpymrcje` |mrm

ke`kojpkwm dg M^D }sm% Mx% K pd P{ljrp Jgg% jp ::% Kp jccmlms phjp Fr% Jrfsprdels d~kel ks

g}rphmr mwk`meom` b{ phm `jpj grdf bcdd` odccmopkdes dbpjkem` b{ ]OK grdf Cjeom Jrfsprdel ke

2>>; je` 2>:>% K`% ]_J@J `dms edp ocjkf phjp kp odccmopm` phmsm sjf~cms dr phjp phmsm pmsps

|mrm je{phkel b}p phm mxoc}skwm `dfjke dg ]OK# edr od}c` kp%

]e`mr phm ]OK J@R# ]OK hjs mxoc}skwm i}rks`kopkde dwmr rms}cps fjejlmfmep kewdcwkel

sjf~cms pjame b{ ]OK# |hkoh jrm ldwmrem` mxoc}skwmc{ b{ phm ]OK J@R% Mx% 2? pd Hmrfje

Jgg% (]OK J@R+ Jrps% 0# 8%0

]_J@J hjs ed odeo}rrmep i}rks`kopkde dwmr s}oh fjppmrs% Phm ]OK

J@R fjam ocmjr phjp dec{ ]OK shjcc ode`}op rms}cps fjejlmfmep |hmrm phm ]OK hjs

i}rks`kopkde gdr Pmspkel dr dphmr|ksm }e`mr phmsm Jepk&@d~kel r}cms% K`% Jrp% 2>2% ]OK hjs

mxoc}skwm rms}cps fjejlmfmep i}rks`kopkde# |hmphmr phm sjf~cm pmsps ~dskpkwm dr edp% K`% Jrps%

2>2&2?0% ]_J@J hjs ed i}rks`kopkde dwmr fjppmrs kewdcwkel j sjf~cm pjame b{ ]OK }ecmss je`

0Phm ]OK J@R je` \J@J Od`m `mgkem _jf~cm js QjVe{ bkdcdlkojc fjpmrkjc odccmopm` gdr

phm ~}r~dsms dg @d~kel Odeprdc% K`% J~~x :1 Mx% B pd P{ljrp Jgg% J~~x :% Bcdd` je` }rkem

sjf~cms ocmjrc{ z}jckg{%

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm :? dg ?7


14/36

8

}epkc ]OK fjams je jssmrpkde phjp je jepk&`d~kel wkdcjpkde hjs pjame ~cjom je` rmz}mspQsV phm

Ejpkdejc Gm`mrjpkde dg phm Ckomesm&Hdc`mr pd kespkljpm `ksok~ckejr{ ~rdomm`kels% K`% Jrp% 2?0%

Ke kps I}em :2 cmppmr# ]_J@J okpms ]OK J@R Jrpkocms :> je` :? js phm bjsks gdr kps

ocjkfm` i}rks`kopkde pd ~rdomm` jljkesp Fr% Jrfsprdel% Mx% K pd P{ljrp Jgg%jp 7% B}p Jrpkocm :>

dg phm ]OK J@R dec{ j~~ckms |hmrm ed _jf~cm odccmopkde ks kewdcwm`% Mx% 2? pd Hmrfje Jgg%

(]OK J@R+ Jrp% :>% Ke ojsms ckam phks# kewdcwkel sjf~cms dwmr |hkoh ]OK hjs mxoc}skwm

i}rks`kopkde# QpVhm ]OK shjcc ode`}op rms}cps fjejlmfmep# |hmphmr phm sjf~cm ks ~dskpkwm dr

edp% K`% Jrp% 2>2&2?0% Kg j sjf~cm pmsps emljpkwm# ]OK hjs mxoc}skwm i}rks`kopkde pd mxjfkem

odeormpm mcmfmeps ke`kojpkel phjp je jepk&`d~kel wkdcjpkde fj{ hjwm bmme odffkppm`# je`# QkVg

}~de odeoc}skde dg phm rms}cps fjejlmfmep ~rdomss# phm ]OK odesk`mrs phjp ed jepk&`d~kel r}cm

wkdcjpkde % % % hjs pjame ~cjom# phme phm ojsm shjcc bm pjame ed g}rphmr% K`% Jrps% 22;# 2?2%

Joodr`kelc{# ]OK hjs mxoc}skwm i}rks`kopkde dwmr phm fjppmrs jp kss}m# |hkoh jrm ldwmrem` b{ phm

]OK J@R# edp phm ^rdpdodc%

2% Jcpmrejpkwmc{# ]OK Hjs Mxoc}skwm I}rks`kopkde Bmoj}sm Kp

@ksodwmrm` phm Jccmlm` Wkdcjpkde%

Phm ohjrlms jssmrpm` b{ ]_J@J kewdcwm ]OK sjf~cms# je` ]_J@J hjs ed i}rks`kopkde

pd brkel ohjrlms kewdcwkel phdsm sjf~cms% B}p mwme kg phm ohjrlms `k` edp kewdcwm sjf~cms }e`mr

]OKs mxoc}skwm i}rks`kopkde# ]_J@J spkcc |d}c` cjoa i}rks`kopkde bmoj}sm ]OK `ksodwmrm` phm

jccmlm` wkdcjpkdes%

]e`mr ]OK J@R Jrpkocm :># kg ]OK# dem dg kps Ckomesm&Hdc`mrs# dr j fmfbmr Gm`mrjpkde

`ksodwmrs mwk`meom dg je jepk&`d~kel r}cm wkdcjpkde# phme ]OK hjs i}rks`kopkde je` phm ]OK

J@R shjcc j~~c{% Mx% 2? pd Hmrfje Jgg% (]OK J@R+ Jrp% :>% ]e`mr ]OK J@R Jrpkocm :2# kg

mwk`meom dg je jepk&`d~kel wkdcjpkde ks `ksodwmrm` b{ bdph ]OK je` jedphmr jepk&`d~kel

drljekyjpkde# ]OK rmpjkes i}rks`kopkde dwmr phm `mokskde |hmphmr phm dphmr drljekyjpkde fj{

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm :0 dg ?7


15/36

;

~rdomm`% K`% Jrp% :2% @ksodwmr{ ks `mgkem` js phm gke`kel dg mcmfmeps phjp p}re d}p pd bm

mwk`meom gdr gjops phjp j~~jrmepc{ odespkp}pm je jepk&`d~kel r}cm wkdcjpkde# rmljr`cmss dg phm Jepk&

@d~kel Drljekyjpkde |hd z}jckgkms phjp mwk`meom js s}oh% K`%

Hmrm# ]OK `ksodwmrm` mwk`meom dg phm jccmlm` wkdcjpkde |hme Gcd{` Cje`ks# j gdrfmr

pmjffjpm dg Fr% Jrfsprdels# smep je m&fjkc pd phm ]_J O{ockel OMD joo}skel Fr% Jrfsprdel

je` dphmrs dg wkdcjpkel jepk&`d~kel r}cms% _mm Mx% 7 pd Hmrfje Jgg% (Cje`ks m&fjkc+%=

]_J

O{ockel ks j fmfbmr Gm`mrjpkde dg ]OK# je` Fr% Cje`ks |js j ]OK Ckomesm&Hdc`mr% _mm

Hmrfje Jgg% 2:# ?:% @ksodwmr{ b{ mkphmr ]_J O{ockel dr Fr% Cje`ks dg mwk`meom dg je

jccmlm` jepk&`d~kel wkdcjpkde ks j `ksodwmr{ b{ ]OK }e`mr ]OK J@R :>% ]e`mr ]OK J@R

Jrpkocm :2# ]OK hjs i}rks`kopkde pd `mpmrfkem |hmphmr ]_J@J fj{ ~rdomm`# mwme kg ]_J@J

d~mes rms}cps fjejlmfmep dr hmjrkel ~rdomss% Mx% 2? pd Hmrfje Jgg% (]OK J@R+ Jrp% :2%

]OK fj{# b}p ks edp rmz}krm` pd# cmjwm phm ojsm pd phm Jepk&@d~kel Drljekyjpkde odeomrem`# b}p

phm `mokskde ks ]OKs pd fjam% K`%

]OK ojeedp `mcmljpm j}phdrkp{ pd ]_J@J pd ~rdomm` ke j fjppmr ke |hkoh ]OK hjs

i}rks`kopkde }ecmss je` }epkc ]OK ke`m~me`mepc{ rmwkm|s phm mwk`meom je` odeoc}`ms phjp kp ks

ckamc{ phjp j `d~kel wkdcjpkde hjs doo}rrm`% _mm k`% Jrp% 22;1 Jrp% 2?0 (]OK fj{ `mcmljpm

j}phdrkp{ dec{ kg ]OK `mpmrfkems phjp je jepk&`d~kel wkdcjpkde hjs pjame ~cjom+1 Jrp% 2?2 (kg ]OK

`mpmrfkems phjp ed jepk&`d~kel wkdcjpkde hjs pjame ~cjom# phme phm ojsm shjcc ld ed g}rphmr+%

Phdsm rmz}krmfmeps hjwm edp bmme sjpksgkm` hmrm% Pd phm odeprjr{# ]OK hjs rmz}mspm` phm

mwk`meom ke ]_J@Js ~dssmsskde sd phjp kp oje fjam phm rmz}krm` `mpmrfkejpkde# smm Mxs% :: '

:0 pd Hmrfje Jgg%# b}p pd d}r aed|cm`lm ]_J@J hjs edp ~rdwk`m` kp pd ]OK%

=B{ `kso}sskel b{ |hdf mwk`meom dg je jccmlm` wkdcjpkde |js `ksodwmrm`# Fr% Jrfsprdel ks

edp odeom`kel phjp je{ wkdcjpkde# ke gjop# doo}rrm` dr phjp phm mwk`meom ks rmckjbcm dr ~rdbjpkwm%

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm := dg ?7


16/36

:>

?% Jcpmrejpkwmc{# ]OK Hjs Mxoc}skwm I}rks`kopkde Bmoj}sm Fr%

Jrfsprdel Ks Rmpkrm` grdf O{ockel%

Kp ks }e`ks~}pm` phjp Fr% Jrfsprdel rmpkrm` grdf odf~mpkpkwm o{ockel ke Gmbr}jr{ 2>::%

_mm Mx% G pd Pdfcdedwko Jgg (@do% ??&7+% ]_J@J smep kps ohjrlkel cmppmr de I}em :2# 2>:2#

fdrm phje j {mjr jgpmr Fr% Jrfsprdels rmpkrmfmep grdf o{ockel% Phm ]OK J@R ~rdwk`m phjp

|hme j ckomesm&hdc`mr hjs rmpkrm` bmgdrm rms}cps fjejlmfmep hjs odffmeom`# phm Jepk&@d~kel

Drljekyjpkde phjp |d}c` hjwm hj` i}rks`kopkde jp phm pkfm dg phm jccmlm` wkdcjpkde hjs i}rks`kopkde

dwmr phm fjppmr% _mm Mx% 2? pd Hmrfje Jgg% (]OK J@R+ Jrp% :7% Phjp drljekyjpkde ks ]OK%

]_J@J ocjkfs phjp Fr% Jrfsprdel wkdcjpm` `d~kel r}cms `}rkel phm ~mrkd` grdf bmgdrm

:;;8 phrd}lh 2>>=# je` ~rmwkd}sc{ }sm` M^D# pmspdspmrdem je` QHLHV phrd}lh :;;7% Mx% K pd

P{ljrp Jgg% jp :>&::% ^rkdr pd J}l}sp :?# 2>>0# ]OKs jepk&`d~kel r}cms ~rdwk`m` phjp phm{ jcdem

j~~ckm` pd kepmrejpkdejc mwmeps% _mm# m%l%#Mx% : pd Hmrfje Jgg%(:;;; ]OK J@R+ Jrp% 0 (Phmsm

Rml}cjpkdes je` phmsm jcdem shjcc j~~c{ pd phm mwmeps fmepkdem` ke Jrpkocm 8% Phm{ shjcc bm

bke`kel }~de jcc Ejpkdejc Gm`mrjpkdes |hkoh fj{ emkphmr `mwkjpm phmrmgrdf edr j`` phmrmpd%+%

Js dg I}c{ 2>>:# phm ]OK Rml}cjpkdes ~rdwk`m` phjp# ke j``kpkde pd j~~c{kel pd kepmrejpkdejc

mwmeps# phm{ jcdem j~~ckm` pd jcc js~mops dg jepk`d~kel odeprdcs ke ejpkdejc mwmeps je` pd d}p dg

odf~mpkpkde pmsps b{ phm ejpkdejc gm`mrjpkdes# js |mcc js d}p dg odf~mpkpkde pmsps b{ phm ]OK%

Mx% ? pd Hmrfje Jgg% (I}c{ 2>>: ]OK J@R+ Jrp% 2% _kfkcjrc{# Fr% Jrfsprdels ~rm&2>>0 ]OK

ckomesm j~~ckojpkdes fj`m ed rmgmrmeom pd ]_J@J% _mm Hmrfje Jgg% 2>>% _mm Fdp% jp 0% ]_J@J hjs edp k`mepkgkm` je{ s~mokgko jccmlm`

ode`}op b{ Fr% Jrfsprdel jgpmr J}l}sp :?# 2>>0 phjp odespkp}pms je jccmlm` `d~kel wkdcjpkde%

Gdr phks rmjsde js |mcc# ]_J@J cjoas i}rks`kopkde dwmr phm ohjrlms jljkesp Fr% Jrfsprdel%



17/36

::

0% ]OK Hjs Jssmrpm` I}rks`kopkde dwmr phm Fjppmr je` @krmopm` ]_J@J

Edp pd ^rdomm`%

Gkejcc{# ]_J@J hjs ed j}phdrkp{ pd ~rdomm` bmoj}sm ]OK hjs jssmrpm` kps i}rks`kopkde

dwmr phm fjppmrs ke ]_J@Js ohjrlkel cmppmr je` `krmopm` ]_J@J edp pd ~rdomm` g}rphmr% De

I}c{ :?# 2>:2# ]OK |rdpm pd ]_J@J je` jssmrpm` ]OKs i}rks`kopkde dwmr phks fjppmr% Mx% :: pd

Hmrfje Jgg% ]OK odegkrfm` phjp kp hjs j}phdrkp{ gdr rms}cps fjejlmfmep |kph rms~mop pd phm

fjppmr# |hkoh# kepmr jckj# kewdcwms ]OK pmsps dwmr |hkoh ]OK ks phm dec{ pmsp rms}cps

fjejlmfmep j}phdrkp{% K`% jp :% ]OK kespr}opm` ]_J@J pd sme` ]OK kps odf~cmpm gkcm# sd phjp

]OK fj{ s}bfkp phm gkcm pd je ke`m~me`mep ~jemc gdr rmwkm|% K`% jp 2% ]OK g}rphmr kespr}opm`

]_J@J pd rmgrjkeQV grdf ~rdomm`kel |kph phm `ksok~ckejr{ jopkdes ~me`kel rmwkm| dg phm gkcm

b{ phm ke`m~me`mep ~jemc% K`% jp ?% ]_J@J `k` edp ~rdwk`m ]OKs I}c{ :?# 2>:2 cmppmr pd phm

Od}rp |kph kps fdpkde1 edr `dms kp j``rmss phm cmppmr ke kps fdpkde pd `ksfkss% De J}l}sp ?# 2>:2#

]OK jljke |rdpm pd ]_J@J# rmkpmrjpm` kps mxoc}skwm i}rks`kopkde dwmr phm fjppmr# je` kegdrfm`

]_J@J phjp kp hj` ed j}phdrkp{ pd ~rdomm`% _mm Mx% :0 pd Hmrfje Jgg%

Phm ]OK Odespkp}pkde rmz}krms ]_J O{ockel pd jbk`m b{ ]OKs `mokskdes je` mes}rm phjp

phm{ jrm odf~ckm` |kph b{ jcc ~mrsdes odeomrem`# keoc}`kel ]_J@J% Mx% 22 pd Hmrfje Jgg%

Jrp% 7%:% _kfkcjrc{# }e`mr phm ]OK J@R# ]_J@J ojeedp ~rdomm` ke j fjppmr |kphke ]OKs

rms}cps fjejlmfmep i}rks`kopkde }ecmss je` }epkc ]OK fjams je jssmrpkde phjp je jepk&`d~kel

r}cm wkdcjpkde hjs pjame ~cjom% Mx% 2? pd Hmrfje Jgg% Jrp% 2?01smm jcsdk`% Jrp% 20;% Kg ]OK

|mrm pd `mok`m phjp ed jepk&`d~kel wkdcjpkde hjs pjame ~cjom jgpmr rmwkm| b{ je ke`m~me`mep

~jemc# ]_J@J |d}c` hjwm phm rklhp }e`mr phm ]OK J@R mkphmr pd jsa ]OK pd rmd~me phm ojsm dr

pd j~~mjc ]OKs `mokskde pd OJ_% K`% Jrps% 2??# ?2;% ]_J@J `dms edp# hd|mwmr# hjwm phm rklhp

dr j}phdrkp{ pd `ksrmljr` ]OKs `krmopkwm phjp kp ~rdomm` ed g}rphmr ~me`kel ]OKs rmwkm| dg phm

fjppmr% [mp phjp ks ~rmoksmc{ |hjp ]_J@J smmas pd `d hmrm% _mm Mxs% ::# :? pd Hmrfje Jgg%

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm :< dg ?7


18/36

:2

M% ]OK jcsd Hjs Mxoc}skwm I}rks`kopkde ke phks Fjppmr ]e`mr phm \J@J Od`m%

Fr% Jrfsprdels ckomesm j~~ckojpkdes js dg 2>>= spjpm phjp hm ks bd}e` b{ phm ]OK J@R#

\J@J Od`m# je` ]_J@J rml}cjpkdes ~rdwk`m` s}oh rml}cjpkdes odf~c{ |kph phm \drc` Jepk&

@d~kel Od`m% _mm Mxs% C^ pd Pdfcdedwko Jgg% ]_J@J ks bd}e` b{ phm \J@J Od`m js j

sklejpdr{% _mm Hmrfje Jgg% 2>% Phm \J@J Od`m mspjbckshms r}cms dg ~rmom`meom phjp

ldwmre |hkoh mepkp{ hjs rms}cps fjejlmfmep i}rks`kopkde ke j ~jrpko}cjr ojsm% _mm Mx% B pd P{ljrp

Jgg% Jrp% := ofp% ]e`mr phm \J@J Od`m# ]OK hjs mxoc}skwm i}rks`kopkde bmoj}sm9 (:+ ]OK

kekpkjpm` je` `krmopm` phm odccmopkde dg phm sjf~cms okpm` ke ]_J@Js ohjrlkel cmppmr1 (2+ ]OK

`ksodwmrm` mwk`meom dg phm jccmlm` wkdcjpkde1 je` (?+ Fr% Jrfsprdel ks rmpkrm` je` ]OK hj`

i}rks`kopkde `}rkel phm pkfm grjfm dg phm jccmlm` wkdcjpkdes%

Phm \J@J Od`m ~rdwk`ms9

QDVec{ j skelcm drljekyjpkde shd}c` bm rms~deskbcm gdr kekpkjpkel je` `krmopkel

Pmspkel `}rkel phm Mwmep ^mrkd`%Jp Kepmrejpkdejc Mwmeps# phm odccmopkde dg @d~kel

Odeprdc _jf~cms shjcc bm kekpkjpm` je` `krmopm` b{ phm kepmrejpkdejc drljekyjpkde|hkoh ks phm r}ckel bd`{ gdr phm MwmepQk%m% ]OK gdr o{ockelV%

Mxom~p js ~rdwk`m` ke Jrpkocm :=%?%: bmcd|# rms}cps fjejlmfmep je` hmjrkels

shjcc bm phm rms~deskbkckp{ dg je` shjcc bm ldwmrem` b{ phm ~rdom`}rjc r}cms dg phm

Jepk&@d~kel Drljekyjpkde phjp kekpkjpm` je` `krmopm` _jf~cm odccmopkde Qdr# kg ed_jf~cm odccmopkde ks kewdcwm`# phm drljekyjpkde |hkoh `ksodwmrm` phm wkdcjpkdeV%

K`% Jrps% :=%:# :=%? (mf~hjsms j``m`+% ]OK kekpkjpm` phm odccmopkde dg phm sjf~cms j``rmssm` ke

]_J@Js ohjrlkel cmppmrs% _mm s}~rj _mopkde @%:% ]_J@Js I}em :2# 2>:2 cmppmr s~mokgkojcc{

joaed|cm`lms phjp phm 2>>; je` 2>:> sjf~cms |mrm pjame b{ ]OK% Mx% K pd P{ljrp Jgg% jp ::% Js

j rms}cp# rms}cps fjejlmfmep je` hmjrkels# Mx% B pd P{ljrp Jgg% Jrp% :=%?# jrm ]OKs

rms~deskbkckp{ je` ldwmrem` b{ ]OK r}cms% Mwme kg phm ohjrlms `k` edp kewdcwm sjf~cms# ]OK

`ksodwmrm` phm wkdcjpkde# js `kso}ssm` jbdwm# je` hjs mxoc}skwm i}rks`kopkde dwmr phm fjppmr%

Gkejcc{# bmoj}sm Fr% Jrfsprdel rmpkrm` grdf o{ockel ke 2>::# phm jepk&`d~kel drljekyjpkde phjp

|d}c` hjwm hj` rms}cps fjejlmfmep j}phdrkp{ jp phm pkfm phm Jphcmpm % % % odffkppm` je



19/36

:?

Qjccmlm`V jepk&`d~kel r}cm wkdcjpkde# hjs i}rks`kopkde pd ode`}op rms}cps fjejlmfmep% K`% Jrp%

>= P{ljrp Jggk`jwkp Hjs Ed Bmjrkel de ]_J@Js I}rks`kopkde%

]_J@J jppjohms pd kps fdpkde je jggk`jwkp phjp Fr% P{ljrp ~rdwk`m` ke j 2>>= jrbkprjpkde

kewdcwkel Fr% Jrfsprdel je` _OJ ^rdfdpkdes# Keo% _mm Mx% M pd P{ljrp Jgg% Phjp jggk`jwkp

`dms edp rmgcmop je{ joaed|cm`lmfmep b{ Fr% Jrfsprdel phjp ]_J@J hjs i}rks`kopkde ke phks

fjppmr% Je kss}m ke phm 2>>= jrbkprjpkde |js |hmphmr ]_J@J hj` mggmopkwm `r}l pmspkel ~dckokms

je` rms}cps fjejlmfmep% Fr% P{ljrp odegkrfm` phjp ]_J@J pmspm` Fr% Jrfsprdel js ~jrp dg kps

`r}l pmspkel ~ddc# j gjop Fr% Jrfsprdel hjs emwmr `ks~}pm`% _mm k`% jp 2&?% Phm jggk`jwkp

odegkrfm` phjp Fr% Jrfsprdel ~jssm` mwmr{ pmsp pjame b{ ]_J@J% _mm k`% jp ?&0% Kp `dms edp

j``rmss |hmphmr ]_J@J hjs i}rks`kopkde ke phks fjppmr# |hkoh kewdcwms sjf~cms pjame b{ ]OK jp

]OK sjeopkdem` mwmeps je` d}psk`m dg odf~mpkpkde%

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm :; dg ?7


20/36

:0

JRL]FMEP

K% PHM _^DRP_ JOP @DM_ EDP J^^C[ PD FR% JRF_PRDEL_ OCJKF_%]_J@J odepme`s phjp phks Od}rp cjoas i}rks`kopkde dwmr Fr% Jrfsprdels ocjkfs bmoj}sm

phm _~drps Jop ~rmmf~ps phmf je` rmz}krms jrbkprjpkde% _mm Fdp% jp ;&::% B{ kps ocmjr je`

}ejfbkl}d}s pmrfs# hd|mwmr# phm _~drps Jop j~~ckms dec{ pd jfjpm}r jphcmpms je` omrpjke

jfjpm}r jphcmpko odf~mpkpkdes% Fr% Jrfsprdel ks edp je jfjpm}r jphcmpm1 edr jrm phm ~rdgmsskdejc

kepmrejpkdejc o{ockel odf~mpkpkdes jp kss}m hmrm (m%l%#phm Pd}r `m Grjeom je` Pd}r dg

_|kpymrcje`+ odwmrm` b{ phm Jop% Fdrmdwmr# phm _~drps Jop dec{ rmz}krms jrbkprjpkde |kph ELBs#

je` ]_J@J ks edp je ELB% Joodr`kelc{# phm Jop `dms edp ~rmmf~p Fr% Jrfsprdels ocjkfs%

Kp ks jxkdfjpko phjp# |hmrm spjp}pdr{ cjel}jlm ks }ejfbkl}d}s# kp shd}c` bm megdrom`

joodr`kel kp pd kps ~cjke pmrfs% _mmKe rm Ojf~# 7?: G%?`


21/36

:=

]_J@J odepme`s phjp phm _~drps Jop mspjbckshm` jrbkprjpkde js phm mxoc}skwm gdr}f gdr

`ks~}pms rmcjpkel pd jphcmpm mcklkbkckp{ ke s~drps phjp jrm ~jrp dg phm Dc{f~ko fdwmfmep# je` phjp#

js j fmfbmr dg ]_J O{ockel# Cjeom Jrfsprdel ks s}bimop pd phks fje`jpdr{ `ks~}pm rmsdc}pkde

grjfm|dra% Fdp% jp :%B}p phm `ks~}pm rmsdc}pkde grjfm|dra dg phm _~drps Jop dec{ rmz}krms

phm ]_DO pd mspjbcksh je` fjkepjke ~rdwkskdes ke kps odespkp}pkde je` b{cj|s gdr phm s|kgp je`

mz}kpjbcm rmsdc}pkde dg `ks~}pms kewdcwkel je{ dg kps fmfbmrs Qk%m%# ELBs8Vje` rmcjpkel pd phm

d~~drp}ekp{ dg je jfjpm}r jphcmpm % % % pd ~jrpkok~jpm ke phm Dc{f~ko Ljfms# phm ^jrjc{f~ko

Ljfms# phm ^je&Jfmrkoje Ljfms# |drc` ohjf~kdeshk~ odf~mpkpkde# drdphmr ~rdpmopm`

odf~mpkpkde js `mgkem` b{ phm odespkp}pkde je` b{cj|s dg phm odr~drjpkde Qphm ]_DOV% ?7

]%_%O% 22>=>;(j+ (mf~hjsms j``m`+% Phm _~drps Jop jrbkprjpkde ~rdwkskde hjs ed j~~ckojpkde

hmrm bmoj}sm ]_J@J ks jppmf~pkel pd sprk~ Fr% Jrfsprdel# j~rdgmsskdejc jphcmpm# dg hks

mcklkbkckp{ pd odf~mpm ke~rdgmsskdejcjphcmpko odf~mpkpkdes edp odwmrm` b{ phm Jop%

Gkrsp# phm _~drps Jop `dms edp j~~c{ bmoj}sm ]_J@J ks smmakel pd kewjck`jpm Fr%

Jrfsprdels ~rdgmsskdejc o{ockel johkmwmfmeps% Phks ks odegkrfm` b{ kps I}em :2 cmppmr# |hkoh

rmgmrmeoms ~rdgmsskdejc o{ockel pmjfs dg |hkoh Fr% Jrfsprdel |js j fmfbmr% _mm Mx% K pd

P{ljrp Jgg% jp :% ^rdgmsskdejc o{ockel rjoms ckam phm Pd}r `m Grjeom jrm edp ~jrp dg phm Dc{f~ko#

^jrjc{f~ko# dr ^je&Jfmrkoje Ljfms# dr je{ |drc` ohjf~kdeshk~ odwmrm` b{ phm _~drps Jop%

_mm Hmrfje Jgg% 2;% Phm{ jrm edp ~rdpmopm` odf~mpkpkdes }e`mr phm ]_DO B{cj|s# |hkoh

jrm `mgkem` js jfjpm}r jphcmpko odf~mpkpkdeQsV ke |hkoh phm ELB ode`}ops phm pr{d}ps dr

phjp phm ~cjkepkggQV ojeedp ~rdwm je{ smp dg gjops ke s}~~drp dg QhksV ocjkf |hkoh |d}c` mepkpcm

QhkfV pd rmckmg% _jrj| ^shk~ w% ]ekpm` _pjpms# 7< G%?` =7>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm 2: dg ?7


22/36

:7

smcmopkde ~rdomss pd `mok`m |hd |kcc rm~rmsmep phm ]ekpm` _pjpms% _mm Mx% 2: pd Hmrfje Jgg%

(]_DO B{cj|s :%?(|+ (_m~p% 20# 2>::++1 Hmrfje Jgg% 2;% Phm sjfm ks pr}m |kph rms~mop pd

\drc` Prkjphcde Odr~drjpkde (\PO+ ~rdgmsskdejc `kwkskde odf~mpkpkdes# |hkoh jrm

~rdgmsskdejc mwmeps% K`% ??% Ke`mm`# ]_J@J `dms edp mwme jppmf~p pd jrl}m phjp ~rdgmsskdejc

o{ockel rjoms ckam phm Pd}r `m Grjeom dr ~rdgmsskdejc \PO prkjphcdes jrm ~rdpmopm`

odf~mpkpkdes }e`mr phm ]_DO B{cj|s dr phm _~drps Jop% Bmoj}sm ]_J@Js ohjrlms jrm jkfm`

jp Fr% Jrfsprdels rmprdjopkwm mcklkbkckp{ pd odf~mpm ke ~rdgmsskdejc o{ockel odf~mpkpkdes je` hks

~rds~mopkwm mcklkbkckp{ pd odf~mpm ke ~rdgmsskdejc prkjphcdes# phm{ jrm d}psk m phm sod~m dg phm Jop%

_mm Ohjf~kdes\drc`# CCO w% ]%_% _doomr Gm`e# Keo%# :>+ (hdc`kel phjp sdoomr ELB cjoam` i}rks`kopkde dwmr ~rdgmsskdejc sdoomr ke phm ]ekpm` _pjpms#

mxom~p pd phm mxpmep emomssjr{ pd rml}cjpm ~cj{mrs ~jrpkok~jpkde ke Dc{f~kos je` dphmr ~rdpmopm`

odf~mpkpkdes+%

_mode`# Fr% Jrfsprdel ks edp je jfjpm}r jphcmpm gdr ~}r~dsms dg phm _~drps Jop%

]_J@J jrl}ms phjp# `ms~kpm hjwkel mjrem` fdrm ~rkym fdem{ je` me`drsmfmep keodfm phje

emjrc{ je{ dphmr odf~mpkpdr ke s~drp `}rkel hks ~rdgmsskdejc ojrmmr# Fr% Jrfsprdel ks# ke gjop# je

jfjpm}r jphcmpm bmoj}sm je{ jphcmpm |hd ~jrpkok~jpms ke j s~drp phjp ks gmjp}rm` ke phm Dc{f~ko

Ljfms ks je jfjpm}r jphcmpm }e`mr phm Jop% Fdp% jp 0% ]_J@J `dms edp ~rdwk`m je{ s}~~drp

gdr kps kepmr~rmpjpkde dg phm Jop# |hkoh |d}c` cmj` pd jbs}r` rms}cps je` hjs bmme mx~ckokpc{

rmimopm`% _mm Ohjf~kdes\drc`# 8$>?$:2 ^jlm 22 dg ?7


23/36

:=>;(j+1 ?7 ]%_%O% 22>=22(j+(0+% Kp fjams ed rmgmrmeom pd ]_J@J dr ejpkdejc jepk&`d~kel

drljekyjpkdes% Odelrmss jfme`m` phm Jop ke 2>>7skx {mjrs jgpmr phm ormjpkde dg ]_J@Jb}p

`k` edp j`` je{ rmgmrmeom pd ]_J@J% _mm ^}b% C% Ed% :>;&280# :2> _pjp% :2:: (2>>7+% ]_J@J

joaed|cm`lms phjp jcc b}p dem dg phm ~rmmf~pkde ojsms kp okpms `d edp kewdcwm ]_J@J% _mm Fdp%

;&::% Ke phm dec{ ~rmmf~pkde ojsm kp okpms phjp jop}jcc{ kewdcwm` ]_J@J# Lrjhjf w% ]%_% Jepk&

@d~kel Jlmeo{# Ed% =9:>&OW&:;0&G# 2>:: \C :27:?2: (M%@%E%O% Fjr% ?:# 2>::+# phm~rd sm

~cjkepkgg sd}lhp pd odf~mc jrbkprjpkde |kph ]_J@J# edp ~rmoc}`m kp% K`% jp )=%

KK% MWME KG PHM _^DRP_ JOP J^^CKM@# KP \D]C@ EDP ^RMMF^P FR%

JRF_PRDEL_ OCJKF_%

Mwme kg ]_J@J od}c` sdfmhd| shd|odeprjr{ pd phm spjp}pms ~cjke pmrfsphjp phm

_~drps Jop j~~ckms pd j `ks~}pm bmp|mme ]_J@J je` Fr% Jrfsprdel# phm Jop dec{ ~rmmf~ps

ocjkfs odeomrekel mcklkbkckp{ pd odf~mpm ke omrpjke odf~mpkpkdes% Fr% Jrfsprdel ks edp jsakel

phm Od}rp pd r}cm de |hmphmr hm ks mcklkbcm pd odf~mpm ke je{ ~rdpmopm` odf~mpkpkde% Rjphmr# hm

brkels odffde cj| je` Gkgph Jfme`fmep `}m ~rdomss ohjccmelms pd ]_J@Js }cprj wkrms

jopkdes% Joodr`kelc{# phm _~drps Jop |d}c` edp ~rmmf~p hks ocjkfs mwme kg kp j~~ckm`%

Od}rps shd}c` bm rmc}opjep pd kegmr ~rm&mf~pkde% _mmBc`l% ' Odespr% Prj`ms Od}eokc dg

phm Fmprd% @ksp% w% Jssdokjpm` B}kc`mrs ' Odeprjopdrs dg Fjss%$R%K%# Keo%# =>< ]%_% 2:8# 220

(:;;?+% Phmrm ks j ~rms}f~pkde jljkesp ~rm&mf~pkde# Ok~dccdem w% Ckllmpp Lr~%# Keo%# =>= ]%_%

=>0# =22 (:;;2+# je` od}rps rmz}krm ocmjr je` fjekgmsp Odelrmsskdejc kepmep#Melcksh w% Lme%

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm 2? dg ?7


24/36

:8

Mcmo% Od%# 0;7 ]%_% >< \C

208;# jp )2 (_%@% Pmx% _m~p% :0# 2>># =;= (>:+ (\hkcm phmrm ks ed `ks~}pm phjp phm ]_DO hjs mxoc}skwm i}rks`kopkde |hme kp odfms pd

mcklkbkckp{ `mpmrfkejpkdes# phm od}rps oje spkcc ~cj{ j rdcm ke mes}rkel phjp phm drljekyjpkde gdccd|s

kps d|e r}cms gdr `mpmrfkekel mcklkbkckp{+1 Lrjhjf# 2>:: \C :27:?2:# jp )7 (od}rp hjs j

ckfkpm` rdcm ke mes}rkel phjp phm jfjpm}r s~drps drljekyjpkdes gdccd| phmkr d|e r}cms % % % %+%

:>Fr% Jrfsprdel odepme`s phjp ]_J@J ks j spjpm jopdr% B}p mwme kg kp ks edp# Fr% Jrfsprdel hjs

j odffde cj| `}m ~rdomss ocjkf jljkesp ]_J@J%



25/36

:;

Hjr`kelkewdcwm` j ohjccmelm b{ Pde{j Hjr`kel pd phm ode`}op dg phm ]ekpm` _pjpms

Gkl}rm _ajpkel Jssdokjpkde (]_G_J+# phm ELB gdr gkl}rm sajpkel% _hm sd}lhp pd meidke j

`ksok~ckejr{ ~rdomm`kel kekpkjpm` jljkesp hmr b{ ]_G_J rmljr`kel hmr mcklkbkckp{ pd odf~mpm ke

phm Dc{f~kos de phm bjsks phjp kp |d}c` wkdcjpm ]_G_Js b{cj|s% \hkcm oj}pkdekel phjp od}rps

shd}c` bm hmskpjep pd kepmrwmem ke s}oh fjppmrs# phm od}rp rmodlekym` phjp i}`kokjc kepmrwmepkde ks

|jrrjepm` |hmrm phm jssdokjpkde hjs ocmjrc{ brmjohm` kps d|e r}cms# phjp brmjoh |kcc kffkemepc{

rms}cp kesmrkd}s je` krrm~jrjbcm hjrf pd phm ~cjkepkgg# je` phm ~cjkepkgg hjs mxhj}spm` jcc kepmrejc

rmfm`kms% 8=: G% _}~~% jp :0+# |hmrm QmVxjfkejpkde dg je{ dg Q_cjem{sV

ocjkfs |d}c` rmz}krm je Jrpkocm KKK od}rp pd mxjfkem js je }e`mrc{kel kss}m phm wjck`kp{ dg Qj `r}l

pmspV# je me`mjwdr Qj od}rpV ojeedp ~jrpjam ke# 200 G%?` jp =;7# drBjrems w% Kepmrejpkdejc

Jfjpm}r Jphcmpko Gm`mrjpkde (Fdp% jp :>+# |hmrm phm mssmeom dg phm rmckmg sd}lhp b{ ~cjkepkgg % % %

::]_J@J hjs edp jccmlm` phjp Fr% Jrfsprdel hjs gjkcm` pd ~cmj` j`mz}jpmc{ phjp ]_J@J hjs

brmjohm` phm ldwmrekel r}cms dr phjp phjp brmjoh |kcc kffkemepc{ rms}cp ke smrkd}s je` krrm~jrjbcm

hjrf pd Fr% Jrfsprdel% Jfdel dphmr phkels# j `m~rkwjpkde dg ~rdom`}rjc `}m ~rdomss ks ke

kpsmcg krrm~jrjbcm kei}r{% Jssdokjpm` B}kc`mrs ' Odeprjopdrs dg Pmx% L}cg Odjsp# Keo% w% ]%_%

@m~p% dg Memrl{# 0=: G% _}~~% 28:# 287 (_%@% Pmx% :;>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm 2= dg ?7


26/36

2>

omepmrm` de hks mcklkbkckp{ pd odf~mpm% 872 G% _}~~% :=?::+% Fr% Jrfsprdels odffde

cj| `}m ~rdomss je` pdrpkd}s kepmrgmrmeom ocjkfs# |hkoh `d edp smma j`i}`kojpkde dg hks mcklkbkckp{

pd odf~mpm# f}sp bm j`i}`kojpm` b{ je Jrpkocm KKK od}rp% Ke j``kpkde# |hmrm Odelrmss kepme`s pd

~rmoc}`m i}`kokjc rmwkm| dg odespkp}pkdejc ocjkfs kps kepmep pd `d sd f}sp bm ocmjr% \mbspmr w%

@dm# 087 ]%_% =;2# 7>? (:;88+% Phm _~drps Jop rmgcmops ed ocmjr kepmep pd ~rmoc}`m i}`kokjc

rmwkm| dg j odespkp}pkdejc `}m ~rdomss ohjccmelm pd ]_J@Js }ej}phdrkym` jops%

KKK% FR% JRF_PRDEL K_ EDP RMZ]KRM@ PD MXHJ]_P J@FKEK_PRJPKWMRMFM@KM_%

]_J@J odepme`s phjp Fr% Jrfsprdels ocjkfs shd}c` bm `ksfkssm` bmoj}sm hm hjs gjkcm`

pd mxhj}sp j`fkeksprjpkwm rmfm`kms% _mm Fdp% jp ::&:?% Bmoj}sm phm _~drps Jop `dms edp j~~c{ pd

phks ojsm# Fr% Jrfsprdel ks edp rmz}krm` pd mxhj}sp j`fkeksprjpkwm rmfm`kms% B}p mwme kg phm Jop

j~~ckms# phm Od}rp hjs i}rks`kopkde pd odesk`mr Fr% Jrfsprdels ocjkfs }e`mr phmHjr`kelckem dg



27/36

2:

j}phdrkp{ `kso}ssm` jbdwm# je` Fr% Jrfsprdel ks edp rmz}krm` pd meljlm ke je jrbkprjpkde

~rdomm`kel odeomrekel fjppmrs dwmr |hkoh ]_J@J cjoas j}phdrkp{ bmgdrm phm Od}rp oje meidke

]_J@J grdf wkdcjpkel phm ldwmrekel r}cms%

Phm j`fkeksprjpkwm rmfm`{ phjp ]_J@J ocjkfs Fr% Jrfsprdel ks rmz}krm` pd mxhj}sp ks

phm wmr{ ~rdomm`kel phjp hm ks ohjccmelkel phrd}lh phks cj|s}kp% _mm Fdp% jp :2% Fr% Jrfsprdel

ks edp rmz}krm` pd ~jrpkok~jpm ke j ~rdomm`kel dwmr |hkoh ]_J@J cjoas i}rks`kopkde ke dr`mr gdr

phks Od}rp pd j``rmss ]_J@Js i}rks`kopkde% _mm \msphmkfmr Ke`m~% _oh% @ksp% w% Brdoamppm# =7:2 ohjrlkel cmppmr% \hkcm mx~rmssc{

rmsmrwkel hks rklhps# hm ohjccmelm` ]_J@Js i}rks`kopkde pd ~rdomm`% _mm Mx% < pd Hmrfje Jgg%

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm 2< dg ?7


28/36

22

hmc` phjp kp |js bd}e` b{ j OJ_ `mokskde# mwme |hmrm phm jphcmpm |js |rdelm` b{ phm jopkdes dg

]_J@J% _mm Ljpcke w% ]%_% Jepk&@d~kel Jlmeo{# Ed% ?9>8&ow&20:# 2>>8 \C 2=78+ (odeoc}`kel phjp OJ_ `mokskde od}c` edp bm rmckpkljpm` ke od}rp+%

Fr% Jrfsprdel jcsd ks edp rmz}krm` pd ~jrpkok~jpm ke phm ]_J@J ~rdomm`kel bmgdrm

smmakel i}`kokjc kepmrwmepkde bmoj}sm hm hjs ohjccmelm` phm odespkp}pkdejckp{ dg phjp ~rdomm`kel%

_mmL}cg Rmspdrjpkde# 78? G%?` jp :>>+ (~cjkepkgg mxo}sm` grdf mxhj}spkel j`fkeksprjpkwm rmfm`kms |hmrm hm j`wjeomQ`V j

odespkp}pkdejc ohjccmelm }es}kpjbcm gdr `mpmrfkejpkde ke je j`fkeksprjpkwm ~rdomm`kel+% Gkejcc{#

phmrm ks ed rmz}krmfmep pd mxhj}sp j`fkeksprjpkwm rmfm`kms bmoj}sm Fr% Jrfsprdel |kcc s}ggmr

krrm~jrjbcm kei}r{ kg phm Od}rp `dms edp meidke ]_J@J grdf ~rdomm`kel% _mm~% :; ' e%::#

s}~rj1 L}cg Rmspdrjpkde# 78? G%?` jp :>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm 28 dg ?7


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2?

jlrmmfmep pd jrbkprjpm mxksps# rmz}krkel j i}r{ prkjc }e`mr phm Gm`mrjc Jrbkprjpkde Jop# ; ]%_%O%

0 (GJJ+% Fr% Jrfsprdel rms~mopg}cc{ rmz}msps j i}r{ prkjc odeomrekel phks fjppmr%

J% ]_J@J Hjs phm B}r`me dg ^rdwkel je Jlrmmfmep pd Jrbkprjpm phm Fjppmrs

jp Kss}m%

Dem dg phm bjsko ~rkeok~cms dg phm GJJ ks phjp jrbkprjpkde ks j fjppmr dg odesmep# edp

odmrokde% _pdcp&Ekmcsme _%J% w% JekfjcGmm`s Kepc Odr~%# :?> _% Op% :


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B% ]_J@J Hjs Edp Mspjbckshm` je{ Odeprjop}jc Jlrmmfmep b{ Fr% Jrfsprdel

Pd Jrbkprjpm Mkphmr ]_J@Js Ohjrlms dr phm Ocjkfs ke phm Odf~cjkep%

Fr% Jrfsprdel emwmr sklem` je jrbkprjpkde jlrmmfmep |kph ]_J@J% ]_J@J jssmrps phjp

Fr% Jrfsprdel emwmrphmcmss jlrmm` pd bm bd}e` b{ phm ]_J@J ^rdpdodc QbV{ wkrp}m dg hks

fmfbmrshk~ ke ]_J O{ockel# hks dbpjkekel je jee}jc ckomesm phrd}lh ]_J O{ockel# je` hks

keoc}skde ke phm ]_J@J RP^ Qrmlkspmrm` pmspkel ~ddcV% Fdp% jp =% B}p phm ^rdpdodc hjs ed

j~~ckojpkde pd Fr% Jrfsprdels ocjkfs# |hkoh kewdcwm fjppmrs ldwmrem` b{ phm ]OK J@R

}e`mr |hkoh Fr% Jrfsprdel hjs ed dbckljpkde pd jrbkprjpm |kph ]_J@J je` kps }ej}phdrkym`

ohjrlms jrm j e}cckp{%

Fr% Jrfsprdels jee}jc ckomesmQsV `d edp mspjbcksh phjp phm ^rdpdodc j~~ckms pd phks

ojsm% Phm jee}jc ckomesms de |hkoh ]_J@J rmckms jrm Fr% Jrfsprdels kepmrejpkdejc o{ockel

ckomesm j~~ckojpkdes% _mm Hmrfje Jgg% 27% Ke phdsm j~~ckojpkdes ke je` jgpmr 2>>=# Fr%

Jrfsprdel jlrmm` pd odf~c{ |kph je` pd bm bd}e` b{ phm ]OK jepk&`d~kel rml}cjpkdes# phm

\drc` Jepk&@d~kel Od`m je` kps Kepmrejpkdejc _pje`jr`s pd |hkoh phm ]OK jepk&`d~kel

rml}cjpkdes rmgmr js |mcc js phm jepk&`d~kel rml}cjpkdes dg dphmr odf~mpmep kespjeoms js gdrmsmme

b{ phm ]OK Rml}cjpkdes# phm \drc` Jepk&@d~kel Od`m# dr phm ]%_% Jepk&@d~kel Jlmeo{

(]_J@J+#~rdwk`m` s}oh rml}cjpkdes odf~c{ |kph phm \drc` Jepk&@d~kel Od`m% Mxs% C&^ pd

Pdfcdedwko Jgg% (mf~hjsks j``m`+% Fr% Jrfsprdel `k` edp jlrmm pd ~jrpkok~jpm ke je jrbkprjpkde

|kph ]_J@J phjp wkdcjpms phm ]OK J@R dr phm \J@J Od`m% Js `kso}ssm`s}~rj# ]_J@Js

ohjrlms jljkesp Fr% Jrfsprdel mxomm` kps j}phdrkp{ phm ldwmrekel r}cms# je` kps ^rdpdodc hjs ed

j~~ckojpkde hmrm% Edr `k` Fr% Jrfsprdel mepmrm` kepd je{ jlrmmfmep pd ~jrpkok~jpm ke j

odesdck`jpm` jrbkprjpkde ~rdomm`kel kewdcwkel j odes~krjo{ ohjrlm jljkesp skx rms~de`meps phjp

gke`s ed s}~~drp ke phm ]OK J@R# phm \J@J Od`m# dr ]_J@Js ^rdpdodc (|hkoh `dms edp

j~~c{ ke je{ mwmep+% _mm Bjoalrd}e` _mopkde G#s}~rj% Ph}s# Fr% Jrfsprdel ks edp }e`mr je{

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm ?> dg ?7


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odeprjop}jc dbckljpkde pd jrbkprjpm ]_J@Js ohjrlms# dr je{ ocjkfs rmcjpkel pd phdsm ohjrlms#

|kph ]_J@J%

Phks ks edp j ojsm ckam Odmeme w% R%\% ^rmss~rkoh ' Od%# 0=? G%2` :2>; (2` Okr% :;>0 dec{ rmz}krm` hkf pd

jbk`m b{ ]OK Rml}cjpkdes# phm \J@J Od`m# je` dphmr rml}cjpkdes odeskspmep |kph phm \J@J

Od`m% Fr% Jrfsprdel emwmr jlrmm` pd jrbkprjpm ohjrlms brd}lhp b{ ]_J@J phjp wkdcjpm phm

\J@J Od`m je` jrm d}psk`m ]_J@Js i}rks`kopkde }e`mr phm ldwmrekel r}cms% Edr `k` hm jlrmm

pd jrbkprjpm hks `}m ~rdomss je` pdrpkd}s kepmrgmrmeom ocjkfs jljkesp ]_J@J%:0

Phm gjop phjp ]_J O{ockel `mmfm` Fr% Jrfsprdel j fmfbmr dg ]_J O{ockel b{ wkrp}m

dg hks ]OK ckomesm j~~ckojpkdes# je` Fr% Jrfsprdels keoc}skde ke phm ]_J@J RP^# `d edp

`mfdesprjpm phjp Fr% Jrfsprdel jlrmm` pd jrbkprjpm phm fjppmrs ke z}mspkde |kph ]_J@J% \hkcm

]_J O{ockel hjs j`d~pm` phm ]_J@J ^rdpdodc# phm ^rdpdodc `dms edp mxksp ke ksdcjpkde% Bdph

]_J O{ockel je` ]_J@J jrm rmz}krm` pd jbk`m b{ ]OK r}cms je` `mokskdes je` phm \J@J

Od`m# |hkoh pjam ~rmom`meom dwmr je{odeprjr{ r}cm dr rml}cjpkde dg ]_J O{ockel dr ]_J@J%

_mm Bjoalrd}e` _mopkdes J# @# M#s}~rj% Phm ^rdpdodc dec{ j~~ckms |hmrm ]_J@J hjs

:0Phm rmfjkekel ojsms okpm` b{ ]_J@J jcsd jrm kej~~dskpm% Emp}fjr Ckems w% Lmemrjc Ododj

Od%# Ed% ;7 OKW >:?7# :;;< \C 0>:778 (_%@%E%[% I}c{ :7# :;;>?+# jgg`# 8> G% J~~x

>?+# `k` edp j``rmss j fdpkde pd odf~mc jrbkprjpkde% Pd phm mxpmep kp rmgmrs pdb{cj|s# phm ]_J O{ockel b{cj|s je` ]OK Odespkp}pkde rmz}krm ]_J@J pd odf~c{ |kph ]OK

r}cms je` `mokskdes% Gkejcc{#Ijodbs w% ]_J Prjoa ' Gkmc`# ?>0+# kewdcwm`

j }rkem sjf~cm pjame b{ ]_J@J# |hkoh |js |kphke ]_J@Js i}rks`kopkde% Ijodbs `k` edpj``rmss j fjppmr dwmr |hkoh phm kepmrejpkdejc gm`mrjpkde hjs mxoc}skwm i}rks`kopkde }e`mr phm

ldwmrekel r}cms# je` Ijodbs odesmepm` pd jrbkprjpm |kph ]_J@J%

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm ?: dg ?7


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i}rks`kopkde pd ~rdomm`% Kp ojeedp odegmr de ]_J@J i}rks`kopkde phjp kp `dms edp hjwm }e`mr phm

ldwmrekel ]OK J@R je` phm \J@J Od`m%

Phm ^rdpdodc jcsd hjs ed j~~ckojpkde bmoj}sm ]OK hjs edp j}phdrkym` ]_J@J pd kespkp}pm

je{ `ksok~ckejr{ jopkde% Ke`mm`# ]OK hjs s~mokgkojcc{ `krmopm` ]_J@J edp pd ~rdomm`% _mm Mxs%

:: ' :0 pd Hmrfje Jgg% ]e`mr ]OK J@R Jrpkocm 2?0# ]_J@J fj{ ~rdomm` dec{ QkVg }~de

odeoc}skde dg phm rms}cps fjejlmfmep ~rdomss# phm ]OK fjams je jssmrpkde phjp je jepk&`d~kel

r}cm wkdcjpkde hjs pjame ~cjom je` rmz}msps ]_J@J pd kespkljpm `ksok~ckejr{ ~rdomm`kels% Mx%

2? pd Hmrfje Jgg% Jrp% 2?0% Phjp ke`ks~}pjbc{ hjs edp hj~~mem` hmrm% Pd phm odeprjr{# ]OK hjs

mx~rmssc{ `krmopm` ]_J@J edppd ~rdomm` bmoj}sm ]OK hjs edp {mp fj`m j `mpmrfkejpkde jbd}p

|hmphmr je{ `ksok~ckejr{ jopkde shd}c` bm brd}lhp% Mxs% :: ' :0 pd Hmrfje Jgg% ]e`mr phm

~cjke cjel}jlm dg phm Q]OK J@RV# je{ rmz}krmfmep phjp Fr% Jrfsprdel jrbkprjpm |kph ]_J@J

ks edp prkllmrm` }ecmss je` }epkc ]OK j}phdrkyms ]_J@J pd brkel j `ksok~ckejr{ jopkde% HKF

^drpcje`# CCO w% @mwkpd B}kc`mrs# Keo%# ?:< G%?` 0:# 00 (:sp Okr% 2>>?+ (jggkrfkel `mekjc dg

fdpkde pd odf~mc jrbkprjpkde |hmrm phm ~jrpkms kepme`m` phjp phm `}p{ pd jrbkprjpm |d}c` edp

rk~me }epkc jgpmr phm ode`kpkde ~rmom`mep dg fm`kjpkde hj` bmme sjpksgkm`+1 smm jcsd^mr`}m

Gjrfs# Keo% w% @mskle B}kc` Odeprjopkel Odr~%# 27? G% J~~x% ?8># ?8? (0ph Okr% 2>>8+

(}e~}bckshm`+ (\hmrm j ode`kpkde ~rmom`mep pd jrbkprjpkde ks edp g}cgkccm`# j ~jrp{ pd j odeprjop

`dms edp hjwm j rklhp pd jrbkprjpkde%+1Ke rm ^ksoms Gdd`s# CCO# 228 _%\%?` ?0;# ?=?&=0 (Pmx%

J~~% 2>>


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20&OW&2=;>= \C 2:>=;=?# jp )2 (E%@% Pmx% J}l% ?:# 2>>=+# phjp

Fr% Jrfsprdel jlrmm` pd jrbkprjpm phjp phrmshdc` kss}m% Kp hjs gjkcm` pd d sd%

]_J@J rmckms de phm ^rdpdodc# |hkoh keodr~drjpms omrpjke JJJ R}cms# pd jssmrp phjp Fr%

Jrfsprdel hjs jlrmm` pd jccd| jrbkprjpdrs pd `mpmrfkem jrbkprjbkckp{% Fdp% jp :7% B}p phm JJJ

R}cms j~~c{ dec{ kg phm ^rdpdodc ldwmres% Phm z}mspkde |hmphmr phm ^rdpdodc hjs je{ j~~ckojpkde

hmrm ks j phrmshdc` fjppmr gdr phm Od}rp pd j``rmss ke `mpmrfkekel |hmphmr Fr% Jrfsprdel hjs je{

jlrmmfmep pd jrbkprjpm |kph ]_J@J% Js `kso}ssm s}~rj# Fr% Jrfsprdel jlrmm` pd bm bd}e` b{

phm ^rdpdodc dec{ pd phm mxpmep phjp kp ks odeskspmep |kph phm ldwmrekel ]OK J@R je` phm \J@J

Od`m# |hkoh pjam ~rmom`meom dwmr phm ^rdpdodc% ]e`mr phm ldwmrekel r}cms# ]OK hjs mxoc}skwm

i}rks`kopkde dwmr phks fjppmr# phm ]OK J@R j~~c{# ]_J@J hjs ed j}phdrkp{ pd ~rdomm`# ]OK hjs

p|kom `krmopm` ]_J@J edp pd ~rdomm`# je` phm ^rdpdodc je` JJJ R}cms hjwm ed j~~ckojpkde%

Joodr`kelc{# phmrm ks ed odeprjop}jc rmz}krmfmep phjp Fr% Jrfsprdel jrbkprjpm jrbkprjbkckp{%

ODEOC]_KDE

Gdr phm gdrmldkel rmjsdes# Fr% Jrfsprdel rms~mopg}cc{ rmz}msps phjp phm Od}rp `me{ phm

fdpkde pd `ksfkss%

Rms~mopg}cc{ s}bfkppm`#

$s$ Pkfdph{ I% Hmrfje

Pkfdph{ I% Hmrfje (Bjr Ed% >;=:?>+

_mje M% Brmme (Bjr Ed% >>


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Fjra _% Cmwkespmke (j`fkppm`~rd hjo wkom+

Fjrokm R% Ykmlcmr (j`fkppm`~rd hjo wkom+Jej O% Rm{ms (j`fkppm`~rd hjo wkom+

\KCCKJF_ 'ODEEDCC[ CC^

>>=^hdem9 (2>2+ 0?0&=>>>

Gjx9 (2>2+ 0?0&=>2;

fcmwkespmkeN|o%odf

Rdbmrp @% C}sake (j`fkppm`~rd hjo wkom+

^jprkoa I% _cmwke (j`fkppm`~rd hjo wkom+^JPPDE BDLL_ CC^

2==> F _prmmp# E\

\jshkelpde# @O 2>>?2+ 0=>>

Gjx9 (2>2+ 0=:2

Ojsm :9:2&ow&>>7>7&__ @do}fmep 0= Gkcm` >8$>?$:2 ^jlm ?= dg ?7


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OMRPKGKOJPM DG _MRWKOM

K hmrmb{ omrpkg{ phjp de phm ?r`

`j{ dg J}l}sp# 2>:2# K mcmoprdekojcc{ gkcm` phm gdrmldkel

|kph phm Ocmra dg Od}rp }skel phm OF$MOG s{spmf |hkoh |kcc sme` edpkgkojpkde dg s}oh gkckel pd

phm gdccd|kel9

Idhe I% FoAmppj# KKK

Fjpphm| O% ^d|mrs

LRJWM_# @D]LHMRP[# HMJRDE ' FDD@[# ^%O%0>: Odelrmss Jwme}m# _}kpm 22>>

J}spke# PX

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Plaintiff Armstrong's memorandum in opposition to motion to dismiss