Plagiarism is Defined in Dictionaries As

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The word plagiarism comes from a Latin word for kidnapping. Plagiarism refers to the use of another's ideas,information, language, or writing, when done without proper acknowledgment of the original source. Plagiarism isnot necessarily the same as copyright infringement, which occurs when one violates copyright law. Like most terms

from the area of intellectual property, plagiarism is a concept of the modern age and not really applicable to

medieval or ancient works.

Plagiarism is defined in dictionaries as "the wrongful appropriation, close imitation, or purloining and publication,

of another author's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions, and the representation of them as one's own original

work." The modern concept of plagiarism as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe only in the 18thcentury, while in the previous centuries authors and artists were encouraged to "copy the masters as closely as

possible" and avoid "unnecessary invention."

Plagiarism is now considered academic dishonesty and a breach of journalistic ethics, subject to sanctions likeexpulsion and other severe career damage. Plagiarism is not a crime but is disapproved more on the grounds of

moral offence.

Directly copying sentences, paragraphs, or pages of another writer¶s work without crediting your source is also a

concrete example of plagiarism. However, many people are unaware that plagiarism can include lesser crimes suchas paraphrasing materials without correctly attributing the source text. Self-plagiarism is an issue when writers try touse similar language in more than one published work.

Penalties for plagiarism can be quite severe. Most colleges and universities have academic integrity policies that

allow for a plagiarizing student to either fail the course or be expelled. For professional writers, plagiarism canmean the end of a career. Young novelist Kaavya Viswanathan has to suffer a lot due to plagiarism. Her book was

recalled and Little Brown cancelled plans to publish a sequel.

Those interested in avoiding plagiarism are advised to cite sources and references whenever possible, unless thefacts in question are assumed to be common knowledge.

The widespread use of the Internet has increased the incidence of plagiarism. Students are able to use search enginesto locate information on a wide range of topics. Once located, this information can be cut-and-pasted into their owndocuments with minimal effort. The size of the Internet makes it difficult for teachers to trace the source of

plagiarized material.

A bibliography is a list of references that are used to find facts or do a report. The bibliography-reference system is

becoming increasingly popular in business. This system directs your reader to look at certain entries in the

bibliography and avoids the whole issue of typing footnotes separately. This system is therefore more efficient however it is less flexible, because you cannot add comments as you can with traditional raised-numeral footnotes.In this system the citation occurs in the text itself. One such method is to cite by author, date and page numbers.

Another method is by citation number and page number. The number 12 keys your reader to entry 12 in your bibliography. The author and date method is usually preferred because it lets your reader know the source and data

without having to refer back to the bibliography.

What is a bibliography?A listing of the sources you used and consulted to do your research. Includes items suchas: books, journal/magazine/newspaper articles, dissertations, theses, websites, book reviews, speeches, etc. It islocated at the end of an assignment. It is arranged in alphabetical order - typically by the creator (such as author or

editor). It is judged by its content and form. If there are not twenty sources on your topic, you will have a hard timefinding quality research and writing an informed paper.

Why do I need a bibliography?

F oll ow-u p: It allows readers to consult the sources you used to do your research.

Acknowl ed g ement : To give credit to ideas or words created by someone else. If you fail to do this you are you are

plagiarizing - this is a reality whether you are doing this intentionally or unintentionally.

How do I Create a Bibliography?



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1. Find relevant sources

Once you have selected a researchable topic, use the following tools to locate relevant information:

o Library cat al o g ue:

o J our nals o Ar t icl e indexe s:o Biblio graphie s:

2. Choose a citation style

While it may be hard to believe, there are hundreds of different citation styles in existence! Three styles often usedat Memorial University include: APA, MLA, and Chicago (also known as Turabian). MLA is often used for the arts

and humanities, APA for the social sciences, and Turabian/Chicago for History. While certain subjects often use

certain citation styles, it is always best to ask you professor about which citation style you are expected to use.Whichever style you use, be consistent! Or Harvard system.

Entries need to be ordered alphabetically according to the surnames of the authors/directors This is a BASIC

requirement of a bibliography.Punctuation IS important in a bibliography. Take care to use full stops, commas, and colons in the correct places, asdemonstrated in the examples on the page opposite.As you compile your bibliography, keep in mind what its

purpose is: to make your research process transparent. Your readers should be able to look your sources up if they

feel the urge. By providing a detailed bibliography, you are providing them with the means to do this.

There are a number of ways in which your bibliography can be organised; here are three possible methods of

organisation:

1. Divide materials according to Format and have a section for books, one for journal articles and so on.

2. Divide materials into Primary sources (things which you have used heavily throughout your work, such as

books that you have read) and Secondary sources (things which you have used occasionally, for example:

encyclopedias which you may have dipped into from time to time).

3. Divide your bibliography into sections each of which is arranged alphabetically, and each of which

corresponds to a section of your work..

Creating a working bibliography can you help you organize your research and develop a plan for your project.

1. Research your project's topic. Popular ways of doing so include conducting searches for related information using

the Internet or a library catalog. You can also consult periodical indexes and general reference publications such asencyclopedias.

2. Make a record of each source that you may reference when you write or compile your project.Each entry should include the title, author and other publication information of the source. Include the URL, if using

an online source, or library call number. Do not forget to include page numbers, indicating where the cited

information appears in a source.3.Verify that the information you recorded is correct before moving on to another source. Inaccurate entries may

prevent you from being able to locate a source the next time you wish to consult it.

4.Arrange the entries in your working bibliography in an order that makes sense to you and will help you organizeyour research and thoughts. You can arrange your sources as you compile them or after you've finished creating

entries.



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A research paper analyzes a perspective or argues a point. Regardless of the type of research paper you arewriting, your finished research paper should present your own thinking backed up by others' ideas and information.

A research paper is an expanded essay that presents your own interpretation or evaluation or argument. When you

write an essay, you use everything that you personally know and have thought about a subject. When you write a

research paper you build upon what you know about the subject and make a deliberate attempt to find out whatexperts know. A research paper involves surveying a field of knowledge in order to find the best possibleinformation in that field. And that survey can be orderly and focused, if you know how to approach it. Don't worry--

you won't get lost in a sea of sources.

What makes a paper a good research paper?

1. Topic -topic can be supported by research found in appropriate sources. It has the potential to be focussedinto a statement with a point of view, it is neither too broadly nor too narrowly defined

2. R esearch strategy - appropriate sources have been consultedy within boundaries set by the topic, there is evidence of adequate coverage

y the paper reflects a systematic search of the literature of the field

3. Thesis - main idea or point of view about the topic is clearly expressed4. Evaluation of sources- when determining which sources to consult keep in mind:

y scope or content (comprehensive and objective rather than superficial and/or biased)y intended audience (written for an informed audience rather than for the general public)y

authority (written by someone with expertise and presented objectively)y timeliness (historical perspective will require different material than will recent theories)

5. Point of view -evaluation and analysis of information is balanced, accurate and fair

y writer's point of view is clear and objectivey differing points of view are acknowledged6. Documentation -material taken from others is acknowledged, credit is given for both direct and indirect

quotations . quotations are accurate, they are neither taken out of context nor distorted. citations areconsistent with format chosen

7. Writing skills - general organization of the paper is clear

y paragraphs follow each other, within each paragraph sentences follow each other

y sentences are checked for usage, punctuation and style

it is kind of academic writing in which one presents the conclusions reached in the course of investigating certainsubject and carefully assessing and evaluating the information gathered on the topic. it is essential to mention that

the research paper is not just copying of thoughts and ideas of other researchers. It should be pointed out that a

research process itself is of paramount significance when writing the research paper. Clearly, the research processentails asking questions and collecting as much information as possible to answer these questions and ensure that

the derived answers are reasonable and logical. The ultimate aim of the inquiry into the necessary subject consists inseeking the factual evidence. In its turn, the analyses of the factual evidence prompt to arrive at certain conclusions.These conclusions can result in a revision of the established theories, their modification or even a rejection of

certain ideas and approaches. It should be emphasized that the cornerstone of such investigations is critical thinking.

Bringing one`s reasoning into question is a contributing factor to developing your own point of view on the subject

under analysis. Taking arguments skeptically generates new methods to disapprove the established theories and findnew evidences, which back up your own assumption.Types- there are two major categories of academic research: argumentative and analytical.

Argumentative Research: The goal of an argumentative research paper is to convince. The thesis of an argumentative research paper typically stems from a controversial issue---one that can be debated and contains potential refutation that the writer's

research will need to address.

Analytical Research Unlike the argumentative paper, which forces the writer to take a definitive stance on a topic, theanalytical paper poses a question by the writer that requires further investigation. This question is referred to as the "research

question" and is the driving force behind the analytical paper;

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Plagiarism is Defined in Dictionaries As