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Places of the Redlands: Ormiston

By Tracy Ryan First published 2005 © Redland Shire Council This publication is one of a series produced by Redland Shire Council‟s Local History program. The series includes: 1. Places of the Redlands: southern suburbs 2. Places of the Redlands: Coochiemudlo Island 3. Places of the Redlands: Mt Cotton 4. Places of the Redlands: Redland Bay 5. Places of the Redlands: Victoria Point 6. Places of the Redlands: Wellington Point 7. Places of the Redlands: Thornlands 8. Places of the Redlands: Ormiston

Redland Shire Council

Local History Publications

Number 8

2005

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Contents

Where is Ormiston? 3

Where did the name come from? 4

Moreton Bay before settlement 4

The surveyors and Moreton Bay 5

The settlers in Ormiston 6

Early industries: the fellmongeries 7

Sugar 7

Captain Louis Hope 7

The sugar mill 8

Hope and the South Sea Islanders 9

Hope leaves the district 9

Ormiston House 9

Ormiston State School 10

St Andrews Church 10

Ormiston after the sugar 11

Doobawah 12

Como 12

The railway line and subdivisions 13

Between the wars 14

Cleveland Scouts 15

Progress associations and other groups 16

The Ormiston sawmill, blacksmith and railway holding yards 17

The Ormiston cold store 17

The margarine factory 18

The Ormiston cement works 18

Growth in Ormiston 19

Endnotes and bibliography 20

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Places of the Redlands: Ormiston

Ormiston in 2004. The numbers are the section numbers referred to in this history.

Where is Ormiston? Ormiston lies in the Redland Shire, on Moreton Bay between the Gold Coast and Brisbane. Redland Shire is bordered by Tingalpa Creek and the Logan River, and includes North Stradbroke Island and the Southern Moreton Bay Islands. From the 1880s, the Redlands was under the administration of the Cleveland Shire and the Tingalpa Shire. In 1949 all of Cleveland Shire and part of Tingalpa Shire amalgamated to form the Redland Shire. Today, Ormiston stretches from Hilliards Creek and Wellington Point on the west to the foreshores of Moreton Bay on the east, with Finucane Road/Shore Street and Cleveland forming the southern boundary.

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Where did the name come from? Ormiston began life as part of Cleveland.a Its name changed to Ormiston gradually over many years. The name came from Ormiston House, which was built overlooking Raby Bay in the 1860s by Captain Louis Hope. He named the property Ormiston House after one of his family‟s properties in Scotland. Although the house was called Ormiston, the area around it was known as Cleveland for many years. When the railway came through the area in 1889, the new railway station and the area around it also became known as Ormiston. That same year the local school was renamed the Ormiston School. By 1896 Ormiston was recognised in Queensland‟s post office directories as a country settlement in its own right,1 even though a post office had been operating there since the mid 1880s. The first surveyors were also responsible for naming Hilliards Creek in the early 1840s. The Creek is believed to have been named after Lieutenant Hilliard, an ensign in the British 28th Regiment of Foot, which was stationed in Moreton Bay. In 1839 Hilliard was briefly in charge of the penal settlement between Commandant Cotton and Lieutenant Gravatt.2 Although it was named Hilliards Creek in the early 1840s, like many waterways it had several names. For example, in 1859 it was also known as Wogan Creek.

Moreton Bay before settlement People of the Quandamooka have lived on and around what is now the Redlands for tens of thousands of years. Archaeological evidence dates occupation of Minjerribah (North Stradbroke Island) at a minimum of 21,000 years BP (before present). Many tribes mingled on Minjerribah and local people identify the Noonucal and Gorenpul as the traditional owners of the Island and adjoining areas. The Koobenpul lived on the mainland coastal strip. The three tribes were members of the Yuggera language group that stretched from Moreton Bay to the Bremer River and Lockyer Creek. The Noonucal were in the Pulan (Amity Pt) area, the Gorenpul were in the Moongalba (Dunwich) area and the Koobenpul lived on the mainland coastal strip stretching from Talwarrapin (Redland Bay) to the mouth of the Mairwar (Brisbane River).3 The landscape has changed considerably over the centuries as the coast has moved further west, creating the islands and coastal strip we see today.4 As a result, the sea became a major source of food. Large shell middens along the coast highlight the importance of shellfish in the diet. This shellfish diet was complemented by animals and plants. Interaction between the communities was common, especially for trade. The mainland Aborigines would canoe across to Minjerribah to exchange bunya nuts for pipis. The Ngugi people from Moreton Island would mingle with the Noonucal of Amity Point. They all would combine to trade and conduct rituals including fights with tribes from other areas, such as what is now northern NSW and west and north of the Brisbane area. Over the centuries, many tracks and travel routes were formed on the islands and the mainland. When the European settlers arrived, these tracks proved invaluable to their

a To save confusion, the name Ormiston is used throughout this report.

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own travels. Descendants of the original residents still live in the area, especially on North Stradbroke Island. Along Hilliards Creek there are canoe trees and a bora ring still remaining from the pre-settlement days. There was another bora ring near Como St in Ormiston but this was largely destroyed when houses were built on and around it in the late 1960s. Just before the non-indigenous settlers arrived in Moreton Bay, three timbergetters from near Sydney spent some time in the area in 1823. Pamphlett, Finnegan and Parsons were shipwrecked on Moreton Island and spent the next eight months travelling around Moreton Bay. The Noonucals at Pulan (Amity Point) looked after them for nearly six weeks. They housed, fed and advised the trio on canoe making, and saw them off some months later in the craft they‟d made on the island. During their time on Minjerribah (Stradbroke Island), the three experienced bora gatherings, and ceremonial, celebratory and gladiatorial events.5 The three then crossed the bay from Minjerribah (Stradbroke Island) and landed near Beckwith St, Ormiston,6 near a spot containing six or seven native huts and a fire; the inhabitants were fishing south of this spot when the castaways came ashore.7 They also found a pathway which they used to make their way through the mangroves that thickly lined the shore.8

The surveyors and Moreton Bay When the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement was operating between 1824 and 1839, an exclusion zone was declared for the area within 50 miles (80 km) of the settlement. This meant that officially there were no Europeans living in most of the mainland parts of what now is the Redland Shire, including Ormiston, until the 1850s. After the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement closed in 1839, the areas around Moreton Bay were progressively surveyed so they could be opened up for free settlers. In 1840 surveyors James Warner and Robert Dixon completed a survey of the coastline from Bulimba (Doboy) Creek, along the south bank of the Brisbane River to the entrance on Moreton Bay, and south along the coastline to Innes (Coochiemudlo) Island. Warner described the area thus: “In reference to the nature of the country near to the beach I find it mostly very flat and covered with dense mangroves . . . at the back of these mud flats are bold forest ranges thinly timbered with Gum and Iron Bark, sometimes falling abruptly upon high water mark and at others gently sloping into the recesses of the coast indentations”.9 In 1841 Warner produced a map which described what is now Ormiston as comprising forest ranges. His survey included Hilliards Creek.10 These 1840s surveys were crucial to the future development of the coastline south of the Brisbane River, and especially the area that was to become Cleveland. At the time, the emphasis was on finding suitable places for infrastructure for the newly free settlement, such as a port. Surveyors Warner and Dixon‟s survey of the coastline from Bulimba to Coochiemudlo Island in 1840 led Senior Assistant Surveyor Dixon to recommend Cleveland Point for a landing place to Surveyor General Sir Thomas Mitchell.11 In 1851 Cleveland was proclaimed a township and thus began the post settlement evolution of the area that now includes Ormiston.

The settlers in Ormiston

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Many pastoralists bought land in Cleveland, including Ormiston, at the first land sales in the early 1850s. Many were Darling Downs/Ipswich-based businessmen and pastoralists who bought land on the tip of Cleveland Point with the intention of establishing a port for the newly established Moreton Bay pastoral industry. Cleveland Point was one of two sites suggested; the Ipswich/Cleveland Point supporters were predominantly Darling Downs/Ipswich pastoralists (squatters). While the pastoralists were keen to see the port developed, they were not single-minded. Most were just as keen on a good investment as anything else. In many cases these allotments were not their only land purchases at the time; most bought in other areas in Moreton Bay as well as elsewhere in Cleveland.12 Nor were their purchases on the Point itself necessarily their most significant. Many bought land in Ormiston around this time.13 By the late 1850s it had become clear that the Cleveland port ambitions were not going to be realised and the speculators turned their attention to their other ventures. As well as the port advocates, Ormiston‟s first land sales in the early 1850s attracted other settlers, and also pastoral lessees such as Joseph Clark. From the early 1850s Clark leased 25,000 acres from Ormiston to the Logan River and ran cattle on the land. He relinquished his lease in the late 1850s and took up land near the Cleveland Cemetery. His descendants still live in the Redlands.14 Much of the land in Ormiston was surveyed into lots ranging from 10-18 acres, with the exception of the areas bordered by Bainbridge (also spelt Bainbrigge), Wellington and Shore Sts and including Freeth, Nelson and Horatio Sts, which comprised smaller lots generally under an acre. As well as those listed above, early roads included Eckersley, Beckwith, Sturgeon and Dundas Sts. The current crossing at Sturgeon St was one of the earliest main crossings used by the early settlers travelling to and from Cleveland and Ormiston. During the sugar days, two bridges were built over Hilliards Creek linking Ormiston with Wellington Point. As well as being used by plantation workers travelling between the areas, school students at the northern end of Ormiston used these crossings to reach Wellington Point School, which was closer than the Ormiston School. One bridge was at the end of what is now Hilliards St and the other crossed at what is now Oak St. The Oak St bridge also serviced a slaughteryard on the west bank of Hilliards Creek.15 Both were most likely built by South Sea Islander (Kanaka) labour. The remains are still in place. Many of the first buyers of land in Ormiston would be familiar to those interested in wider Moreton Bay history: Thomas Lodge Murray Prior, James Ivory, Francis Bigge, Louis Hope, Walter Gray, John Balfour and William Duckett White among them. Some of these early purchasers bought land elsewhere in Cleveland as well as other areas in the Moreton Bay district. Many appear to have been investors or speculators, as there is no evidence that they had any involvement in the Ormiston district, or indeed even visited it. These early surveys were often completed in response to buyer demand; potential buyers interested in a particular parcel would ask the Government to survey it so that it could then go on sale. One such request was made by Thomas Lodge Murray Prior; in 1853 he applied to buy sections 91, 102, 103 and 104, prompting the completion of the survey.16

Early industries: the fellmongeries

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Another request to buy land was made in 1853 by Thomas Blackett Stephens,b who had already begun to establish a fellmongery (wool scour) on Hilliards Creek on sections 100 and 101.17 As this was when efforts were still being made to establish a port on Cleveland Point, Stephens presumably intended to service the wool trade expected to travel from Ipswich to Cleveland Point. His woolscour was right on the main route to Cleveland Point across Hilliards Creek near today‟s Sturgeon St. Stephens operated the wool scour from 1853, initially under the management of a Mr Beattie,18 until the early 1860s when he moved his operations to Ekibin Creek near South Brisbane. It is not known exactly when the Ormiston fellmongery ceased operations; it may have continued until the late 1860s under the management of long-time Cleveland resident Andrew Holden, who originally worked at the fellmongery for Stephens.19 A second fellmongery was set up on the site of Stephens‟ operations (lot 4 section 100) by Thomas Alford in 1894.20 Alford‟s was a sizeable operation, built by CD Skene and comprising a 40ft x 18ft woolshed fronting the road with eight wool bins, sorting tables etc, and with “soaks, sweathouse, sorting sheds, and engine-shed” and a drying shed, engines, pumps etc, all under the supervision of a T Sefton.21 Timber was supplied by Gilbert Burnett‟s sawmill in Wellington Point.22 This operated until the early 1920s, and seems to have been a slaughteryard as well as a fellmongery as he also had a butcher‟s licence. Alford also built a dam across Hilliards Creek in 1901.23 Fellmonger Park on Sturgeon St is named after these activities. The brick foundations in Fellmonger Park are most likely the remains of Alford‟s operations rather than Stephens‟.

Sugar Apart from those who bought in the Ormiston/Cleveland area while it was being canvassed as a port, many of the first settlers in Ormiston were sugar growers. One of the better known ones was Cleveland port advocate Francis Bigge, who purchased section 87 as well as other parcels in Ormiston in the 1850s. After the port bid failed, Bigge turned his attention to his other enterprises, including a sugar plantation in Ormiston, presumably on Section 87. This plantation was something of a landmark on the Cleveland-Brisbane road in the mid-1860s.24 Captain Louis Hope The best known sugar grower was Captain Louis Hope, who built Ormiston House in the early 1860s. Captain Louis Hope was actively involved in the Cleveland/Ormiston area from about 1852 until he left the district in 1875. HP1325: Ormiston House, c.1915. The Hope family sold the estate in 1912. Courtesy of John Oxley

Library.

b Thomas Blackett Stephens was a very active businessman and politician. He spent his life

involved in the wool industry. Moved to Brisbane 1853 and owned the Moreton Bay Courier from 1861 to 1873. Director of numerous companies, and one of the first councillors on the Brisbane City Council. He was also Mayor of Brisbane in 1862. He went into State politics and served in various senior positions. His house, Cumbooquepa, is now part of Somerville House. He died in 1877. Source: Australian Dictionary of Biography.

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Hope‟s first notable involvement with the Cleveland/Ormiston district occurred in May 1852, just four years after he arrived in Moreton Bay. He was one of the group of mainly Darling Downs/Ipswich-based businessmen and pastoralists who bought land on the tip of Cleveland Point when it was proposed as a port. Hope had a range of business interests, and he also bought his land in Ormiston around this time.25 In 1854 he also purchased the 35,000-acre Kilcoy Station with a partner, and he took an active role in its operation. He became the sole owner in 1863, and the property remained in his hands until it was resumed in the early 1870s.26 By the late 1850s, Hope had turned his full attention to his land in Ormiston and elsewhere. In 1859 Hope had begun work on his sugar plantation, Woojanness, on the banks of Raby Bay and Wogan (Hilliards) Creek. Clearing had begun, cattle were in place and he was preparing the site for his “country seat” overlooking Raby Bay. He had also set up a salt works covering an acre of his land near the mouth of Hilliards Creek, supervised by William Fryar.27 Louis Hope was not the first to grow sugar in Queensland but he is credited with proving that sugar could be grown commercially in Australia and as a result encouraging the capital investment needed to place the industry on a commercial footing.28 When he began planting his first sugar cane, the industry was still in its infancy in Australia. By 1863 Hope had 20 acres under cane, under the supervision of John Buhot.29 In 1863 Hope won a number of agricultural prizes at the International Exhibition in Brisbane, including a first class for rice and for “fibre from stems of plants”, and a silver medal for sugar cane. All were grown on his Ormiston land.30 By 1864 Hope‟s plantation at Ormiston was described as the “most extensive sugar plantation in this colony”, comprising 20 acres planted with canes and 30 acres more cleared. In January 1866, Hope‟s manager, Mr Strachan, put the first Queensland-grown sugar, produced at Hope‟s Ormiston plantation, up for auction in Brisbane.31 The prices fetched at the auction were on average higher than the current market price.32 The sugar mill Louis Hope‟s sugar crushing mill was under construction on the banks of Hilliards Creek by 1864.33 By 1869 the mill and a distillery were operating. The mill operated as a central crushing mill for the district, crushing cane from smaller growers. It

continued until 1875, when Hope began severing his ties with Queensland.

HP1919: Louis Hope’s sugar mill, c.1871. Photo courtesy John Oxley Library.

Hope and the South Sea Islanders While Hope is credited with providing the foresight and the capital required to establish his Ormiston sugar plantation, it would not have been possible without the

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workforce who actually did the hard work on his Ormiston plantation. Many of these were South Sea Islanders. Louis Hope was one of many sugar growers in what is now the Redlands who used Kanaka labour in those early days. From about 1867 Hope‟s largely South Sea Islander workforce was producing about 50-60 tons of sugar each season.34

Hope leaves the district Although he never achieved great wealth from the enterprise, Hope persisted with his Ormiston plantation until 1875, when he began selling some of his Queensland interests. In January he advertised all his sugar machinery for sale, as well as a five, seven or 10-year lease on his 250-acre Ormiston plantation.35 In 1875 Hope leased the bulk of his property west of Hilliards Creek to his former manager, Gilbert Burnett, retaining the house and 80 acres. In 1881 Hope advertised the house and surrounds for sale. It didn‟t sell so it was leased to another former manager, William Butler. At the same time, Burnett bought the land he had been leasing.36 Butler had also worked as Hope‟s manager at Kilcoy Station.37 Hope returned to England in 1882 and died in Switzerland on 15 August 1894.38

Ormiston House Work was under way on Ormiston House by 1859,39 and was completed by the mid-1860s. The bricks for the main house and the other buildings are believed to have been made on the estate by Mr Cowen.40 Ormiston House remained in the Hope family until 1912 when it was sold to grazier John Arthur Macartney of Waverley Station.41 It remained in the Macartney family‟s hands until the late 1950s.42

HP1318: Ormiston House (left) and the Carmelite Nunnery, mid-1980s. Courtesy of Rural Press.

In 1935 the International Society of Sugar Technologists erected a cairn in the front grounds of Ormiston House to commemorate Hope‟s pioneering work in the Qld sugar industry. In 1959 the Carmelite Nuns bought the house and 11 acres, and built a monastery next to the house. Ormiston House has functioned as a house museum since the mid-1960s.

Ormiston State School

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Captain Hope left behind more than Ormiston House and the sugar mill. He also took responsibility for establishing facilities such as a school, a church and Sunday School for his own family and for the families of his staff. The first school and Sunday School were up and running by 1867 under the patronage of Mrs Hope in St Andrew‟s Church. In the early 1870s a collection was made for a school with the help of State Government funding and by April 1872 the school opened its doors. There were about 32 pupils and the teacher was George Cole. The school had several name changes before it became known as the Ormiston School in 1889; originally it was called the Cleveland No. 2 School and in 1876 it was named the Cleveland West School.43 The school was built largely for the families living on Captain Hope‟s sugar plantation as well as families living towards Tingalpa Creek; in the early 1870s the only other school in the district was the Cleveland State School.

HP2014: Ormiston State School, 1922. Courtesy of Desmond Café.

By the mid 1870s Captain Hope had left the district and as a result Ormiston‟s sugar industry had declined. In addition a provisional school had opened at Capalaba near the bridge over Tingalpa Creek. These two events led to a drop in the number of pupils at the Ormiston school, and as a result it closed in August 1875. However, it reopened in January the following year under its new name of Cleveland West School.44 The school, like so many others, became the hub of community life and over the years many social activities were conducted in its grounds and buildings. In 1884 the first Ormiston post office was established, at the school. In 1889 it moved to the recently opened Ormiston railway station.45

St Andrews Church Ormiston‟s first church, St Andrew‟s on Wellington St, was also part of Captain Hope‟s Ormiston sugar plantation. The site occupied by St Andrew‟s Church was originally a 16-acre site (lot 1, section 91) and part of the extensive land holdings of Thomas Lodge Murray Prior, originally acquired c.1855. There is some evidence that Murray Prior‟s daughter, author Rosa Murray Prior, later Mrs Campbell Praed, conducted Sunday School nearby while she and her family lived in the area,46 and pastoralist Joseph Clark is credited with conducting regular church services under trees at Ormiston and later on the verandah of the Grand View Hotel in Cleveland.47

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By 1863 Captain Hope had acquired the land, and added it to his holdings around Ormiston House. A small church, St Andrew‟s, was built on the land about 1868 as a private chapel for Captain Hope, his family and the families of his Ormiston plantation staff.48

HP1604: St Andrews, c.1990.

Courtesy of Rural Press. By 1881 regular services were being conducted by the Rev Robert Creyke, who was in charge of the Church of England‟s Cleveland parish from 1881 until he retired in 1888. The parish included St Paul‟s in Cleveland, St Andrew‟s in Ormiston and churches in Tingalpa.49 Before 1881, services would have been conducted by visiting clergy. The Rev Creyke and his wife Mary lived next door to St Andrew‟s in a house called the Priory from about 1881 until he died in 1889. Mrs Creyke remained there until about 1911.50 In 1881 the Priory was also owned by Captain Hope; the Rev Creyke and Captain Hope had known each other for many years by the 1880s, and there was no Anglican rectory in Cleveland or surrounds when the Rev Creyke arrived in the district,51 the year before Captain Hope left Queensland. In 1882 – the year Captain Hope left the State – title of the 2-rood (0.5 acre) parcel containing St Andrew‟s Church was handed to Bishop of Brisbane Matthew Hale. This parcel remains in the hands of the Anglican church.

Ormiston after the sugar Sugar remained the main crop of the area throughout the 1860s and into the 1870s. By the early 1870s the Cleveland district has also established itself as a seaside destination, especially for invalids. However, the state of the road kept the district relatively isolated, with the crossing at Hilliards Creek near the former site of Stephens‟ fellmongery being described as among the worst stretches of road between Brisbane and Cleveland. Previously this honor had gone to the Tingalpa Creek crossing at Capalaba, but this crossing dropped out of the race in 1874 when the first bridge was built across the creek.52 By the 1880s Ormiston had established itself as a suitable area for small farms, with citrus, fruit and vegetables the main crops although sugar was still grown. It was still sparsely populated, with many landowners living in Brisbane and Cleveland rather than in Ormiston.53

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Doobawah54 One of Ormiston‟s notable houses was built in 1884 by Brisbane auctioneer and businessman John Cameron as his retirement house. At the time Doobawah was built, Ormiston and Cleveland were considered ideal holiday and retirement locations, being on the water and subject to fresh breezes.

Doobawah, about 1904. Courtesy John Oxley Library. Doobawah was built on a 10-acre parcel (lot 4, section 92) bounded by Wellington and Eckersley Sts and Moreton Bay. After about a year, wings were added to the house and more land was acquired for stock and cultivation. The Camerons were keen gardeners and had an elaborate fruit and flower garden.

After John Cameron died in 1910, the house was broken up and his sons moved the two wings. One wing went to the Holyrood Hospital on Gregory Terrace (later the Country Women‟s Hostel) and the other became part of St John‟s College in Kangaroo Pt. In 1993 the remaining section of Doobawah was moved 200 metres from its original position in Eckersley St. In 2004 it is surrounded by the Empire Point residential estate. The garden at Doobawah, looking towards the Bay. Courtesy of John Oxley Library. Como Como was built on land purchased in the early 1850s by Thomas Lodge Murray Prior, another significant landowner in Ormiston – and the Redlands – at the time. Murray Prior and his family, including daughter Rosa, who later achieved fame as the novelist Rosa Praed, lived in Ormiston during the 1850s-60s, although it is not known exactly where. Unsubstantiated reports exist of his occupation of a farm called Creallagh on the shores of Moreton Bay which comprised four huts built around a garden.55 This may have been on the land later occupied by Como. However, other reports suggest the next owner, Qld Parliamentary librarian Denis O‟Donovan, built the house and named the property Como.56 O‟Donovan lived there from at least 1885 until the early 1890s when his wife died and he retired from the parliamentary library. He retained the property until about 1909, two years before his

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death in Western Australia.57 After O‟Donovan left Como he rented the property, firstly to painting teacher Miss Chester Master about 1895 and then farmer Louis Hugonin from 1896 until it was sold in 1909.58 The next owner was farmer Henry Goggs.59 The house burnt down soon after and another was built. About 1937 the property passed into the hands of the Young family, who turned it into a tea garden and tourist venture. The venture closed in 1952 but the Youngs remained at Como.60 In 1959 the property was subdivided.61

The railway line and subdivisions The 1880s also brought the promise of a railway line linking Cleveland and Brisbane and running through Ormiston. This was most likely the impetus for a series of subdivisions in the area. One of the first, completed by 1885, produced the Cleveland Hill Estate (section 87), 62 also known as the Ormiston Station Estate. This estate was on one of Francis Bigge‟s 1850s purchases and presumably the site of the sugar plantation he established in the 1860s. Over the next couple of years further subdivisions took place, especially along Delancey St. William Ross, well known Cleveland resident and investor in real estate, subdivided his three lots about 1888 (in section 108) on the southern side of Bainbridge St between Delancey St and the creek. This estate was known as the Victoria Park Estate.63 Diagonally across from Ross‟ subdivision, another parcel (part of section 98) was also cut up about 1888 to form the Gladstone Estate, on the eastern side of Delancey St between Dundas and Bainbridge Sts.64 Another well known Cleveland resident and builder, Pat Horisk, subdivided his land, also on Delancey St (lot 1, section 109) about 1890, creating the Raby Bay Terrace Estate. Many of the landowners in these estates also appear to have been investors as they did not necessarily reside on their land.65

After the flurry of subdivisions in the 1880s, no more occurred until into the next century. Ormiston settled into its role as a small farming community for the next few decades. In 1897 Ormiston was the home of fellmonger Thomas Alford, bootmaker James Giekie, teacher Mrs Hingston, and fruiterers Benjamin Clark and JC Voelker. Other residents included the Cameron family, Louis Hugonin, Walter Cleave, George Pitt, H Ware, E Cleary, M Walsh, and T Cheney.66 Many had been there for years. Although it remained sparsely populated in the early years of the 19th Century, Ormiston was less isolated than previously because there was now a railway as well as the main Cleveland-Capalaba road, Old Cleveland Road East, which ran right through Ormiston as well as Birkdale and Wellington Point. In 1906 special fruit excursion trains to Wellington Point, Ormiston and Cleveland were run on Saturday afternoons during the strawberry season and excursionists were encouraged to visit the fruit gardens and vineyards. Cheap excursions of one sort or another continued to draw crowds to the district throughout the early decades of the century.67 Ormiston was also a service stop for the steam trains. The ash would be dropped into pits between the rails and water taken on from an overhead tank supplied from Hilliards Creek through wooden pipes. 68 By 1910 the population had grown slightly, with most residents occupied as fruitgrowers and market gardeners. One such fruitgrower was Montague Talbot Stanley, son of well known Brisbane architect FDG Stanley, and an architect in his

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own right. Montague Stanley worked in partnership with his father from 1894 until 1902 and then carried on the firm for several years after his father‟s death. He bought a property in Beckwith St (lot 1 section 92) in 1906, and about 1910 he moved to the area and became a fruitgrower.69 He built a house known as Lausanne about 1930, and died in 1945. Other residents at the time included poultry farmers David Cashman and the Pike brothers, bricklayer John Wright, plumber Albert McMillan and surveyor George Reid. Hop Wah and Co operated a market garden on a 21-acre parcel presumably rented from the former Cameron estate attached to Doobawah (lots 2 and 3 section 91).70 More subdivisions and land sales occurred during these years, with the lots sold as small farms growing crops such as pineapples and bananas. One such sale in 1913 of 7- to 16-acre lots in sections 101, 102 and 103 (part of Louis Hope‟s sugar plantation) advertised the pineapple and orchard farms as “the finest fruit land in the State“ while two years later a sale of two-five acre lots in sections 88 and 94 in 1915 claimed to be offering the “finest land in the whole district”. 71 Despite this, the land did not attract huge demand, and it was many years before the landscape changed substantially.72 HP459. Jack Dromgoole’s house on

Gordon St, early 1900s. Courtesy of Annie

Dromgoole.

Between the wars By 1919, the Cleveland district was described thus:

“Today the holdings are small, whilst the substantial and richly-adorned homesteads show that under modern methods of primary production the settler can secure larger returns from a small farm than his father or grandfather found it possible to derive from a wide-spreading sheep or cattle station. Horticulture, mixed farming, sugar growing, pineapple growing, banana growing, and intense culture generally form the mainstay of the district. . . . The houses are large and attractive, surrounded with gardens and orchards, in themselves displaying an extensive spending power on the part of the owners.”73

The period after World War I saw an increase in immigration to areas such as Ormiston, with post-war migrants arriving particularly from Italy and Poland.

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The inter-war period also saw the arrival of private carriers who offered Ormiston farmers an alternative to the train to transport their produce to market. One of the earliest carrier services was provided by Bill Manders of Wellington Point, who would transport produce all the way to Brisbane where it would go to either the Brisbane or the Sydney market. As well as saving the farmers an enormous amount of time,74 it also meant that 40 years later when the Brisbane-Cleveland rail service ended, farmers were well accustomed to using road transport rather than rail. HP 745. Nick Poluyanovsky’s house on Oak St, 1940s. Courtesy of N Poluyanowski.

HP748. Pineapples growing between Oak and Hilliard Sts, 1920s. Courtesy of N Poluyanovsky.

Cleveland Scouts In 1922 the local Baden Powell Boy Scouts in Cleveland was given permission to erect a club room on the Ormiston Recreational Reserve on Gordon St (section 96). The club had been in existence since at least 191775 and possibly earlier, but had had a shaky existence until it came under the leadership of Ormiston resident Colonel Gloster. The group went on regular camps around the area, including in Mt Cotton and Capalaba. After World War II, the Cleveland troop bought two of the buildings, including the recreation hall, from the US gunnery camp at Wellington

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Point and used the materials to erect a scout hall. This hall has been extended since but still retains its core from the US military camp on Wellington Point.76

Progress associations and other groups Various interest groups were forming by the 1920s, including the Ormiston Fruit Growers and Progress Association, and the Ormiston Producers Association. Their main concerns were similar to those in other areas: improving facilities, such as roads, for residents. In 1921 the Ormiston Club and the Ormiston Fruit Growers Association lobbied the Cleveland Shire Council to clear a road to the recently completed Ormiston Hall on Dundas St east of Gordon St (section 87). In 1925 the lobbying was still going on, this time for a clearly marked roadway to the hall as residents were finding it difficult to negotiate on dark nights.77 Trustees for the Hall included W Gibson, S Lockitt, H Ramsay, W Manders, A Mackenzie, and G Pitt.78 The Ormiston Hall was a popular venue for community events such as the annual Ormiston Flower Show. 79 The Ormiston Branch of the Qld Producers Association was another local group that sought to improve conditions for local residents; in 1923 it sought help from the Cleveland Shire Council to lobby the Qld Railways Department to build a goods shed at the Ormiston Station.80 Roads were a continual headache during these years, for residents as well as for the Cleveland Shire Council. Roads were gravel, and during wet weather they often became impassable. Drainage was also sometimes non-existent. More than £8,000 was made available for work to be carried out by relief workers in the district during 1937-1938. This included cutting a trafficable track from the Black Swamp to Raby Bay to allow the Ormiston residents to use the street to the baths in Raby Bay. At one stage during 1938, relief workers were employed for most of the labour on public works in the Cleveland Shire except supervision.81

HP752: Nick Poluyanovsky and June Norman at the Ormiston railway station, 1950.

Courtesy of Nick Poluyanovsky. In 1928 the then-unformed Finucane Rd was declared part of the main Cleveland-Capalaba Rd by the Main Road Commission. Residents of Ormiston and Wellington Point opposed having another route opened because of the possible detrimental effect it may have had on their businesses;82 at the time the main Cleveland-Capalaba road ran right through Ormiston and Wellington Pt. However, it was not until the 1950s that Finucane Road was built, replacing Old Cleveland Road East as the main road.

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In 1937 a new railway station was built, at Barinia between Ormiston and Raby Bay, for passengers only.83 Although most people living in Ormiston were farmers, some residents commuted to work in Brisbane or elsewhere.

The Ormiston sawmill, blacksmith and railway holding yards The area around Ormiston railway station was the site of several industries over the years. Holding yards appeared very early on right next to the station to cater for the cattle being transported around the district, as well as to the Ormiston slaughteryards operated by Cleveland butcher JP Engelmann just behind where Ormiston College is today. This was quite a large operation, with cattle, sheep and other livestock arriving by train at the Ormiston Station and being driven down to the slaughteryard. Tallow was made onsite, skins were dried and sold to tanneries, and bones were sold for fertiliser.84 Just before World War II Meier and Waldie set up a sawmill next to the station, producing packing case timber, tomato stakes and other made-to-order timber items for the surrounding farms. The sawmill also had a contract with the defence forces during the War to make crates for bottled beer for the troops. 85 The mill was next to the original Ormiston railway station, about 50 metres north of the current railway station. The mill later moved to the banks of Ross Creek in Cleveland, and was taken over by the Beutels.86 A small blacksmith shop operated just north of the station.87

The Ormiston cold store Around 1950 distributor/wholesaler Charles Hoffman set up a fruit processing plant and cold room on the site of a former garage erected by George Kretschman on the corner of Gordon and Dundas Sts opposite the Ormiston State School. Hoffman traded as Orrvale Gardens Pty Ltd. The factory was welcomed to the area because it offered employment. Factory work was regarded as a welcome relief from farm work, the only other work available at the time.88 At the peak of operations, about 10 permanent and 30 casual staff were employed at the factory.89 However, it would appear that not all the neighbours were happy about the operation, and the last few months of 1951 saw several complaints about smells and the accumulation of rubbish at the site.90 The factory concentrated on strawberries and pineapples in the early days. One of the suppliers of pineapples was Palmwoods near Maroochy. According to local sources, at one stage Hoffman was unable to get enough fruit to supply the factory so he turned to prawns. He had an export licence at the time. The prawn freezing venture was short lived, lasting only a couple of months.91 While it lasted it was hard work, with the packers paid 6d for packing 80 prawns.92 Hoffman was unable to sustain his business and on 29 April 1953 the premises went to auction under the instructions of the receivers.93 The precise reasons Hoffman did not succeed are not known but it has been suggested that he was unable to secure a reliable supply of fruit.94 The premises ended up in the hands of Mainguard (Australia) Ltd by October 1953.95 Mainguard set up a company called Capricorn Freezers Pty Ltd to take over the

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operations of the cold store; this was the latter company‟s sole business.96 The company appears to have considered several options for the site, one of which was an export horse abbatoir, or knackery.97 This proposal quickly drew objections from the Ormiston Protest Committee and other organisations and individuals, including the Redlands Horticultural Society, the Ormiston Fruitgrowers Association, and the Ormiston State School, which was opposite the site.98 The objectors organised a petition which attracted 780 signatures,99 about 10% of the Shire‟s population. Whether it was a result of the objections or for other reasons, Redland Shire Council rejected the application and the knackery did not go ahead.100 The margarine factory In November 1955 Nutta Products Qld Pty Ltd, a subsidiary of Allied Mills, approached Redland Shire Council to discuss setting up a margarine factory on the former cold store site.101 Allied Mills was interested in the Ormiston site because it had recently bought a private company owned by the Newbold family of Buranda. Included in the sale was a Queensland quota for the production of margarine, which, according to the laws at the time, had to be used in Queensland. The Ormiston site was attractive because it already had a cold room. Redland Shire Council approved Allied Mills‟ application in March 1956.102 The oil arrived from Sydney in tankers and was processed at the factory, hand packed in half and one pound packs and sold as Meadowlea and Daffodil margarine.103 The margarine factory operated until 1969, when Nutta moved the operations to Zillmere. The Ormiston factory wound down its operations, with most staff leaving by December 1969. It finally closed by June 1970.104 Some staff went with the company to Zillmere while others either left or were retrenched. After Nutta moved, the factory was used for a while to keep the milk cold for the Ormiston State School students. Then it became a storeroom and since then has had various uses.

The Ormiston cement works In the early 1960s a proposal by Qld Cement and Lime Co to build a cement works at Ormiston came to light. The proposal met with strong opposition from residents and Council alike because it was believed dust from the works would destroy the agricultural industry in the area, especially strawberry growing. It was also felt that such a development would deter people from buying newly subdivided allotments in the area which would in turn affect the shire‟s water supply plans. As a result, Council passed its first by-law requiring noxious industries to be licensed. This did not deter Qld Cement and Lime, which told a Council delegation that it had every intention of setting up its works in seven years time. The planned cement works never went ahead but coral dredging did take place from Moreton Bay, with the coral trucked from the end of Ivory Lane to the company‟s Darra works. The dredge went 24 hours a day, and in 1966 local residents protested about the noise and other nuisances coming from the operations. In the end, the operations stopped after the entire area was zoned residential by the Redland Shire

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Council, which meant no industrial operations could occur. In 2004 the Empire Point bird roost occupies the coral dump and adjoining causeway used by the company.105

Growth in Ormiston

Like the rest of the Redlands, Ormiston‟s population grew rapidly between the 1970s and 2000 as the farms gave way to residential development. In 1968 the Leslie Harrison Dam was built on Tingalpa Creek, bringing much sought-after town water and sewerage to the district. Once these services were available, the land became even more attractive for residential development. In 1954, an estimated 670 people lived in Ormiston. By 1971 this had increased to 1,405 and by 1980 to about 2000.106 However, the biggest growth occurred in the 1990s; in 1992 Ormiston‟s population reached 2,700 and by 2001 it was 5,266. The real estate prices reflected the growth. In 1972 a corner block in Ormiston fetched about $2,600,107 while by 1985 blocks at the Clearwater estate between Eckersley and Beckwith Sts, Ormiston, went on sale from $35,000.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1955

1960

1970

1980

1990

2001

As the farms were subdivided, roads were also formed. Many are named after former residents of Ormiston, particularly farmers and other early landowners. Examples of these are Sleath St, Tolson Tce and Jolliffe Place. In 1981 a motel opened off Gordon Rd, Ormiston. The complex was called Clevetown. In 1985 the Ormiston shopping centre on Wellington St opened and in 1988 Ormiston College opened its doors.

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Endnotes

1 Qld Post Office Directory, 1896-97, p415.

2 File note, RSC Local History collection, Historical Folder: Place names, river and stream

names, creeks and waterways, HF 13.4 RSH-Vic. 3 Steele, JG, 1984, Aboriginal pathways, Brisbane: University of Qld Press, pp85, 97, 110.

4 Hall, J, 1987, “A short prehistory of the Moreton region” in Aboriginal, alien, ethnic, Brisbane History

Group papers No. 5, p20. 5 Evans, Raymond, 1992, „Early racial contact and conflict on Stradbroke Island‟, in Whose

Island? The past and future of North Stradbroke, proceedings of a public seminar held by the Qld Studies Centre, Regina Ganter ed, Brisbane: Griffith University, p.24. 6 Pearce, Chris, Through the eyes of Thomas Pamphlett, convict and castaway, Brisbane:

Boolarong Publications, 1993, p94. Steele cites Thomas Welsby‟s suggestion that this spot was Ormiston. p68. 7 Riviere, Marc Serge, ed, 1998, Discovery of the Brisbane River, 1823; Oxley, Uniacke and

Pamphlet 175 years in retrospect, Royal Historical Society of Qld, p117 8 Riviere, p117

9 James Warner to Senior Assistant Surveyor Dixon, 28 April 1840, letter no 40/9, District

Surveyor, Moreton Bay, Letterbooks SUR/1, QSA. 10

James Warner, Plan of two creeks, M1076 46, held in Local History Room, Cleveland Library. 11

Dixon to Sir Thomas Mitchell, 30 April 1840, letter no 40/39, District Surveyor, Moreton Bay, Letterbooks SUR/1, QSA. 12

Survey Office Brisbane, lists of lands sold in colony of Qld, 1842-1859, SUR/4, QAS. 13

Survey Plan M62, 1864, DNR. 14

Harry Clark oral history interview, 22 April 1994. 15

Information supplied by Alec Morris, February 2005. 16

Letter from JC Burnett to Survey Office, 29 September 1853, letter book 28 October 1851-20 November 1856, QSA, Sur/1 G2 17

Letter from JC Burnett to Survey Office, 17 March 1853, letter book 28 October 1851-20 November 1856, QSA, Sur/1 G2. 18

Moreton Bay Courier, 3 September 1853. 19

Morrison, W Frederic (Comp), 1888, Aldine history of Queensland, Sydney: Aldine Publishing Co, Vol 2. 20

CDB minutes, 30 June 1894. 21

Brisbane Courier, 7 August 1894, p4 22

Brisbane Courier, 7 August 1894, p4 23

CDB minutes, November 1901. 24

Weekly Herald, 3 March 1866. 25

Survey Plan M62, 1864, DNR. 26

History of Kilcoy Station, unsourced manuscript held in John Oxley Library manuscript collection, OM74-99. 27

Moreton Bay Courier, 26 February 1859, p2. 28

Kerr, John, 2000, „Establishing Australia‟s sugar industry at Ormiston: a Hope and a Whish‟ in Royal Historical Society of Qld Journal, Vol 17 No 8, November 2000, p338. 29

John Buhot papers, JOL MS OM64-21. 30

Courier, 23 October 1863, p2. 31

John Buhot papers, JOL MS OM64-21. Also Queensland Daily Guardian, 6 January 1866. 32

Queensland Daily Guardian, 9 January 1866. 33

Royal Society of Arts, Journal, „Sugar cultivation in Queensland‟, 15 January 1864. RSC Local History collection. 34

Ormiston House estate, Qld Heritage Register, Place no. 600775. 35

Brisbane Courier, 7 January 1875. 36

Ormiston House estate, Qld Heritage Register, Place no. 600775. Burnett went on to become a prominent sawmiller and developer of Wellington Point. Whepstead Manor was one of his early houses. 37

History of Kilcoy Station, unsourced manuscript held in John Oxley Library manuscript collection, OM74-99. 38

Australian Dictionary of Biography, 1979, p418.

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39

Moreton Bay Courier, 26 February 1859, p2. 40

Ormiston House: its history now and then, unsourced manuscript, RSC Local History collection, HF 32.5 ORM. 41

Ormiston House estate, Qld Heritage Register, Place no. 600775. 42

Telegraph, 11 October 1957. 43

Anonymous, 1972, Ormiston State School, centenary year. 44

Anonymous, 1972, Ormiston State School, centenary year. 45

RSC Heritage Study, 2000, p46? 46

Maxwell, A, 1924, St Paul’s Church of England, 1874-1924, a Jubilee souvenir, p93. 47

Unpublished manuscript held in RSC Local History collection, HF 65 ORM. 48

Canham, Shirlie, 1988, St Andrew’s Ormiston, unpublished manuscript held in Redland Shire Council Local History collection. 49

Maxwell, St Paul’s Church of England, 1874-1925, a jubilee souvenir, Brisbane, 1924, p56. 5050

CSC rate registers, 1897-1910; Post Office Directories, 1904-1912. 51

Richard Allom Architects, Historic Anglican Churches, Cleveland Parish, a conservation study, March 1987, p13. 52

Brisbane Courier, 11 March 1873, p3. 53

CDB rate register, 1888. 54

Scott-Ross, Frances, undated, Doobawah, article held in RSC Local History collection, HF 32.5 ORM. 55

Anonymous, 1950, Redlands Centenary Souvenir 1850-1950, Fortitude Valley, Qld: Eager and Lamb Printers, p28. The Ormiston Primary School celebrates 125 years, 187201997. 56

Young, Martha, undated manuscript held in RSC Local History collection, HF 32.5 ORM. 57

CSC rate register, 1885-1910; Moroney, Tim, 1991, Donovan papers, held in RSC Local History collection, HB 52 ODON. 58

CSC rate registers, 1885-1910. 59

CSC rate registers, 1910. 60

Courier Mail, 29 November 1952. 61

The Ormiston Primary School celebrates 125 years, 187201997. In Moroney, Tim, 1991, Donovan papers, held in RSC Local History collection, HB 52 ODON. 62

CDB rate register, 1885. NB: the precise date of this subdivision is not known; the CDB rate registers begin in 1885 and title deeds have not been researched. 63

CDB rate register, 1885, 1888. 64

CDB rate register, 1885, 1888. 65

CDB rate registers, 1895. 66

Qld Post Office Directory, 1897-99. 67

RSC Heritage Study, 2000, p117. 68

Information supplied by Alec Morris, February 2005. 69

Qld PO directory, 1909-10. 70

Qld PO Directory, 1910; CSC rate register, 1909. 71

Seaview Farms and Laurel Bank House, Estate Map 1915; Ormiston Estate map, 1913. 72

Alec Morris, Oral History interview with Mary Howells, 31 July 1996. Copy in RSC Local History collection. 73 Fox, Matthew J (compiler), 1919-1923, The history of Queensland, its people and

industries, Brisbane: States Publishing. 74

Alec Morris, Oral History interview with Mary Howells, 31 July 1996. Copy in RSC Local History collection. 75

CSC minutes, 5 September 1922; 4 December 1917. 76

Alec Morris, Oral History interview with Mary Howells, 31 July 1996. Copy in RSC Local History collection. 77

Cleveland Shire Council minutes, 4 May 1921; 4 October 1921; 9 June 1925. 78

CSC rate register, 1919. 79

Information supplied by Alec Morris, February 2005. 80

CSC minutes, 8 May 1923. 81

RSC Heritage Study, 2000, p121. 82

Howells, Living on the edge, p45. 83

RSC Heritage Study, 2000, p113. 84

Harry Clark, interview 22 April 1994. 85

Information supplied by Alec Morris, February 2005.

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86

Alec Morris, Oral History interview with Mary Howells, 31 July 1996. Copy in RSC Local History collection. 87

Information supplied by Alec Morris, February 2005. 88

Interviews with staff, 8 December 2001. 89

Notes from interview with Herb and Peggy Hopper, January 2001, RSC oral history collection. Mr Hopper worked at the fruit factory from when it opened in 1950 until it closed in 1953. He continued working at the site under successive owners until about 1969. 90

Redland Shire Council minutes, 11 October 1951, p2; 8 November 1951; 13 December 1951. 91

Notes from interview with Herb and Peggy Hopper, January 2001, RSC oral history collection. 92

Interviews with staff, 8 December 2001. 93

Auction promotional brochure, Ray White Pty Ltd, RSC Local History Collection. 94

Interviews with staff, 8 December 2001. 95

CT 530873, Vol 2649, Folio 113. 96

Interviews with staff, 8 December 2001. 97

Redland Shire Council minutes, 8 April 1954, p3. 98

Redland Shire Council minutes, 30 April 1954, p2; 15 May 1954, p2, 3. 99

Redland Shire Council minutes, 15 May 1954, p3. 100

Redland Shire Council minutes, 21 May 1954. 101

Redland Shire Council minutes, 18 November 1955. 102

Redland Shire Council minutes, 8 Parch 1956, p8. 103

Hopper interview. 104

Redland Shire Council minutes, 18 December 1969. 105

Information supplied by Alec Morris, November 2004. 106

Figures compiled from South Moreton Regional Council for Social Development, 1976, Redland Shire Community Profile, and newspaper reports of the time. 107

RT, 12 January 1972, p1.

Bibliography

Primary sources Buhot papers, John Oxley Library, MS OM64-21. Clark, Harry, interview with Mary Howells, 22 April 1994, RSC Oral History Collection. Cleveland Divisional Board minutes, 1885-1920. Cleveland Shire Council rate registers, 1888-1920. Creaghe, Harry, Letters home to Ireland: working live on Hope‟s Cleveland plantation 1865, Royal Historical Society. Department of Natural Resources, Survey Plan M62, 1864. District Surveyor, lists of lands sold in colony of Qld, 1842-1859, SUR/4, QAS. District Surveyor, Moreton Bay, Letterbooks SUR/1, QSA.

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Hansard report of debate in Legislative Council, 1 September 1864. Copy held in JOL. Hopper, Herb and Peggy, notes from interview with Tracy Ryan, January 2001, RSC oral history collection. Morris, Alec, information supplied to RSC Local History collection, February 2005. Morris, Alec, Oral History interview with Mary Howells, 31 July 1996. Copy in RSC Local History collection. Qld Post Office Directories, 1868-1920. Ray White Pty Ltd auction promotional brochure, RSC Local History collection. Redland Shire Council minutes, 1950-1956. Seaview Farms and Laurel Bank House, Estate Map 1915; Ormiston Estate map, 1913. Warner, James, Plan of two creeks, 1840, M1076 46.

Published sources: Anonymous, 1950, Redlands Centenary Souvenir 1850-1950, Fortitude Valley, Qld: Eager and Lamb Printers. Anonymous, 1972, Ormiston State School, centenary year. Australian Dictionary of Biography, 1979. Canham, Shirlie, 1988, St Andrew’s Ormiston, unpublished manuscript held in Redland Shire Council Local History collection. Evans, Raymond, 1992, „Early racial contact and conflict on Stradbroke Island‟, in Whose Island? The past and future of North Stradbroke, proceedings of a public seminar held by the Qld Studies Centre, Regina Ganter ed, Brisbane: Griffith University. Fox, Matthew J (compiler), 1919-1923, The history of Queensland, its people and industries, Brisbane: States Publishing. Hall, J, 1987, “A short prehistory of the Moreton region” in Aboriginal, alien, ethnic, Brisbane History Group papers No. 5. History of Kilcoy Station, unsourced manuscript held in John Oxley Library manuscript collection, OM74-99. Howells, Mary, Living on the edge: along Tingalpa Creek, Cleveland: Redland Shire Council, 2000, p73. Kerr, John, 2000, „Establishing Australia‟s sugar industry at Ormiston: a Hope and a Whish‟ in Royal Historical Society of Qld Journal, Vol 17 No 8, November 2000.

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Maxwell, A, 1924, St Paul’s Church of England, 1874-1924, a Jubilee souvenir. Moreton Bay Courier, various dates.

Moroney, Tim, 1991, O‟Donovan papers, held in RSC Local History collection, HB 52 ODON. Morrison, W Frederic (Comp), 1888, Aldine history of Queensland, Sydney: Aldine Publishing Co, Vol 2. Ormiston history, unpublished manuscript held in RSC Local History collection, HF 65 ORM. Ormiston House estate, Qld Heritage Register, Place no. 600775. Ormiston House: its history now and then, unsourced manuscript, RSC Local History collection, HF 32.5 ORM. Pearce, Chris, 1993, Through the eyes of Thomas Pamphlett, convict and castaway, Brisbane: Boolarong Publications. Queensland Daily Guardian, various, 1860s. Redland Times, various. Richard Allom Architects, Historic Anglican Churches, Cleveland Parish, a conservation study, March 1987. Riviere, Marc Serge, ed, 1998, Discovery of the Brisbane River, 1823; Oxley, Uniacke and Pamphlet 175 years in retrospect, Royal Historical Society of Qld. Royal Society of Arts, Journal, „Sugar cultivation in Queensland‟, 15 January 1864. RSC LH Collection. RSC Heritage Study, 2000. RSC Local History collection, Historical Folder: Place names, river and stream names, creeks and waterways, HF 13.4 RSH-Vic. Scott-Ross, Frances, undated, Doobawah, article held in RSC Local History collection, HF 32.5 ORM. Steele, JG, 1984, Aboriginal pathways, Brisbane: University of Qld Press. Telegraph, 11 October 1957. The Ormiston Primary School celebrates 125 years, 1872-1997. In Moroney, Tim, 1991, Donovan papers, held in RSC Local History collection, HB 52 ODON. Weekly Herald, 3 March 1866. Young, Martha, undated manuscript held in RSC Local History collection, HF 32.5 ORM.