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Pla: The Reapers ScythePresented by: Tyler Stokka Advisor: Mr. HeerenOverseer: Dr. Colton cbm MSOEhttp://images2.fanpop.com/image/photos/12000000/Grim-Reaper-the-grim-reaper-12078702-787-873.jpgThe Black Plague: Taker of Life1348-1350 AD20 Million lives claimed at the timeAlmost 1/3 of Europes PopulationTransferred by: Rats and FleasThat was Just a pandemic of the past, so were safe now right??

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CAoFDpupTaY/SXSc7TPmGnI/AAAAAAAABfo/gw6x3pJCqVc/s400/PLAGUE+FLEA.jpgThe Black Plague and YouAbout 10-15 cases per year in the U.S.1,000 to 3,000 cases globally per yearTodays Medicine: 1 in 7 cases (versus 40-60% in the past) are fatalIt is a likely option for bioterrorism because of how easy it can spread

Notice the Correlation between the two http://staff.bbhcsd.org/vendelc/world98.gifWhy So Deadly?The MethodTransfers through the rapid diffusion of rats harboring infected fleasThe MeansThe bodys usual response to pathogens (clotting)The Pla protein in Yersinia Pestis is utilized for evasionIt essentially is like trying to handcuff a criminal who has access to bolt cutters. These factors allow Yersinia Pestis to wreak havoc and get away with it!

http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSsOgi36Ls8V7M4AnpXu3fiI4KAiajVYbD_Sc0hJsOVx-vjdq10BiP-jbY0mwYersina pestisGram-negative BacteriaIn the Enterobacteriaceae family1 of 11 species, 3 of which are threatening to manSpread by numerous rodents and fleasSlows and Stops the clotting process in HumansSimilar to more commonly known E. coli

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg

http://vs8.tripod.com/bubon.jpg

http://jencarey.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/800px-smallpox01.jpgYersina pestisIt being Gram-negative gives it an extra defenseHas two cell walls accompanied by periplasmic spaceExtra cell wall acts as armor, preventing damageThis gives it resistance to penicillin and lysozome Taking danger to a whole knew levelhttp://homepage.ntlworld.com/diamonddove/04a_Gram/Gram.h25.jpg

Special Protein in the Outer WallThe omptin Pla (Omptin- a type of bacterial protease that cleaves peptides with the help of a water molecule)Pla is the Key to Yersina pestis devastative successHas the roles of activating plasmin and cleaving anti-plasminThis promotes fibrinolysis yielding a clot-less fate

http://www.simplylefty.com/images/image/Products/Articles/Scissors-figure1.jpghttp://img.tfd.com/wn/B4/64AB8-limb.png

LPS Binding Motif

Once behind enemy linesBody has many defense mechanisms against pathogens (Physical Barriers, T-Cells, B-Cells, lymph system, inflammation, etc)One of the most prominent is Coagulation, or trapping the pathogen inside of a clotSome pathogens (such as Y. Pestis) have built up a resistance to body defenseIn this case, Pla is able to maneuver around the coagulation responseWhat goes downBody of the Host

Transfer to host through fleas and various vermin

Body attempts to capture the pathogen Yersina Pestis with coagulation, or in other words, capture it using a fibrin net clot.

Y. pestis serpin Pla then activates plasminogen (inactive form of plasmin) which then starts cleaving fibrin. . . Clearing the clot net Y. Pestis is then granted unlimited access to wreak havoc throughout the host!Plas Dirty DeedsPla does two major things that promote fibrolysis:Activates plasminogen to its active form plasmin cleaves fibrinCleaves anti-plasmin which allows plasmin to continue lysing Alpha 2 Anti-PlasminInhibits PlasminCleaved by PlaImportant for normal coagulation (clotting)

Therefore. . . Too much plasmin = bleeding disorderToo much antiplasmin (inhibitor) = clotting disorder

www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/themed/sgm/img/slideshows/3.3.2_immune_2.pnghttp://sidesinger.wikispaces.com/file/view/plague.jpg/43064813/plague.jpghttp://www.google.com/imgres?num=10&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&rlz=1C1TSNO_enUS463US463&biw=1241&bih=606&tbm=isch&tbnid=6Auai3wuxUDK7M:&imgrefurl=https://sites.google.com/a/apps.edina.k12.mn.us/2011s2-12b-bubonic-plague/home/symptoms&docid=P9w5kYrrRcrIbM&imgurl=http://www.glogster.com/media/5/16/52/28/16522831.jpg&w=367&h=489&ei=30ewT46GBqKC2AWt1OTpCA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=617&vpy=224&dur=185&hovh=259&hovw=194&tx=83&ty=184&sig=113969962684917488505&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=119&tbnw=93&start=0&ndsp=22&ved=1t:429,r:11,s:0,i:96http://www.scifibloggers.com/top-10-diseases-worst-killers-in-history/Signs of the plague

CluelessScientists to this day still do not understand how the Bubonic plague killed people so fastSome believe it can be accredited to:immunizations werent invented yetclimate affected immunitysanitation was bad.How do they know??X-Ray Crystallography!

Protein Data Bank

J-mol: Miracle Worker

Extreme Makeover: Protein Edition

On the Shoulders of GiantsThese Processes make our research and investigation possible. . . Wait a sec, whos we? . . . We are SMART Team!!Students Modeling A Research TopicAn awesome program provided by MSOE

3 Steps to being SMART Background Research J-mol softwareBiochemistryThe topicDevelop the Story, Model the ProteinsPresentation

Rough Reading

You dont have to be TOO smart, to DO SMART!

Brief Bibliographyhttp://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/general/articles/BlackDeath.aspxhttp://plague.emedtv.com/yersinia-pestis/yersinia-pestis.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteriahttp://www.maexamhelp.com/id106.htmhttp://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec11/blackdeath_10-13.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omptin

AcknowledgmentsDr. Shannon ColtonMSOE/ Center for Biomolecular modelingSMART Team ProgramOverseer: Mr. HeerenThis years SMART Team Crew: BlastSoundBible.comBlastBlues2089.7952