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PITCH VERSUS STALL

Pitch control

Wind turbine

This section discusses the two principal means of limiting rotor power in

high operational wind speeds - stall regulation and pitch regulation.

Stall regulated machines require speed regulation and a suitable torque

speed characteristic intrinsic in the aerodynamic design of the rotor. As

wind speed increases and the rotor speed is held constant, flow angles

over the blade sections steepen. The blades become increasingly stalled

and this limits power to acceptable levels, without any additional active

control. In stall control, an essentially constant speed is achieved

through the connec tion of the electric generator to the grid. In this

respect, the grid behaves like a large flywheel, holding the speed of the

turbine nearly constant irrespective of changes in wind speed.

Stall control is a subtle process, both aerodynamically and electrically. In

summary a stall-regulated wind turbine will run at approximately constant

speed in high wind without producing excessive power and yet achieve

this without any change to the ro tor geometry.

The main alternative to such a stall regulated operation is pitch

regulation. This involves turning the wind turbine blades about their

long axis (pitching the blades) to regulate the power extracted by the

rotor. In contrast to stall regulation, pitch regulation requires changes

of rotor geometry by pitching the blades. This involves an active control

system, which senses blade position, measures output power and

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instructs appropriate changes of blade pitch.

The objective of pitch regulation is similar to stall regulation, namely to

regulate output power in high operational wind speeds. A further

option, active stall regulation, uses full span pitching blades. However,

they are pitched into stall in the opposite direction to the usual fine

pitching where the aerofoil sections are rotated leading edge into wind

direction. This concept, like the conventional fine pitch solution, uses

the pitch system as a primary safety system, but also exploits stall

regulation characteristics to have much reduced pitch activity for power

limiting.

It was

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