PIPELINE - IRC

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HANDBOOK FORTHE WATER POINT CARETAKER

PIPEL INEWATER POINT

Directorateof RuralWaterSupply

Departmentof WaterAffairs

Ministry of Agriculture,Waterand~iir~1 DeveloDment262. 0—96HA--15540

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HANDBOOK FOR

THE WATER POINT CARETAKER

PIPELINEWATER POINT

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Handbookfor theWaterPointCaretaker (PipelineWaterPoint)

FIRST EDITION: OCTOBER 1996

© DirectorateofRuralWaterSupply, Namibia, 1996

Small scalecopyingofthis bookfor non-commercialpurposesis encouraged.

Writtenby:FGConsult(Pty) Ltd

P.O.Box80365WindhoekNamibia

FURTHERCOPIES

Furthercopiesof this handbookare availablefrom yourRuralWaterExtensionOfficer orfrom theDirectorateat theaddressbelow.

LIBRARY IRCpa Box 931 90, 2509 AD THE HAGUE

Tel.: +31 70 30 68980Fax: ÷3170 35899 64

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Publishedby:

Directorate of Rural Water SupplyDepartment of Water Affairs

Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural DevelopmentPrivate Bag 13193

WindhoekNamibia

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Handbookfor theWaterPoint Caretaker (PipelineWaterPoint)

FOREWORD

Thedevelopmentofthis countrydependsverymuchon thewellbeingof its people.

Cleanwaterhelpsto keep the communityhealthy and healthy peoplecanwork hard toimprovetheir lives. -

You as a caretakercanhelp to ensurethat thereis alwaysenoughand safewater for thepeople.

If you operateand maintainyourWater Point correctlyit will function smoothlyand youwill have few breakdowns.Also if you keep the areaaroundthe Water Point clean, itcreatesahealthyandhygienicenvironment.

This handbookfor theWaterPointCaretakerhasbeenproducedto helpyou carryout yourtask as a Caretakeraswell aspossible.It gives you guidanceon how you cankeepyourwaterpointin goodworkingconditionandhow to operateandmaintainit.

TheMinistry ofAgriculture,WaterandRuralDevelopmentis confidentthat, togetherwithyour skills and commitment, this Handbookwill prove useful in carrying out yourresponsibilitiesfor thebenefitof your community.

Commentsand suggestionsfrom the users on how to improve this Handbookwill bewelcomedandappreciated.

Dr. V. ShivutePERMANENTSECRETARY FOR AGRICULTURE, WATER AND RURALDEVELOPMENT


CONTENTS

SECTION A: GENERAL INFORMATION

1 ABOUTTHIS BOOK 7

2. YOUR COMMUNITY RELIES ON THE WATER POINT 8

3. THE WATER POINT RELIESON YOU 9

1. KEEPYOUR WATER POINT CLEAN 10

5. HOW TO PROTECTCLEAN WATER 12

6 GOOD COMMUNICATION 15

SECTION B: WORK RELATED INFORMATION

1. ABOUTT}{IS SECTION 17

2. YOURRESPONSIBILITIES 17

3. TRAINING 17

4. TAKE CARE OF THE WATER POINT 19• Tools• SparePartsandMaterials -

• Storage

5. F]LLINYOURLOGBOOKEVERYDAY 21• WhatdoestheWaterMetermeasure?• How to ReadtheWaterMeter

6. WORKINGWITH THE WATER POINTCOMMITTEE 25

7. HOW TODEAL WITH PROBLEMS 26• WhenandWhereto getOutsideHelp• How to ReportaProblem• Workingwith Contractors


SECTION C: TECHNICAL INFORMATION

1 ABOUT THIS SECTION 28

2 KNOW YOURPIPELINEWATER POINT 28

3 HOW TO OPERATEA PIPELINEWATER POINT 31

4 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE 32

5 PIPES 33

• Typesof pipes• PipeRepair

6 TAPS 41• How aTapWorks• TakingCareof Taps• CommonProblemswith Taps• How to RepairaTap

SECTION D: UNUSUAL WORDS 47


WHAT IS THE MEANING OFTHE SYMBOLS IN TifiS

HANDBOOK?

TAKE NOTE, THIS IS IMPORTANT.TRY TO REMEMBER IT.

TAKE NOTE AND WORK ON IT

Handbookfor theWaterPointCaretaker (PipelineWaterPoint) 7

SectionA

GENERAL INFORMATION

1 ABOUT TifiS BOOK

Thepurposeof this handbookis to helpyou theWaterPointCaretaker,to do yourworkwell.

Thehandbookgivesyou adviceon ~y it isimportantto takecareofyourWaterPoint.

It alsotells you ~ to takecareofyourWaterPointproperly.

YOUR COMMUNITY RELIESON THE WATER POINT.THE WATER POINT RELIES ON YOU.

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8 Handbookfor theWaterPointCaretaker (PipelineWaterPoint)

2 YOUR COMMUNITY RELIES ON THE WATER POINT

YourCommunityrelieson theWaterPointto provideenoughcleanwater.

PeoplealsoUSEwaterfor:

livestockwateringgardensmakingfood to sellbutcherymakingbricksandbuilding

Thepeoplein yourCommunityrely on waterfor theirlivelihood

PeopleNEEDwaterfor:

drinkingcookingcleaningdishes,potsandclotheswashingthemselvesandtheirbabies

If thereis enoughwaterfor peopleto do thesethingsthentheycankeepthemselvescleanandhealthy.It is goodfor peopleto useplentyofwaterto meettheirneeds.

If thewateris cleanthen it will help to keeppeoplehealthy.Clean,waterfor drinkingis animportantweaponin thefight againstsickness.Protectingcleanwaterfrom gettingdirtyprotectsthepeoplefrom sickness.

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WATER IS LIFE


3 THE WATER POINT RELIES ON YOU

It is the Caretaker’sjob to takecareoftheWaterPoint. If you takegoodcareof theWaterPoint theequipmentwill stayin goodcondition.Equipmentwhich is in goodconditionprovidesmorewater,lastslongerandis morereliable.

• It providesmorewaterbecausethereareno leaksandbecausetheequipmentall worksasit should.

• It lastslongerbecausebadlycaredfor equipmentwearsoutquickly.

• Breakdownson properlycaredfor equipmenthappenlessoften. Theyareusuallylessseriousandsotheequipmentcanbe repairedfaster.

All oftheseresultsof goodcaretakingsavemoneyfor theCommunity.Havingamorereliable WaterPointmeansthatpeoplewill be forcedto find waterfrom othersourceslessoftenandfor lesstime.

Theclearestsign that aWaterPointis well caredfor andin goodconditionis thattheequipmentandtheareaaroundtheWaterPointare clean.Thefirst responsibilityoftheCaretakeris to keeptheWaterPointclean.


4 KEEP YOUR WATER POINT CLEAN

YourWaterPointprovidescleanwater,but if theareaaroundtheWaterPointis muddyorwet, it canbea causeof sicknessin theCommunity.Guineawormis easilyspreadif theareais muddy. Mosquitoeswhichcarrymalaria cangrow evenin smallpools of water.Diarrhoeais alsospreadby unhygienicconditionssuchasanimal dung,mud andpools ofwater.

Herearesomeideason how to keepyourWaterPoint clean:

• Everydayremoveany rubbishlike paper,plasticbags,cansandbottles from theWaterPointarea.Dig a largehole to put therubbish in andburnit.

• Everyday removeanimaldungfrom aroundtheWaterPointincluding theCattleTrougharea.Putthedung in oneplacewherepeoplewill notstepin it andcarry it on theirfeet.Thedungcanbeusedfor gardeningor driedandusedforburning.

• Dig adrainagechannelto takewastewaterawayfrom theWaterPoint.SomeCommunitiesmakeasoakawayat theendofthedrainagechannel.

A soakawayis aholefilled with largestonesandcoveredover.Wastewatergoesinto theholeandslowly soaksawayinto theground.Theholeisfilled with stonesandcoveredsothatnothingcanfall in andfliesandmosquitoesarekeptout.Sometimesbricksorevenbottlesareusedinsteadof stonesin thesoakaway.

Nearthesoakawayyou canplanttreesor vegetablesto usethewastewater


• Repairleakssoonafteryou find them. A leakingtapwastesalot of water:up to onelargedrumeveryday.

• If thereis aseriouspipebreakthenreportit assoonaspossible.

• Whenanimalsleavethecattletroughtheyalwaystakealittle soil with themon theirfeet.Overa longtime this makesaholearoundthecattletrough.Your Communitywill haveto replacethelost soil from time totime. If you canreplacethelostsoil withstonesit will take lesstime for theholestoform again.

• Cleanthe insideof thecattletroughregularly.Do notallow mudanddirt anddungto buildup in the cattletrough.A dirty cattletroughcanbringsicknessto peopleaswell astheanimals.

• Do not allow animalsto drinkfrom thetapor from wastewateraroundit. Theywill maketheareadirty and muddy.It is bestto haveafencearoundthe taptostopanimalsfrom comingnear.

Clearingrubbish,diggingholesandmaking fencesarenotjobs for theCaretakerto doalone.Thesearejobs which otherpeoplein theCommunitycanhelpwith. TheWaterPointCommitteecanorganisepeoplein theCommunityto helpwith thesejobs.

ENCOURAGETHE COMMUNITY TO HELPWITH KEEPING THE WATER POINT CLEAN.


5 HOW TO PROTECT CLEAN WATER

Whenwatercomesout oftheWaterPointit is cleanandsafeto drink. If thewatergetsdirtandgermsin it, then it canbecomeunsafeto use.Unsafewatermeanspeoplewill getsick.

Dirt andgermsusuallygetinto thewaterfrom people’shandsandfrom flies. Theycanalsoget into thewaterfrom theair, from childrenandfrom animals.

Cleanwaterfrom theWaterPointmustbe protectedfrom dirt and germs.Youcanadvisethe Communityon how to protecttheirwater.

Herearesomeideas:

• It is bestto useaplasticormetalcontainerwith a screw-onlid to collectwaterfrom theWaterPoint andto storeit atthehouse.

Always keep cleanwater coveredto stopflies anddirt from falling in.


• if possible.thecontainerswhich areusedto carryandstorecleanwatershouldnotbeusedfor anythingelse.Peopleshouldnotuseacleanwatercontainerfor washingclothesandcookingpots.Peoplemustneveruseacleanwatercontainerfor washingtheirhands,theirbabiesorthemselves.

• If thecontaineris tooheavythenwatercanbe takenout with ascoopthat is notusedfor anythingelse.Peoplemustneverput theirhandsor adrinkingcup into acleanwatercontainer.

• Do not let childrenor animalsnearcleanwater,theycaneasilymakeitdirty.

• It is bestto takewateroutof thecleanwatercontainerby pouringit out.

REMEMBERALSO THAT A SMALL CifiLD CANDROWN IN A BUCKET OF WATER


• Encourageeveryoneto washtheirhandsoften:

- aftergoingto thetoilet or in thebush- aftercleaningchildren- afterworkingwith animals- beforeandaftereating- beforecookingorpreparingfood- whenevertheyaredirty

It is bestto usesoap.If thereis no soapthensomesandor coldashfrom thefire alsohelpsto makehandsclean.

CLEAN WATER MUST BE PROTECTED FROMDIRT AND GERMS

Handbookfor theWaterPoint Caretaker (PipelineWaterPoint) 15

6 GOOD COMMUNICATION

Communicatingwith otherpeoplemeansspeakingandlisteningto them. To beagoodcommunicatormeansdoingthesethingswithout misunderstanding.A goodcommunicatorencouragesfriendship,respectandcooperation.

To do yourjob well you mustcommunicatewell with thepeopleyou work with, forexample:

- Membersof yourCommunity,old andyoung

- WaterPointConimitteemembers

- TheRuralWaterExtensionOfficer

- GovernmentWorkers

- PrivateContractors

You mustalwayskeepclosecontactwith theCommunityandlisten carefullyto theirde-mandsandcomplaints.Reportto theWaterPointCommitteeaboutwhatthepeoplearesaying.

It is alsoimportantto maintaingoodrelationswith mechanicsfrom outsidetheCommunity.Whethertheyarefrom thegovernmentor from aprivatecontractor,theywillgiveyou betterserviceif you geton well with them.

When you dealwith otherpeople,try to beclear about what you expect from them.Speakso thatpeopleunderstandyou easily.Encourage people to - ask you questions.Their questions will show whether theyhaveunderstoodyou.

Listening carefully is also part of goodcommunication. If you have notheardsomethingclearly, ask the speakertosayit again,if things are still not clear, youmust not be afraid to askquestions. Keepasking questions until you are sure youunderstandwhat thespeakeris saying.


Mostpeoplefind it difficult to saythings like:

“I’m sorrybut I don’t understand”

“I’m sorrybut I don’t agreewith you”

“I’m sorrybut I can’tdo that”

“I don’t know theanswerto that question,I will haveto checkand getbackto you”

“No!”

It is muchbetterto sayoneof thesethingsratherthanto saysomethingyou don’t mean.

ASKING AND ANSWERINGQUESTIONSTODAYWILL AVOID PROBLEMS TOMORROW.

Handbookfor the WaterPointCaretaker (PipelineWaterPoint) 17

SectionB

WORK RELATED IN FORMATION

1 ABOUT TifiS SECTION

KeepingtheWaterPointareacleanandteachingpeopleaboutprotectingcleanwaterareimportantresponsibilitiesthatyou sharewith theCommunityandtheWaterPointCommittee.Theseresponsibilitiesweredescribedin SectionA.

You arealsoresponsiblefor operatingandmaintainingyourpipelinewaterpoint.Thesetechnicaltaskswill be describedin SectionC.

Thepurposeof this section,sectionB, of thehandbookis to describeyournon-technicalresponsibilities.

2 YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES

Yournon-technicalresponsibilitiesare:

• To takecareof theWaterPoint

• To readthewatermeterandfill in the log bookeveryday

• To work asanactivememberoftheWaterPointCommittee

• To dealwith problemswith theWaterPointastheyarise

Togetherwith theWaterPointCommittee,you havearesponsibilityto teachtherestof theCommunityabouttheWaterPoint; to makesurethat theyusetheWaterPointproperly.

3 TRAINING

Beingapipelinewaterpoint caretakerdoesrequirecertainskills. You cangettheskills you needby going to atrainingcourse.If you havenotbeentrainedyetaskyourRuralWaterExtensionOfficeraboutCaretakertraining courses.

TRAINING GIVES YOU THE SKILLS YOU NEEDTO DO YOUR JOB.

18 Handbookfor theWaterPoint Caretaker (PipelineWaterPoint)

4. TAKE CARE OF THE WATER POINT

Takingcareof yourWaterPointmeansmakingsurethat it staysin goodcondition.As well askeepingthegeneralWaterPointcleanasdescribedin SectionA therearesomepointswhicharespeciallyimportantfor thePipelineWaterPoint.

Give extraattentionto repairingleaksanddrippingtaps.Rememberthatany waterwhich iswastedatyourwaterpoint maydepriveothercommunitieson thepipelinewhoneedit.Wastedwaterstill hasto bepaidfor by your community.

Repairthegateor fenceimmediatelyif you seethat it is brokenor justaboutto break.Makesurethatchildrenandanimalscannotget into theenclosure.

• SomeCaretakersfind thatif peopleusethefencefor drying clothesthenthefencecanbreakoften. if this happensthensuggestto theWaterPointCommitteethattheCommunityshouldbuild someclotheslinesneartheWaterPoint.

• Encouragepeopleto emptyandclean thewashbasinsaftertheyhaveusedthem.

• Showpeoplehow to closeatapwithoutusingtoo muchforce. If mostpeoplecannot closethetapwith just onefingerandthumbthenthetapneedsattention(SeeSectionC, Chapter6).

It is not just thefixed equipmentof theWaterPointthat needsto be takencareof.Therearealsothemovablethingssuchastools,spareparts,materialsandlog booksthatmustbekeptcarefully.


TOOLS

The trainingcoursetells you what tools you needto do yourjob. At theendofthecourseyouaregivena setof tools for you to useatyourWaterPoint.

Thetoolsyou needto operateandmaintainaPipelineWaterPoint are:

A set ofcombinationspannersA pair offencing,pliersA hammerA pair ofWaterPumpPliersA shifting, spannerA hacksawA fileA 12 inch pipewrenchAn 18 inch pipewrench

You areresponsiblefor keepingthetools safeandin goodcondition. Whena tool getslost, wornoutor brokenyou mustasktheWaterPointCommitteeto replaceit. You cannot takecareofyourWaterPointwithout propertools.

YOU NEED PROPERTOOLS TO DO A PROPERJOB.

SPARE PARTS AND MATERIALS

It is agoodideato keepastockof sparepartsandmaterialswhichyou might needtocarryoutrepairsto theWaterPoint.ForaPipelineWaterPointyou need:

- Somefencingwire- Somenailsandstaples- Somenutsandbolts to matchthoseon the

tanksupports- a sparetap- somethreadingtape(PTFEtape)- sparetapwashers- sparerubberpackingwashers

~-f(~ KEEPA STOCK OF SPAREPARTS READYFOR SMALL REPAIRS.

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20 Handbookfor theWaterPointCaretaker (PipelineWaterPomt)

STORAGE

You areresponsiblefor thesafekeepingof thetools,spareparts,materialsandlog bookforyourWaterPoint. Thesethingsbelongto thewholeCommunity,not theCaretaker.You takecareofthemfor thewholecommunity.Theyare expensiveandeasilyspoiledsotheyall needasafeandsecurestorageplace.

A goodstorageplacemakessurethatthingsdo notgetspoiledby thesun,rain,wind ordust.If you canlock it thenthingswill notgetstolenwhenyou are away.Things areeasyto find in•a tidy storageplaceandthingsdo not getlostor brokensoeasily.

YOU MAY FIND THE FOLLOWING SUGGESTIONSUSEFUL:

• Thebestthing to do is to build aseparatestoreroomwhich you canlock.

• If you cannotdo this, thenfind asafeplacein yourhouse,or someoneelse’shousewholives neartheWaterPoint.

• Makeseparateareasin your storageplaceto keep:sparepartstoolslog book andpapers

• If thesedifferent thingsarekept inseparateareasthentheycannot spoileachother.

• Makesurethatyouhaveaplaceto writeandto fill in yourlogbookaswell astostoreyourpaperscarefully

DISCUSSTHE IDEA OF BUILDING A STOREROOM WITH THE WATER POINT COMMITTEE


5. FILL IN YOUR LOG BOOK EVERY DAY

It is importantto keeparecordof thewatermeterreadingeveryday.It tells you how muchwaterhasbeenpumpedfrom thepipeline.If theamountof wateris suddenlyalot moreor lessthannormal,thenyou know that somethingunusualis happeningattheWaterPoint.

Everypagein yourlog bookcoversonemonth.Usethe log bookto keeparecordofwhenyou carriedoutmaintenanceandrepairjobs and anyothereventsorproblems.


WHAT DOES THE WATER METER MEASURE?

Thewatermetermeasurestheamountof waterthat haspassedthroughit. Theamountofwateris measuredin cubicmetres.

22 CattleorDonkeyswill drink aboutonecubic metre ofwaterin oneday

80 Sheepor Goatswill drink aboutonecubicmetreof waterin oneday

Onecubic metre ofwateris enoughto fill atankof waterwhich is 1 metrewide by 1 metrelong by 1 metrehigh.

Onecubic metre is enoughtofill five drumsof water

Onecubic metre is enoughto fill nearlyseventybucketsof water.


HOW TO READ THE WATER METER

Therearemanydifferenttypesofwatermeter.Two ofthetypesareshownhere.Thereis aplasticcoverwhich canbeopenedto seeasmallwindow. Insidethewindow arethenumberswhich giveyou thewatermeterreading.

Therednumberson theright, andtheredclocksif thereareany, showhowmanylitresof waterhavebeenpumpedthroughthemeter.

Theblacknumberscounthow manycubicmetresof waterhavebeenpumpedthroughthemeter.Onecubic metrecontainsone thousandlitres, sowhenthe rednumbersareat999, thenextlitre of waterpushestheblacknumberup by one andthered numberreturnsto 000.

Whenyou write downthewatermeterreadingit is normalto put adot ( decimalpoint)inbetweentheblacknumberandthered number,like this:

0057 251

It is alsonormalto write downall thenumbersthatyou seeon themeter,including all thezeros.

Sometimesit is difficult to readthelast rednumberbecauseit is halfwaybetweentwonumbers.Whenthis happenschoosethehighestofthetwo numbers.

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His nextjob is to find how muchwaterhasbeenusedsincethelastwatermeterreading.To do this he subtractsthelastmeterreadingfrom thenewreading.

0107.240 (newreading)

- 0091.794 (lastreading)

15.446

Thepipelinehassupplied15.446cubicmetersofwaterin thetimebetweenthetwo readings.This numbershouldbewritten in thecolumnheadedWater Supplied.

Takethelog book with you whenyou go to theWaterPointCommittee;you andtheothermembersmaywant to refer to it.

Keepthelog book in asafeplace,whereit will staycleananddryand awayfrom children.

Whenyourlog bookis nearlyfull, askyour RuralWaterExtensionOfficer for anewone.Keepold log bookssafelystored.

It is bestto readthemeteratthesametime everyday.ManyCaretakerschooseto readthemeterfirst thingin themorning.

This Caretakeris filling in thewatermeterreadingfor the4th ofJuly 1996.

Hereis thesubtractionsum:

KEEP LOG BOOKS SAFELY STORED


6. WORKING WITH THE WATER POINT COMMITTEE

You area specialmemberof theWaterPointCommittee.You mustreportto theothermem-berssothattheyareinformedabouttheWaterPoint.

TheWaterPoint Committeewill haveregularmeetings,mostlikely onceamonth.You mustattendthesemeetingsandbring yourlog book in caseit is needed.

Reportany damage,repairs,leaksor otherproblemsto theWater PointCommittee.Togetheryou musttry to solvetheproblems.if aproblemhasalreadybeensolved,thendiscusshow tomakesureit doesnot happenagain.

You arein thebestpositionto foreseefutureproblemsat theWaterPointbeforetheyarise.Discusswith the WaterPoint Committeehow to preventtheproblem.If you cannot preventtheproblem,thenthink of waysof minimising its effect on the Community.TheWaterPointCommitteemusttell the Communityin advanceif they think aproblemis goingto ariseattheWaterPoint.

Makesuggestionsto theConunitteeon howto improvetheWaterPoint.

You areoften at the WaterPoint soyou know about what happenstherebetter than anyoneelse.It is yourresponsibilityto report anythingwrongto the Committeeassoonas possible.Tell the Committee if someoneis misusingor damagingthe Water Point. You must alsoreportanydemandsor complaintsfrom theCommunityabouttheWaterPoint.

26 Handbookfor the WaterPoint Caretaker (PipelineWaterPomt)

7. HOW TO DEAL WITH PROBLEMS

Dealingwith problemsat theWaterPointis a sharedresponsibilityfor thewholeWaterPointCommittee.if theproblemneedsto be dealtwith urgently,thenyou musttell theChairpersonof theCommittee.Heorshewill thencall for an emergencymeetingof theCommittee.

WHEN AN]) WHERE TO GET OUTSIDEHELP

Therearesomejobs whicharetoo big ortoo difficult for you to do withouthelp. Someproblemscan only be fixed with specialtools or heavyequipmentwhich you do nothave.

Whenthis happensdon’t takethingsuponyourself.if you try to do ajob which you do notknow how to do it canmakethingsalot worse.Discusstheproblemwith theWaterPointCommittee.The Committeecandecideon thebestsolution.

Thebestsourceofextrahelpdependson theproblem.Somesourcesof extrahelpare:- Your Community- YourRuralWaterExtensionOfficer- RuralWaterSupplyMaintenanceTeam- PrivateContractors

HOW TO REPORT A PROBLEM

When you reportaproblemto an outsidesourceof help,you mustmakesurethat you give asmuchinformationaspossible.Hereis achecklist of thefive thingsthatyou mustreport:

Where? Makesureyou reportthenameofyourvillage andtheWaterPointnumber(ifthereis one).

When? Saywhentheproblemstarted.

What? Saywhattheproblemis. Reportall thedetailsthat you know about.Be asexactasyou can.

How? Saywhatcausedtheproblem.

Who? Giveyournamesothat theoutsidehelperknowswho to look for whenhearrives.

if someoneelseis reportingtheproblemfor you, thenit is bestto write everythingdown.


WORKING WITH CONTRACTORS

If theCommitteedecidesto call aContractorthentherearesomethingswhich theyshouldbearin mind:

• Always askfor acostestimatebeforetheContractorstartswork. If possiblegetacostestimatefrom more thanoneContractor.

• Alwaysdecidewith theContractoron exactlywhat work he mustdo, beforehe startsto doit.

• AlwaysemployContractorswhohaveagoodreputationorwho havedonegoodwork fortheCommunityin thepast.A badContractorcanmakethingsworseandnot better.

• Always decidehow to get themoneybeforethecontractorstartswork. Also decidewhat todo if theactualcostof thework turnsout to be morethanthecostestimate.

• Neverpay theContractorall of themoneyuntil you are satisfiedthathe hasfinishedallof thework.

• Always paytheContractorin goodtime otherwisehe maynotcomebackwhenyou nextneedhim.


Thepicturebelow showshowwatergetstoyourWaterPoint.

Cattletrough

Thewaterwhich comesoutof yourpipelineWaterPoint startsoff in a riveror aborehole.Thewateris takenfrom theriver andgoesto theWaterTreatmentWorks. At theWaterTreatmentWorksthewateris cleanedso thatit is safeto drink. Therearelargetanksforstoringareserveof cleanwaterattheWaterTreatmentWorks.

Section C

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

1 ABOUT THIS SECTION

This sectiongivesyou thetechnicalinformationyou needto know andunderstandyourPipelineWaterPoint. It alsogivesyou detailedinformationon how to operateandmaintainyourWaterPoint andto makesomebasicrepairs.

2 KNOW YOUR PIPELINE WATER POINT

WaterTreatment

Works

Pumpstation

Branchpipeline

Main pipeline


Wateris pumpedfrom thestoragetanksinto thepipeline. Thewaterneedsto be pumpedtomakesurethatit flows to thehighestandfurthestpartsofthepipeline.

Sometimeswaterdoesnotreachall of theWaterPoints. Here aresomeofthepossiblecauses:

• Thepumpscanonly put a limited amountof waterinto thepipeline. Sometimesall of theWaterPointstry to takewateroutofthepipelineat thesametime. Wateris thenbeingtakenout of thepipelinefasterthanthepumpscanput it in. WhenthishappenssomeWaterPointscannot getwaterfrom thepipeline.

• If thereis an electricalpowersupply failure at thetreatmentworks then thepumpscannotrun.

• Whenthemain pipelinebreaksthepumpsmustbe stoppeduntil it hasbeenrepaired.

Thewaterfor your local waterschemeis takenfrom themain pipelineinto abranchpipeline.The place where the branch pipeline meets the main pipeline is called the local schemeofftake. Thereis a watermeterat this offtaketo measurehow muchwater is takenby thewholeof the local waterscheme.

Thebranchpipeline feedswaterto all of theWaterPoints in yourlocal waterscheme.It is theresponsibilityof the Local Water Committeeto collect moneyfrom eachCommunityto payfor all of thewaterwhich is takenfrom themain pipeline.

• If thereis amechanicalbreakdownat thetreatmentworks thensometimesthe pumpsmustbe stopped.


After thewatermeterthewatergoesto thecleanwatertanks.The cleanwatertanksarecoveredto keepoutdirt andgermsandbirds. Theyareraisedup sothatwaterwill gofrom themto thetapandto thecattletrough.

TheplacewhereyourWaterPoint is connectedto thebranchpipelineis calledaWaterPointofftake. At theofftakethereis avalvesothatyou canstopthewatergoing to yourWaterPoint if you needto. Thereis alsoawatermeterwhich measureshow muchwaterhasgoneto yourWaterPoint. EachCommunitypaysaccordingto how muchwaterhasbeenusedattheir ownWaterPoint. Thevalveandthewatermeterareinsidemetal cagesto stopthemfrom beingdamaged.

On someWaterPointsthereis a floatvalvewherethewatergoesinto thecleanwatertanks. Thefloat valvestopsthewatercomingin whenthewaterlevel in thetanks is high.


3 HOW TO OPERATE A PIPELINE WATER POINT

Themostimportantdaily taskfor thepipelineWaterPointCaretakeris to readthewatermeterandkeepthelog bookup to date. It is bestto readthewatermeteratthesametimeeveryday. How to readthewatermeterandfill in the log book is describedin SectionB,chapter5 ofthis handbook.if yourwatermetercageis lockable,alwaysmakesurethatit islockedwhenyou havefinished.

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if you do nothaveafloatvalveinyourcleanwatertanksor if thereisone but it doesnot stop thewaterthenthereis a possibilityof thetankoverflowing.You mustoperatethevalveat theofftaketomakesurethatthis doesnothappen.if yourvalvecageislockable,alwaysmakesurethat itis lockedwhenyou havefinished.Makesurethat thecleanwatertanksarefull at theendof everydayjust in casethereis aproblemwith thepipelinetomorrow.

YourWaterPointCommitteemayhavedecidedthat thetapsattheWaterPointshouldbe lockedatnight time. If so, itis yourjob to unlockthetapsin themorningandto lock themup againat theendof theday.


4 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

CHECK THE WATER POINT EVERY WEEK

EveryweekthewholeWaterPointneedsto be checkedthoroughlyto makesureeverythingisalright.

LOok out for:- Damageto theequipment.- Looseormissing,nuts andbolts.- Missingcoverto thecleanwatertank.- Leaksfrom pipes, tanks,tapsandvalves.- Floatvalvesticking or leaking,- Damageto thefence.- Poolsof waterandblockeddrainagechannels.- Rubbish.

Mostof thethingswhich you find wrong, duringyourweeklycheckwill be easilyrepairedbyyou. Whenyou find something,wrong,rememberto write it in your log book. Discussit atthenextWaterPoint Committeemeeting. Togetheryou canmakesurethat it doesnothappenagain.

if you find amajorproblemwhich you cannotrepairyourself,you will haveto discussit withtheWaterPointCommittee. Togetheryou mustdecidehow to solvetheproblem.

This pictureshowsaWaterPoint with someof the faults thatyou shouldlook for everyweek.


5 PIPES

TYPESOF PIPE

Therearethreedifferent typesofpipe which areoftenusedatWaterPoints. Theseare:

• PolyethylenePipes

SometimescalledHDPE, MDPE orPEHpipes. Thiskind ofpipe is flexible (easyto bendandmakestraightagain). It is usuallyblackandcanbe boughtin rolls of up to 100metresin length. Themostpopularsizesarebetween15 mm and60 mm diameterbut largerdiametersarealsoavailable.

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Polyethylenepipesareusuallyjoinedtogetherusing acompressionfitting. This is aconnectorthattightenson to thepipeas you screwit together. Contractorswhohavetheright equipmentcanalsojoin themwith glueorby heatingthetwo endsandpushingthemtogetheror by usingaspecialsocket.

• PVC Pipes

Thefull namefor PVC is Poly Vinyl Chloride.This kind of pipecomesin straightsectionssixmetresin length. Everypipehasasocketatone end,theotherendis calledthespigot. It isnot very flexible soabendmustbe fitted intothepipelineif you want it to changedirection.PVC pipefor cleanwateris blueandcommondiametersarefrom 25 mm to 250 mm. PVCpipeslosetheir strengthif theyareleft out inthesunandso any sparepipeswhichyou keepmustbe covered.

Theeasiestwaytojoin PVC pipesis by usingpipesthat haveasocketwith arubbersealat one end. It is alsopossibleto getpipeswhich haveplain socketsat oneendbut theseneedto begluedtogether.Thegluedjoints take24 hoursto dryand sothis methodis notvery convenient.


• GalvanisedSteelPipes

Galvanisedsteelpipes(G.S.pipes)arestrong,butalsoheavyandexpensive.Galvanisedmeansthatthesteelpipesarecoatedwith athin layerof zincto stop themfrom rusting.Galvanisedsteelpipesarenot flexible sopipefittings mustbe usedat all changesofdirection. The pipesaresilverorgrey in colourandcommondiametersarefrom 20 mmto250mm.

Galvanisedsteelpipesarenearlyalwaysjoined by screwingthethreadedendsof thepipesinto aconnector.Cutting thepipesandmaking, threadedendsis skilledwork andneedsspecialequipmentso it is notusuallytheworkof theWaterPointCaretaker.

PIPE REPAIRS

If thereis apooi of waterora wet areaofgroundalongthe line of apipelinethentheremaybe aleakfrom thepipe. Therearemanyreasonswhy an undergroundpipecanstartto leak,evenafteryearsof trouble-freeuse. Thethreemostcommonreasonsare:

- that ajoint hasgraduallyworn out

- that aheavyvehiclehascrossedtheline of thepipe

- that asharpstonehascut throughthesideof thepipe

Leaksaremorecommonon pipeswhich werenotmadecarefullyin thefirst place.

If you think thereis a leakon themain pipelinethenreportit quickly. It is notyour

responsibilityto repairthemainpipeline.

If you think thereis a leakon your own pipelinethenfirst closethevalve. Evenslowleaks

wastea lot of waterovertime.

Dig downto thepipelineto find theplacewhereit is leaking,. Whenyou find theleakmaketheholebig enoughsothat you haveplenty of spaceto work. Dig theholedeeperthanthepipesothatyou canwork on it easily,especiallyat joints. Dig adeepersectionatone endofthehole to collectwaterif thereis any. Becarefulwhendiggingnearthepipeto makesurethatyou do notcauseany damage.

C


If you cannotrepairthepipe immediatelythenyou canmakeatemporaryrepairwith apieceof rubberfrom acar tyre innertubetied tightly aroundthepipewith wire.

If the leakis at ajoint with, for example,thewatermeter,theofftakevalveorthecleanwatertank,thenyou mightneedoutsidehelp.

Thekeyto successin all typesofpiperepairis to be clean. Dirt andsandaretheenemywhenit comesto pipejoints. Sandinsidethepipeworkwill damagetapsandvalves.

Beingcleanwhenyou work on pipesis alsoimportantto preventsickness.Dirt andgermscaneasilyget into thepipewhile you arerepairingit:

- Washyourhandsoftenwhenyou work on openpipesandmakesurethat yourhelpersdo thesame.

- Do not allow anyoneto work on thepipeif theyaresick.- Always keepopenpipeendscoveredby tyingacleanplasticbagover them.

Thecorrectway to makeapermanentrepairdependson thetypeof pipethatis leaking.

• Repairing PolyethylenePipes

You will need:- apieceof polyethylenepipeof thesamediameterasthe leaking section. It mustbe

longerthantheleakingsection- two compressionfitting connectorsto matchthepipediameter- asupplyof clean,soft cloths

1. Makesurethewatersupply to thepipe is turnedoff.

2. Dig alongthepipeuntil you aresureyou haveexposedthewhole lengthof damagedpipeandaboutametrelengthof goodpipeateachend. Putthepieceof newpipeinto theholealongsidethedamagedpipe. Checkagainthatthereis enoughnewpipeto extendbeyondthedamagedsectionin bothdirections.

Handbookfor theWaterPointCaretaker (PipelineWaterPoint)36

3. Carry out therepairat oneendbeforestartingon theotherend.

First cuttheexisting,pipeat leasthalf ametreawayfrom thedamagedsectionusing ahacksaw.Make thecutexactlysquareto the lengthofthepipe. Useafile to removeroughedgesof thenewcut. Do not let any piecesofpolyethyleneor dirt get into thepipe.

Cut theendoff thenewpipesothatit hasafreshcutwhich is exactlysquareto the lengthof pipe. Removeroughedgeswith thefile.

Cleanbothpipeendsandoneoftheconnectorsthoroughlywith asoft cleancloth andsomecleanwater. Whenmakingtheconnectionmakesurethatbothpipesarepushedfirmly into theconnector.Theconnectorshouldbe tightenedfirmly by hand,you do notneedto usethepipewrench.


4. Now carry out the repair at the otherend. The samestepscan be followed. When youmakethe cut in the new pipe it is bestto makeit slightly longerthan the piecewhich isbeing replaced. This will ensurea tight fit and give you a secondchanceif the cut goeswrong.

5 . Therepairmustnowbe testedto makesurethatit wassuccessful.Turn thewatersupplyto thepipebackon again. Inspectthenewpipeandconnectionsto seewhetherthereareany leaks. Leavetheholeopenfor afew hoursto be absolutelysure.

if thereis a leakat oneof theconnectorsthenyou canfirst try to tightenthemsomemore.You canusethepipewrenchfor this job butrememberthatyou candamagetheconnectorsif you tightenthemtoo much.

If you cannot stopthe leakby tighteningtheconnectorsthenit meansthatthereis somedirt in theconnectoror that it hasbeendamaged.You must shutoff thewatersupplyanddrainthepipelineagain. Opentheconnectorwheretheleakwasandcleanit carefully. If itstill leaksthenyou mustuseanewconnector.

6. Oncetherepairhasbeensuccessfullytested,theholecanbe filled up. Makesurethatthesoil that goesaroundthepipehasno sharpstonesin it thatmight cut thepipeandcauseanotherleak.

• Repairing PVC Pipes

You will need:

- onesectionof PVC pipeofthesamediameterasthepipebeingrepaired.It musthavea socketwith arubbersealinside.

- pipejointing oil- asupplyof cleansoft cloths

- two cleanplasticbagsandsomestring

1. Makesurethe watersupply to thepipeis turnedoff.


2. Dig alongthepipeuntil you fmd thespigotendof thepipewhich is leaking, whereit goesinto thesocketof thenextpipe.

3. Cut thepipewith ahacksaw.Make thecut half ametrefrom thedamagedpartofthepipe. Be sureto cutthepipeexactlysquarewith its length. Tie oneof theplasticbagsovertheopenendof thepipelinesothatno dirt canget into it.

4. Carefullypull thedamagedpieceof pipeout of thesocket. It is very importantto makesurethatno dirt or sandgets into thesocketotherwiseit will nevermakeagoodjointagain.Tie theotherplasticbag,over theopenendof thepipe.


5. Cut thesocketendofthenewpipeto theright length. Usetheold damagedpieceof pipeto get theright length. Rememberto allow for thedepthof entryatbothendsof thenewpiece.

6. Useafile to makenewspigotendson thenewpieceof pipeandthepipe in thetrench.

7. Beforeyou try to put thenewpieceof pipe in place,you mayhaveto extendthetrenchsothatthereis flexibility alone,the lengthofthepipeline. Youneedsomeflexibility to beableto get thefinal spigotinto thesocket

8. Makeonejoint at atime. Beforepushingthespigotsandsocketstogether,makesuretheyareabsolutelyclean. Apply jointing oil to theoutsideof the spigotsandto theinsideof thesockets. if you do not useoil thepipeswill bedifficult to pushtogetherandthe

Old p_~~~_~’’

rubbersealcanbe damaged.

40 Handbookfor the WaterPointCaretaker (PipelineWaterPoint)

9. Therepairmustnowbe testedto makesurethatit wassuccessful.Turnthewatersupply tothepipebackon again. Inspectthenewjoints to seewhetherthereareany leaks. Leavetheholeopenfor afew hoursto beabsolutelysure.

If thereis a leakatone ofthejoints then therepairmustbe doneagain. Theusualcauseofa leakis dirt in thejoint, it mustbe absolutelyclean. If thejoint still leakseventhoughit iscleanthenit is becausetherubbersealingring is damaged.You mustreplacethepieceofpipewith that socketon. Thealternativeis to call for outsidehelp to makeagluedjoint inthepipe.

lO.Oncetherepairhasbeensuccessfullytested,theholecanbefilled up. Makesurethatthesoil thatgoesaroundthepipehasno sharpstonesin it thatmight cut thepipeandcauseanotherleak.

• Repairing GalvanisedSteelPipes

If thepipe is leakingata joint:

- unscrewtheconnectorusingtwopipewrenches

- cleanthethreadthoroughlyboth onthepipe andinsidethesocket

- wrapsomethreadingtapearoundthethreadedendof thepipe

- screwtheconnectionbacktogetheragainusingtwo pipewrenches

When you screwandunscrewgalvanisedsteelpipesyou shouldusetwo pipewrenches. Ifyou onlyuseonepipewrenchthenyou canbend,twist or breakthepipes.

If thepipeitself is leaking,it mustbe replaced.You shouldcall for outsidehelp.

6. TAPS


Thespindleis held inplaceby thespindlecase.Thereis agasketto stopwaterfromleakingbetweenthespindle caseandthetapbody

Water doesnotpassup thesideof thespindlebecauseit is stoppedby a rubberpacking washer.The rubber packingwasheris held in placeby thepackingnut (sometimescalledtheglandnut)

Whenthetap is closed,thetapwasher is presseddownonto theseatandno watercanpass

HOW A TAP WORKS

The picturesbelow show the insideof a tap. The tap washeris held on a spindle whichscrewsup ordownwhenyou turnthehandle.

Handle

Case Spindle

ISeat

Whenthetap is open,waterpassesbetweenthetapwasherandtheseat.

Handle

RubberPackingwasher

Packingnut

Rubberpacking

washer

Spindle

Gasket

case

Tapwasher

Metal washer

Nut

Tap body


TAKING CARE OF TAPS

Tapsareeasilydamagedif theyarealwaysclosedtootightly. If thetapcannotbeclosedeasilywith onefingeranda thumbthenit is timeto replacethetapwasher.

Whenthetap is alwaysclosedtoo tightly thetapwasherwearsout quickly. If thetapcontinuesto beclosedtightly with aworn out tapwasherthentheseatwill getdamaged.A tapwith adamagedseatwill alwaysleakandwastewater. In theendthewholetapwill needto bereplaced.

TEACH PEOPLE NOT TO USE FORCE TOCLOSE THE TAP

COMMON PROBLEMS WITH TAPS

• Water leaks through the tap when it is closed.

Thisproblemhappenswhenthetapwashercannot makeawatertightsealagainsttheseat.Replacethetapwasherandcleantheseat.If thisdoesnotwork theneithertheseatis damagedorthespindleis wornout andyou mustreplacethetap.

• Water flows from around spindle or packing nut.

Thisproblemhappenswhenthepackingwasheris not tight ornot put in correctlyorworn out. First try tighteningthepackingnut.If this doesnotwork thenrenewtherubberpackingwasher.

• Handle is stiff to turn

This is causedby therubberpackingwasherbeingsquashedtoo tightly againstthespindle.Loosenthepackingnut.


• Loud noisefrom inside the tap

Tapsmakealoud noisewhenthetapwasherisnotheldfirmly on thespindle.Tightenthenutholdingthewasheronto thespindle.if you cannot tightenthis nut thenyou mustreplacethetapbeforeit breaksdowncompletely.

Thereasonfor thisproblemdependson thetypeof tapyou have.Sometimesyou canfix thehandleby tighteninga screwor anut. If thereis asquareon thetop of thespindlewhich hasbecomeround,thenyou mustreplacethetap.

• Spindleturns without closingthe tap

The only causeof thisproblemis that thespindlethreadhasworn out. Theonlysolutionis to replacethetap.

HOW TO REPAIR A TAP

ALWAYS WASH YOUR HANDS BEFORESTARTING TO WORK ON THE TAP

• How to replace thewhole tap

1. First you mustturn off thewatersupply to thetap.Closethevalvewherethepipecomesoutof thecleanwatertank.

2. Useaspanneror apipewrenchto turn thetap.Useapipewrenchto hold thepipesocketso thatthepipedoesnot bend.

• Handle turns without turning the spindle


3. Put ashortpieceofthreadingtape(PTEEtape)aroundthethreadon thenewtap.

4. Screwthe newtapinto thesocket.Do not usetoo muchforceor you will damagethethreadon thetap.Useapipewrenchto hold thesocketsothat thepipedoesnotbend.

5. Turn thewater supplyto thetapon.

• How to replace the tapwasher

1. First you mustturn off thewatersupply to thetap.Close thevalvewherethepipecomesoutof thecleanwatertank.

2. Unscrewthespindlecasefrom thetapbody. Usea spannerto turnthespindlecaseanduseapipewrenchtoholdthetapbody.

3. Unscrewthenut from theendof thespindleandremovethemetal washer.Youcannowremovetherubbertapwasherandreplaceitwith anewone.Replacethemetalwasherandtightenthenut firmly.

4. While thetap is openlook at theseatto seeif it is damaged.If theseatis badlyscratchedyou mayhaveto replacethe whole tap.

5. Turn thespindlesothatit is in thefully openpositionin thespindlecase.Replacethespindlecaseon thetapbody andtightenit firmly. Useapipewrenchto hold thetapbodywhile you tightenthespindlecasewith aspanner.

ii

6. Turn thewatersupply to thetapon again.


Whatif I don ‘t havea new tap washeroftheright size?

It is alwaysbestto keepastockof thecorrectsizetapwashersfor yourWaterPoint,however,if you do not haveanewtapwasherof theright sizehereis whatyou cando:

Placeyourtapwasherin this box anddrawaroundit carefully.Putthetapwasherbackin thetap.You canput it backinto thetaptheoppositewayup thanit wasbeforesothat anewsideof thewasheris nowpressedagainsttheseat.

Takethis book with you whenyou go to buy somenewtapwashersoftheright size.Checkthesizeof thenewwashersagainstthesizeyou havedrawnin thebox.

• How to replace therubber packing washer

1 First you mustturn off thewatersupply to the tap. Closethe valvewherethepipe comesoutof thecleanwatertank.

2 With sometapsyou must removethe handlefrom the spindle. Therearethreedifferentwaysin whichthehandlemight be fixed on:a) Thehandlemight havea smallscrewin theside

b) Thehandlemight beheldon with anuton top

c) The handlemight bepermanentlyfixed to the spindle; in this caseyou must turn thespindleto its fully openpositionbeforecontinuing.

3. Unscrewthepackingnut from thespindlecase.Useaspannerto unscrewthepackingnut andanotherspannerto hold thespindlecase.


4 Removetheold packingwasherand throwit away. Carefully cleanout all small bits of theold packingwasher.Replaceit with anewrubberpackingwasher.

If you do nothaveanewrubberpackingwasher,takeashortpieceof soft string,justenoughto go threetimesaroundthespindle.Rubsomevaselineorcleangreaseinto thestring. Coil thestringaroundthespindleandstuff it down into thespacewherethe rubberpackingwashershouldgo. Youcanalsousethreadingtapeinsteadof greasedstring.

5. Replacethepackingnut. Do not tighten it too muchorthehandlewill be stiff to turn.

6. Replacethehandleandturn thewatersupplybackon.

IT MAKES YOUR JOB EASIER IF YOU KEEPA SPARE TAP

if you keepa sparetapthenyou canquickly replacethetapin useif thereis aproblem.Thefaulty tapcanthenbe repairedwithoutstoppingpeoplefrom using theWaterPoint


SectionDUNUSUAL WORDS

This sectionexplainssomeof thelesscommonwordsin thehandbook.

BoreholeBreakdownCaretakerCattle TroughChairpersonChannelCommitteeCommunicationCommunityContractorCubic MetreDiarrhoeaDrainageDungEncourageEquipmentExtensionOfficerFloatForeseeGasketGermsGuinea WormLeakLitreLivelihoodLivestockMaintenanceMalariaMechanicMinimiseMosquitoOperateOverflowPermanentPumpReservoirResponsibilityScratchSecretary

A deepnarrowholewhich is madedowninto theground.Whena pieceof equipmenthasstoppedworking.A personwho takescareof equipment.A long shallowopencontainerfor animalsto drink from.Thepersonwho is headofa Committee.A longholein thegroundwherewatercanflow.A groupof peoplewho arechosento do atask.Talking andlistening.All thepeoplewho live in onearea.A personorcompanywho doesajob for money.An amountof water(SeeSectionB, Chapter3).A sicknesswhereaperson’swasteis like dirty water.Removalof waterfrom wetareas.Wastefrom animals.Makepeoplewant to do somethingwithoutforcing them.Machineryandtools.A personwith thejob of advisingCommunities.To stayon top of thewater.To think that an eventwill happenin thefuture.Sheetor ring of rubberto stop leaks.Living thingsthatcausesicknesswhicharetoo small to see.An animal which digs into thefoot of apersonandmakesthemsick.Wherewatercomesout from a placeit shouldnot.An amountof water(SeeSectionB, Chapter3).A person’ssourceof moneyandfood.Animalswhich areownedby people(cattle,sheep,goatsetc.).Jobswhichare doneto keepequipmentin goodcondition.A serioussicknesscausedby mosquitobites.A personwho is very skilled atrepairingequipment.Makeassmall aspossible.A small flying animalwhichbitespeopleto drink theirblood.Control amachine.Flow over thetop.Forever(or for theforeseeablefuture).A machinefor movingwater.A storageplacefor water.Somethingapersonhasaduty to do.A long shallowcut.A Committeememberwhosejob is to keeparecordofmeetingsandwrite letters.

48 Handbookfor (heWaterPointCaretaker (PipelineWaterPoint)

SourceSpoilStaplesTechnicalTemporaryThreading TapeTroughUnhygienicWater LevelWater MeterWater PointWearsOutWorn Out

Whereathing comesfrom. -

Makebad.U-shapednails.Anything to do with machineryandtools.For ashort time.Plastictapefor usewith pipesandtaps(PTFEtype).A longshallowopencontainerfor animalsto drink from.Dirty in away thatcanleadto sickness.Theheightof thetop of thewaterin atankor reservoiror borehole.A pieceof equipmentthatmeasureshow muchwaterhaspassed.A placewhereaCommunitygetswater.Getsdamagedoversometime by beingused.Damagedover sometimesothat it cannotbe usedanymore.

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