Pipe2008: KYPipe Deviceskypipe.com/new_stuff/manuals/TranSurge Users Manual.pdf · 2017-02-19 · After installation, use the Pipe2012 KYnetic shortcut to access the new interface

TranSurge

KYPIPE LLC, USA

6.6 Loss Element……………………………………………….………….103 6.7 Turbine…………………………………………………………………...104 6.8 Wicket Gate…………………………………………………………….105 6.9 Variable/Rated Pressure Supply………………………………106 6.10 Isolation Valves (on/off valves)……………………………..107 6.11 Regulators/Control Valves…………………………………….108 6.12 Library Elements: BFPs, Pumps, Air Valves…………...109

Chapter 7. Modeling Transient Events………………………………………110 7.1 Transient Events: Pumps…………………………………………111 7.2 Transient Events: Active Valves……………………………….112 7.3 Transient Events: Demand Changes………………………..113 7.4 Transient Events: Reservoir Grade Changes…………….114 7.5 Transient Events: Periodic Variation………………………..115

Chapter 8. Surge Protection Devices…………………………………………116 8.1 Closed surge tanks and bladder tanks …………………...117 8.1.1 Vertical closed surge tank…………………………………….119 8.1.2 Vertical closed surge tank (calc init lvl option)……..120 8.1.3 Horizontal closed surge tank………………………………..121 8.1.4 Horizontal closed surge tank (calc init lvl option)….122 8.1.5 Variable area closed surge tank…………………………… 123 8.1.6 Vertical bladder tank…………………………………………… 124 8.1.7 Vertical bladder tank (calculate initial level option)125 8.1.8 Horizontal bladder tank………………… …………………….126 8.1.9 Hybrid surge tank ………………… ……………………………. 127 8.2 Open surge tanks ………………… ………………… ……………. 128 8.2.1 Open surge tank – cylindrical ………………… ……………129 8.2.2 Open surge tank – variable area ………………………….130 8.2.3 One-way open tank (or feed tank) ……………………….131 8.3 Air valves ………………… ………………… ………………………….132 8.3.1 Air valves: 1 or 2 stage ………………… …………………….. 133 8.3.2 Air valves: 3 stage ………………… …………………………….134 8.3.3 Dynamic air valve ………………… …………………………….135 8.3.4 Siphon breaker ………………… …………………………………136

Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………… 13 1.1 Background.................................................................. 13 1.2 Working with TranSurge............................................... 13 1.3 TranSurge – Features................................................... 20 1.4 CAD Profiles Tool.......................................................... 21

Chapter 2. TranSurge Overview……………………………………………….… 22 Chapter 3. Transient modeling of rising (pumping) mains……….... 32

3.1 Creating rising main model……………………………………….. 33 3.2 Analyze transmission main model…………………………….. 39 3.3 Process results…………………………………………………………… 40 3.4 Surge protection………………………………………………………… 43 3.5 Export profile plot as CAD file…………………………………… 51

Chapter 4. Transient modeling of gravity mains…………………..…….. 53 4.1 Creating gravity main model……………………………………… 54 4.2 Analyze transmission main model…………………………….. 60 4.3 Process results…………………………………………………………… 62 4.4 Surge protection………………………………………………………... 64 4.5 Export profile plot as CAD file……………………………………. 68

Chapter 5. Creating and editing network models……………………..... 70 5.1 Creating network models…………………………………………… 71 5.2 Insert pump element…………………………………………………. 87

Chapter 6. Surge Elements………………………………………………………….. 91 6.1 Active valve………………………………………………………………. 92 6.2 Active valve used a check valve………………………………… 93 6.3 Check valves and bypass lines…………………………………… 94 6.4 Check valves (CV) or Non-return valves (NRV)………….. 95 6.5 Pumps – General Information……………………………………. 96 6.5.1 Pumps: Head-Flow Table………………………………………… 97 6.5.2 Pumps: Useful Power……………………………………………… 98 6.5.3 Pumps: Rated Pressure and Flow……………………………. 99 6.5.4 Pumps: Constant Pressure and Constant Flowrate…..100 6.5.5 Pumps: File …………………………………………………………… 101 6.5.6 Pumps: File/Table ………………………………………………..… 102

Contents

8.4 Relief valves ………….... ………….... ………….... …………..137 8.4.1 Pressure relief valve (PRV) ………….... ………….........138 8.4.2 Surge anticipation valve (SAV) ………….... …………...139 8.4.3 Hydraulically actuated SAV (Hyd SAV) ………….... …140 8.4.4 Electrically actuated SAV (Ele SAV) …………............141 8.4.5 Rupture disk ………….... ………….... …………...............142 8.5 Side discharge orifice - SDO ………….... …………..........143 8.6 Zero velocity valve (ZVV) ………….... ………….............. 144

Chapter 9. Tools ………….... ………….... ………….... ………….... ………. 145 9.1 Tools: Wave speed ………….... ………….... …………........ 146 9.2 Tools: Select pump file/calculate inertia …………..... 147 9.3 Tools: Resistance ………….... ………….... ………….......... 148 9.4 Tools: Bladder pre-charge ………….... …………............ 149

Chapter 10. Results Presentation ………….... ………….... …………... 150 10.1 Node and pipe graphs ………….... ………….... …………. 151 10.2 Labels on network map ………….... ………….... ………. 156 10.3 Tabulated text and spreadsheets ………….... ……….. 158 10.4 Static and animated profiles ………….... …………...... 162

Appendix A – Acronyms/Abbreviations ………….... …………......... 164 Appendix B - Units ………….... ………….... ………….... ………….......... 165 Appendix C - Nomenclature ………….... ………….... …………........... 167 Appendix D. References and related pubs from KYPIPE LLC……. 168

LICENSE AGREEMENT This is a legal agreement between the user and KYPipe LLC. By accepting, using or installing any portion of this software the user agrees to be bound by the terms of this agreement.

SOFTWARE LICENSE GRANT OF LICENSE: For each license purchased from KyPipe, LLC, or one of its authorized distributors, KYPipe LLC grants to the user the right to use one copy of the software program(s) on a single terminal connected to a single computer (i.e., with a single CPU). The user may not network non-network versions of the software or otherwise use single user versions on more than one computer terminal at the same time. Network versions are only to be used with one physical site (buildings at the same mailing address) and are not to be used in a WAN environment. The number of network licenses purchased for a network version is the maximum number of users permitted to run the software concurrently. If granted for an evaluation period by KYPipe LLC, user agrees not to use the software beyond the evaluation period specified by KYPipe LLC. The user agrees not to utilize features, options, or number of pipes beyond the license the user has purchased. COPYRIGHT: The software and the documentation are owned by KyPipe LLC and are protected by United States copyright law and international treaty provisions. The user must treat the software like any other copyrighted material except that the user may make one copy of the software solely for backup or archival purposes or may transfer the software to a single hard disk and keep the original disk(s) sole for backup or archival purposes. The user may not copy the written materials accompanying the software without explicit written permission from KyPipe, LLC. TRANSFER BY USER: The user may not rent, lease, assign or permit others to use the software but may transfer the software and accompanying materials on a permanent basis provided the user retains no copies and the recipient agrees to the terms of this agreement. As a condition to permit the recipient use the software under this License Agreement, when such a transfer is made, KYPipe LLC must be notified, in writing, of the transfer, including the identity and address of the recipient, and the agreement of the recipient to the terms of this License Agreement. OTHER RESTRICTIONS: The user may not modify the software. The user may not reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, or otherwise attempt to determine the source code of the software. The user shall protect the software from unauthorized use, and shall protect the software and the intellectual property from infringement by others. The user shall notify KyPipe, LLC, in writing, immediately upon receiving any information that would indicate that the software is being used in an unauthorized manner or the intellectual property is being infringed.

DISCLAIMER Although every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that the results obtained are correct, neither the author(s) nor KYPipe LLC assumes any responsibility for any results or any use made of the results obtained with these programs. THE SOFTWARE IS SOLD AS IS WITH NO IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO EXPRESS WARRANTY EXISTS EXCEPT AS SPECIFICALLY SET FORTH IN WRITING BY KYPIPE, LLC. IN NO EVENT, REGARDLESS OF THE NATURE OF ANY CLAIM, WILL KYPIPE, LLC, ITS MEMBERS OR AFFILIATES, BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS FOR PERSONAL INJURY, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOST PROFITS, OR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, AND ITS LIABILITY, IF ANY, SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE PURCHASE PRICE OF THE SOFTWARE. USE OF THE DOCUMENTATION AND PROGRAM The documentation is provided for the use of individuals or companies which purchase it from KYPipe LLC. Except for back-up copies, the program disks or documentation may not be copied, marketed, or distributed without explicit written permission from KyPipe, LLC. For users who wish to use the programs on networks or multiple computers or different locations, network copies and multiple copy discounts may be obtained. Please contact KYPipe LLC for details. GOVERNING LAW AND VENUE FOR ENFORCEMENT AND DISPUTES This Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the substantive laws of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and, to the extent federal law applies, to the laws of the United States. The state and federal courts of Fayette County, Kentucky, shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any claim brought against KyPipe, LLC, and the user agrees to submit to the jurisdiction of the state and federal courts of Fayette County, Kentucky, in the event any claim is brought against the user, and user waives all defenses to jurisdiction and inconvenience of forum.

Don J. Wood Ph.D, Civil Engineering (859) 492-6097 [email protected]

Srinivasa Lingireddy Ph.D, Civil Engineering (513) 658-5159 [email protected]

Bill Gilbert BS, Civil Engineering (859) 257-4941 [email protected]

Doug Wood MS, Computer Engineering (859) 263-0401 [email protected]

Jana Faith BS, Civil Engineering (812) 843-4145 [email protected]

Software Development and Support Team

The following individuals are involved in the software development including the 2012 Series models, KYPipe, Surge, TranSurge, Gas, Steam, GoFlow, and SWMM and directly support the software.

KYPIPE LLC 710 Tom's Creek Rd. Cary, NC 27519, USA

Phone: (859) 263-2234 FAX: (859) 263-0401

Contact us

Pipe2012 Installation and Key Options You may install the software on as many computers as you like (work, laptop, and home). Only computers with access to one of the Key Options below will run the software at the full license level. With the Portable Hardware USB Devices, if you need to do a presentation for a client, for example, you can simply unplug the key from your main computer and insert it into your laptop.

Computer Requirements For outstanding performance the minimum RECOMMENDED system for PIPE2012 is: 2 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor 4 gigabyte (GB) RAM 200 GB available hard disk space Windows XP or later 1280 x 800 screen resolution or higher

Demo Installation – no key required Download the latest version from the web site and unzip the file to a User location, e.g. Desktop. Browse to the location of the unzipped files. Run (double click) the setup.exe file. After installation, use the Pipe2012 KYnetic shortcut to access the new interface or use the Pipe2012 Classic shortcut to access the original interface.

Key Options Portable Hardware USB Devices: USB Key – The current default key type. Hardware device for local and LAN Network licenses. Device may be a silver USB device with key chain and logo provided by the KYPipe Software Office or a USB storage device provided by the user. May be remotely created and modified. Wibukey – Hardware device for local and LAN network licenses. This is a bluish green USB device with key chain which is being phased out of use. May be remotely modified, but not created. Software Keys - Dedicated Location: Softkey - Software key for local (non-network) installations only (on a hard drive, not portable). The key may be moved to another dedicated location. Contact the KYPipe Software Office for instructions. May be remotely created and modified. The key may be moved to another dedicated location, contact the KYPipe Software Office for instructions. For multiple model licenses, must quit Pipe2012 to change to a different model (e.g. change from KYPipe to Surge). LAN-WAN – For Pipe2012 versions 6.000 and higher only. Software key for any network application, both LAN and WAN (on a hard drive, not portable). Computer hosting key does not need to have Pipe2012 installed and key location does not need to be mapped. May be remotely created and modified. The key may be moved to another dedicated location, contact the KYPipe Software Office for instructions.

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Pipe2012 Wibu (bluish green) Key Installation INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS (Stand Alone Version) Do not log in as the administrator to install, unless the user IS the administrator. Do NOT insert the hardware key into your computer during installation. It is important to run the software install (which will setup drivers) and THEN insert the hardware key. Unplug the Wibu hardware key, in case already plugged in! Install Pipe2012 on each computer that will run it Download Pipe2012 from www.kypipe.com under Support | Download Software After the installation is complete insert the hardware key into your computer. If have multiple USB ports, use the same port as before. If this is a new installation, it does not matter which port you use. Once the key is plugged in, your operating system should recognize it. You may see some drivers being installed or configured or a New Hardware Wizard may appear. Follow through this wizard. Use the Pipe2012 KYnetic shortcut to access the new interface. Use the Pipe2012 Classic shortcut to access the original interface. NETWORK VERSION INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS The network license for PIPE2012 does NOT apply to WAN use. This means that you are not permitted to use your network key to run PIPE2012 at multiple buildings, companies, or mailing addresses. *** CLIENT MACHINE Do not log in as the administrator to install, unless the user IS the administrator. DO NOT insert the hardware key into your computer. It is important to run the software install (which will setup drivers) and THEN insert the hardware key. Install Pipe2012 on each computer that will run it Download Pipe2012 from www.kypipe.com under Support | Download Software Open the control panel and run the Wibu-Key applet. Click the tab marked ‘Network’. In the subsystems box make sure that only Wk-Local and Wk-Lan are selected. In the box below the server search list (lower right corner of this screen) Type in the IP address of the machine that is (or will) host the physical WibuKey. Click the ADD button to put the server in the list. (The IP address of the server machine should be made static. To get an IP Address use a Command prompt (under Accessories) and type ipconfig). After configuring the Server location, use the Pipe2012 KYnetic shortcut to access the new interface. Use the Pipe2012 Classic shortcut to access the original interface.

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SERVER INSTALLATION – Client machine also acting as server If a machine where PIPE2012 is installed as a client is also going to act as the key server for the network then please do the following: Install Pipe2012 on each computer that will run it. Download Pipe2012 from www.kypipe.com under Support | Download Software (If you see a message during installation which says “Wibukey\Server\WkSvMgr.exe is in use,” choose the option to “Ignore, setup will replace at system startup” and make sure computer is rebooted at the end of the installation) After the installation is complete insert the hardware key into your computer. If you have multiple USB ports, use the same port as before. If this is a new installation, it does not matter which port you use. When the key is plugged in, your operating system should recognize it and you may see some drivers being installed or configured. Click START | PROGRAMS | Wibu-KEY and select Network Server. A small icon should appear on your screen, click the right mouse button on it once (which will bring up a menu) and select INSTALL AS SERVICE. If you do not want this icon to always be on your screen then click the right mouse button on it once (which will bring up a menu) and select SET INTO TASKBAR. SERVER Installation – Stand Alone Server Important: Use “Client Machine as Server” installation instructions if these don’t work. Any machine on the network may be used as a server. Go to a client machine where Pipe2012 has been installed. Browse the folder C:\Program files\KYPIPE\Pipe2012\Wibu. Copy the file WKRuntime.exe to the server machine. (If you see a message which says “Wibukey\Server\WkSvMgr.exe is in use,” choose the option to “Ignore, setup will replace at system startup” and make sure computer is rebooted at the end of the installation) Unplug the Wibu hardware key. Browse to the WKRuntime file and Run (double click) on it. This will install the latest drivers for the WIBU key. Then plug the Wibu key back in and choose NEXT or YES for all blanks on the hardware wizard. If you are have multiple USB ports, use the same port as before. If this is a new installation, it does not matter which port you use. If this is a new installation continue with the following instructions. Click START | PROGRAMS | Wibu key and select Network Server. A small icon should appear on your screen, click the right mouse button on it once (which will bring up a menu) and select INSTALL AS SERVICE. If you do not want this icon to always be on your screen then click the right mouse button on it once (which will bring up a menu) and select SET INTO TASKBAR. If you have problems, repeat steps 2-4 and reboot the machine. ** IMPORTANT - The machine that is acting as the server MUST have the hardware key inserted any time the machine is restarted for the network license to work properly. If something does NOT work correctly, then please call Jana Faith at 812-843-4145 or Bill Gilbert at 859-257-4941 and we will help you get up and running.

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Pipe2012 General and Network Installation with a USB Device Note: These directions do NOT apply to the bluish green WibuKey device or software keys (placed on a hard drive).

Stand-Alone (local) Installation Install Pipe2012 on each computer that will run it Download Pipe2012 from www.kypipe.com under Support | Download Software, or install it from a CD or silver USB device. Plug in USB key. All users running Pipe2012 for the first time: Use the TranSurge shortcut under Applications in the Start menu to access the program. When you run Pipe2012 for the first time you will be asked if you want to search for USB keys. Select “Yes”. As it searches various drives which may not have disks or are not accessible, you may get error messages. Click “Continue” any time this occurs until the USB key has been found. You will not need to repeat this process when Pipe2012 is launched the next time.

Network Installation First Install Pipe2012 on each computer that will run it Download Pipe2012 from www.kypipe.com under Support | Download Software, or install it from a CD or silver USB device. Next setup the computer that will act as the network server Select the drive on the network server where the USB key will be placed. The selected drive must be accessible with read/write privileges to all Clients on the network. If you do not have a USB device with a key already on it then contact KYPipe. Browse to USB device in Windows Explorer. Right click.

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Network Installation...Contd XP: Select “Sharing and Security” Select the “Sharing” tab. If it asks you if you are sure you want to share, click the link. In the Network Sharing and Security area, check the box which says “Share this folder on the network” Check the box which says “allow network users to change my files” Click ok. Vista: Select “Share” (Vista) Under Advanced Sharing click the Advanced Sharing button Then check the box “Share this Folder” Click on “Permissions”. Check the “Allow” box next to “Change” and “Full Control”. Click OK. Win7: Select “Share With”. Under “Advanced Sharing” click the Advanced Sharing button. Then check the box “Share this Folder”. Click on “Permissions”. Check the “Allow” box next to “Change” and “Full Control”. Click OK. Next set up the client computers that will run Pipe2012 Pipe2012 should have been installed on each computer in the first step. On each client machine, map the USB drive. For all operating systems (XP / Vista / Win 7), from the client machine, go to My Computer then navigate over the network to USB device. Right click on it and select map network drive. Assign it a single, unique drive letter. All users running Pipe2012 for the first time Use the TranSurge shortcut under Applications in the Start menu to access the program. When you run Pipe2012 for the first time you will be asked if you want to search for USB keys. Select “Yes”. As it searches various drives which may not have disks or are not accessible, you may get error messages. Click “Continue” any time this occurs until the USB key has been found. You will not need to repeat this process when Pipe2012 is launched the next time. If the key is not found, run 'Diagnostic Settings' and set the Key type to 'USB' and then specify the drive letter where the key location is mapped on that computer.

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Remotely Create New Key To create a new USB key remotely Go to a client computer where Pipe2012 is installed. If you have your own USB devicewould like to use to host a license key, plug it in first. Go to Pipe2012 in the Start menu, run Remote Update. Select 'USB Key (not Wibukey)’.the drive letter where the USB device is located.Click OK. Next under the 'Get USB License” click the button “Generate an Activation Request Code" and send it to KYPipe. Keep the application open and we will send back an Activation Code which will create your Key when you paste it in and click “Activate”. If the new USB key is a network license, follow the Network Installation instructions.

Modify Existing Key To modify an existing USB Go to a computer where Pipe2012 is installed. Plug in the USB device with the key. Go to Pipe2012 in the Start menu, run Remote Update. Select 'USB Key (not Wibukey)’. Specify the drive letter where the USB device is located. Click OK. Next click on the tab “Change USB License”. Click the button “Generate a License Change Request Code" and send it to KYPipe. Keep the application open and we will send back an Activation Code which will modify your Key when you paste it in and click “Update License”.

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Troubleshooting Tips Problems launching the program: Copy the Setup.exe file to the Desktop of the computer. The Setup.exe file is part of the web site download. On the USB key, setup.exe may be found in the Pipe2000 folder. Do not install using remote access. Do not install using a copy of the install file located on a device or network drive, see tip #1. Problems accessing the license key: If the key cannot be found, make sure the USB key drive (or folder for Hard Drive key) can be written to. To test write access, save a text file to the usb drive or folder. If the key cannot be found, run 'Diagnostic Settings' and set the Key type to 'USB key' and then specify the drive letter where the key location is mapped on that computer.

Updating Pipe2012 You can update Pipe2012 to the current version by visiting the support | download area of our website http://www.kypipe.com. Because we update the image frequently (to add features, update compatibility, or fix reported issues) you should visit our www site regularly to update your software.

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Online Help Under help in the main Pipe2012 menu, search the index for topics for which you have questions. Pipe2012 Tutorial (Audio/Video) Tutorial videos are contained on the USB device or online at www.kypipe.com under Support. From the USB Key: Insert your Pipe2012 USB key to begin the tutorial. When the menu pops up select Start Tutorial. If it does not pop up then use Windows Explorer to browse to your USB drive and run the Pipe2012Tutorial application. When the Tutorial Subject menu pops up select KYPipe, Surge, GoFlow, Gas, Steam or SWMM. You may switch to a different subject by clicking the Tutorial Subject button at any time. For KYPipe users there is also an advanced tutorial entitled KYPipe2012 Advanced. The tutorial menu has Play and Pause buttons and a Trackbar that allows you to back up or advance the presentations at any time. The video clips are grouped according to their purpose. It is recommended that you review the Pipe2012 GUI and Model Development clips prior to using Pipe2012. The additional clips may be reviewed as you utilize the capabilities which they address.

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Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Background TranSurge uses the same hydraulic engine used by the most powerful transient modeling tool in the world, Pipe2012:Surge. This hydraulic engine is based on the Lagrangian Wave Plan Method first conceived in 1959 and later developed into a software program in 1965 (Wood et. al. 1965). The method was well documented in scores of publications; some of the earliest and the latest publications include: Wood et.al. 1966, Dorsch et.al. 1966, Wood et.al. 2005, Ramalingam et.al 2009. Thousands of copies of Pipe2012 and its predecessor versions have been in circulation worldwide for several decades and for good reasons. Ramalingam et.al. document the superiority of this Lagrangian based wave plan method in providing accurate solutions several orders of magnitude faster than the other commonly used approach called method of characteristics. Besides, the method is not prone to numerical instabilities inherent to method of characteristics thus allowing the users to compute pressure-flow variations wherever desired. Because of its well-known power and accuracy, Pipe2012 software has been used for variety of applications across many different industries – small and large water utilities, oil and other liquid transportation, fire protection systems, nuclear and space industry, etc. At the same time, Pipe2012 appears to be too powerful and overwhelming for some of users, particularly for those whose interests are limited to designing surge protection systems for transmission mains with little or no interest in modeling large distribution networks. TranSurge is a highly streamlined version of Pipe2012:Surge that allows novice users to model long transmission mains and design surge protection systems with minimal efforts while providing access to all the features of Pipe2012:Surge for advanced users. Imagine building a surge analysis model for a long transmission main in a matter of a few minutes from a single spreadsheet of data and that is what TranSurge is all about! A brief description of TranSurge and its capabilities are provided in the following sections.

1.2 Working with TranSurge Working with TranSurge is very simple. TranSurge employs object oriented approach for modeling and almost all modeling and processing of results can be done with simple mouse operations and little or no use of the key board. Modeling in TranSurge is based on a series of mouse clicks and much of the editing can be done within the familiar spreadsheet environment eliminating the need for long learning curve associated with traditional surge modeling software. The important modeling activities are tied to a group of buttons arranged in sequence on the main menu bar of the TranSurge program and modeling is done by clicking one of these buttons at a time. For example, the very first model building button accesses the profile import tool where the user can load spreadsheet file of transmission main’s longitudinal section (L-section) data, provide additional steady state and surge data as needed, generate the model which will be ready for surge analysis, and load the model into TranSurge’s graphical user interface. The user can immediately run the surge analysis to simulate a pump trip condition, for example, by clicking another button.

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A max/min pressure envelope can be displayed for the entire transmission main by clicking another button immediately after the surge analysis. Surge protection devices can be dragged and dropped to any of the nodes along the transmission main and the default data associated with the surge protection devices allows for immediate surge analysis. After satisfactory design of surge protection system, the user can export the profile data, including invert levels, steady state hydraulic grade line, maximum hydraulic grade line and minimum hydraulic grade line, along with all components of the transmission main system (pumps, valves, and surge protection devices) to an elegant CAD file. Figures 1 through 5 show some of the steps involved in building and analyzing a transmission main model. TranSurge also comes with a unique animated profile results processing tool which will provide highly intuitive insight into the wave propagation phenomena for the model under consideration (Figure 6).

Figure 1. Access profile import tool by clicking one of the model building buttons 15

Figure 2. Provide additional data as needed but in a self-explanatory spreadsheet environment

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Figure 3. Transmission main model ready for surge analysis displayed in TranSurge GUI

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You should see this after last step

Figure 4. Perform transient analysis (step 1) immediately after generating transmission main model and display pressure envelope (steps 2&3)

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2 Transient Analysis 1 Steady state Analysis

3 Display profile

Figure 5. Provide surge protection data, external to TranSurge for ease of learning and usage

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1

2

3

4

5 6 7

Figure 6. Screen shot of an animated profile.

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1.3 TranSurge – Features In addition to providing ultra-simple model development and results processing environment, TranSurge can model every possible component and surge protection device common to transmission mains. The following shows a partial list of components and surge protection devices that come with TranSurge software. It may be noted that, the most commonly used devices from this list are also available in the spreadsheet format in the profile import tool which will be of a great help to beginner users. • One-way surge tanks • Open surge tanks or stand pipes (spilling and non-spilling types) • Compressor surge vessels • Bladder surge vessels • Hybrid surge vessels with dipping tubes and compressors • Kinetic air valves • Dual orifice two-stage air valves • Surge suppressing three-stage non-slam air valves • Dynamic air valves • Pressure relief valves • Hydraulically actuated surge anticipation valves • Electrically actuated surge anticipation valves • Rupture disks • Zero velocity valves • Vacuum breakers • Siphon breakers • Check valves

• Dynamic check valves • Hydraulic actuators (HOPD) • Threshold opening pressures • Non-reopening check valves • Non-linear closure characteristics • Initiate closure ahead of flow reversal

• Inline booster pumps • Offline booster pumps • Multiple pumps in parallel and series in each station • PID controllers • Standard and non-standard isolation and control valves • Pressure reducing, pressure sustaining and flow control valves, and modulating regulating valves • Turbines and wicket gates 21

1.4 CAD Profiles Tool The CAD Profile tool generates profile plots (Figure 7) for long transmission mains in DXF file format. The tool comes with a number of user controls and generates various entities of the profile to different CAD layers allowing users to print only the desired layers. Various components of long transmission mains including the surge protection devices such as surge tanks, relief valves and air valves are shown on the longitudinal section of pipeline. These comprehensive CAD drawings, generated just by a few key strokes within Pipe2012 GUI, significantly reduce the time needed for preparing construction drawings ,and more importantly eliminate the chances of errors in preparing those drawings.

Figure 7. Sample profile plot for a long transmission main showing longitudinal section of pipeline, steady state hydraulic gradeline,

hydraulic gradelines representing maximum and minimum pressures during a transient simulation, and a line representing

cavitation limits along the pipeline profile.

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Chapter 2. TranSurge Overview

The following screen illustrates the main menu of TranSurge software.

MAP AREA

These buttons help build the models, perform steady state and transient modeling, view envelope of maximum and minimum pressures, view text reports etc.

These buttons control map display options such as show/hide surge protection devices, turn on/off surge protection devices, labels menu etc.

Add surge control devices to transmission main

Tools – bladder precharge, resistance, wave speed, inertia

Node Information control buttons

Zoom controls

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TranSurge – Overview

Undo/Redo

Refresh Map Area

Clear selected elements

Import Excel Profile

Import DXF Profile

Save Map to BMP file

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Simulation Specifications


Error Check

Steady State Analysis

Surge Analysis

Envelope of max/min pressures

Detailed Text Report

Back to Map area

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TranSurge – Overview Display salient data

Help

Intermediate nodes on/off

Show/hide all air valves

Show/hide all other surge protection devices (surge tanks, pressure relief valves, surge anticipation valves )

Turn on/off all other surge protection devices

Turn on/off all air valves

Display pressure heads and flows on map

Label all air valves

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TranSurge – Overview These buttons facilitate adding some of the most commonly used surge protection devices to the transmission main model. Each device comes with some default data which will be displayed under node information window after adding the surge protection device.

Vertical closed surge tank with calculate initial level option

Vertical bladder tank with calculate initial level option

Two stage air valves

Dynamic air valves

Three stage air valves

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TranSurge – Overview These buttons facilitate adding some of the most commonly used surge protection devices to the transmission main model. Each device comes with some default data which will be displayed under node information window after adding the surge protection device.

Pressure Relief Valve Surge Anticipation Valve Hydraulically Actuated

Surge Anticipation Valve Electrically Actuated Surge

Anticipation Valve

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Bladder tank pre-charge calculator

Resistance calculator

Wave speed (celerity) calculator

Pump inertia calculator

Fixed mode 2

Toggle between TranSurge and KYnetic Interface of surge

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Layout Mode – allows for creating and editing network elements, alignment changes etc

Group Mode – allows for selecting multiple nodes/pipes at a time for global editing of their data. This may also be used for displaying results for selected nodes/pipes.

Group Box – select a group of nodes/pipes by dragging a rectangle over the network.

Group Polygon – draw a polygon to select a group of nodes/pipes. Left click to draw the polygon and right click to finish

Zoom all

Zoom window

Zoom previous

Zoom to pump station and nearby surge protection device

Zoom in

Zoom out

30

TranSurge – Overview (Node/Pipe Information Windows)

Display node/pipe results graph

Display node/pipe results table

Insert a node on selected pipe

Delete selected pipe/node

Display/hide wave speed in pipe information window

Display pipe diameter, material and rating as a group or separate entities

Display results A

Display results B

31

TranSurge – Overview (Node/Pipe Information Windows)

Setup/edit transient conditions such as pump startup/shutdown/trip conditions, valve open/close conditions, demand/grade change etc.

Copy the selected element along with all associated data so it can be pasted at some other location

Paste the previously copied element to current location replacing the existing data

Displays help associated with currently selected node element

Access node library menu

Show Average/Maximum/Minimum values of selected parameter under node information window

Swap between inlet/outlet/external positions in the node graph

32

540

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560

570

580

590

600

610

620

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Chapter 3. Transient modeling of rising (pumping) mains

This chapter illustrates the use of TranSurge for building and analyzing pumping main models by way of detailed step-by-step instructions. An Excel spreadsheet data (Demo 1 - Rising Main.xls under TranSurge folder of KYPipe Documents) representing longitudinal section of a pipeline is used.

Diameter of rising main is 900mm, with a pump station at lower end of the pipeline discharging into atmosphere at the delivery end. There are three operating pumps at pump station with a rated flow of 1200m3/h each. Pipe material is cement mortar lined mild steel with a Hazen-William roughness coefficient of 130. The detailed step-by-step instructions illustrate:

o Building transmission main model

o Perform transient analysis without protection

o Ways to process results, and

o Sample protection measures

33

Launch TranSurge using one of the following methods.

1

2

3

4

Or by clicking one of these icons on desktop, if the icons are already created

Step

3.1 Creating rising main model

34

You should see this blank opening screen of TranSurge interface.

35

Access profile import tool

1 Click on this button to launch profile import tool

You should see the following main window of profile import tool

36

Browse demo files folder and load the excel file – “Demo 1 - Rising Main.xls ”

1

2

3

37

Provide additional data and generate transmission main model (p2k file)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 8

9

10

Generates Pipe2000 file that includes profile data, pipe diameter, roughness, wave speed, pump data and transient event (pump trip).

Note: Data entered by the user (other than that modifying spread sheet data) will be saved to a *.def file in the same folder after step 10. It gets loaded along with the excel file data when the excel file is loaded next time. 38

You should see this after the last step

Pumps

Delivery End

540

550

560

570

580

590

600

610

620

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

1

2

Steady State Analysis

Transient Analysis

Screen plot showing how pressure varies at pump discharge after a pump trip event

3.2 Analyze transmission main model

40

1 Plot envelope of maximum and minimum pressure heads 3.3 Process results

2

41

In case you see the animated profile window, click on “static” option, exit this window and click on show profile button once again to load the static profile window.

1

2

3

42

43

1

2

3.4 Surge protection

3

Note: Demo 2 – Rising Main.xls along with its *.def file were setup to demonstrate this example. Users may continue using the Demo 1 – Rising Main.xls file, provide additional data or load Demo 2 – Rising Main.xls file which will have all data entered as shown in subsequent slides.

44

1

3

4

5

5

7

8

6

9

2

Surge protection: • Bladder vessel at pump discharge

• 3m diameter • 45m3 • Precharge head of 30m • Connection resistance = 20

• Air valve at highest elevation point • 100mm 3-stage air valve • 25mm smaller outflow orifice • 2kPa switch pressure

45

1

2

3

4

5 6 7

Provide surge protection data Surge protection: • Bladder vessel at pump discharge

• 3m diameter • 45m3 • Precharge head of 30m • Connection resistance = 20

• Air valve at highest elevation point • 100mm 3-stage air valve • 25mm smaller outflow orifice • 2kPa switch pressure

46

You should see this after the last step in the previous slide

1

Perform Transient Analysis

Note the surge tank at pump station

Screen plot showing how pressure varies at pump discharge after a pump trip event (with protection)

47

1

Plot envelope of maximum and minimum pressure heads

48

View node results graph

1 Left click on this node

2

49

Pressure variation graph at node 6

50

1

Zoom to pump station and first surge protection device

51

3.5 Export profile plot as CAD file

2

Right click on Show Profile button to access DXF profile tool

Enter data as shown and click on “Generate DXF File” button

52

Profile plot as DXF file

53

Chapter 4. Transient modeling of gravity mains

Pressure surges are not limited just to rising mains; they can occur wherever rapid changes to velocities are possible. The most common cause of pressure surges in gravity mains is the rapid closure of valves at delivery end of pipelines for emergency shutdown operations. This chapter illustrates the use of TranSurge for building and analyzing gravity main models by way of detailed step-by-step instructions. An Excel spreadsheet data (Demo 3 – Gravity Main.xls under TranSurge folder of KYPipe Documents) representing longitudinal section of a pipeline is used. Diameter of gravity main is 500mm and water levels at inlet and outlet are same as the ground elevations. Create the model and analyze the model for a 60s valve closure time. Provide a suitable pressure relief valve if maximum surge pressure exceeds 8bars.

480

495

510

525

540

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

54

Launch TranSurge using one of the following methods.

1

2

3

4

Or by clicking one of these icons on desktop, if the icons are already created

Step

4.1 Creating gravity main model

55

You should see this blank opening screen of TranSurge interface.

56

Access profile import tool

1 Click on this button to launch profile import tool

You should see the following main window of profile import tool

57

Browse demo files folder and load the excel file – “Demo 3 - Gravity Main.xls ”

1

2

3 58

Provide additional data and generate transmission main model (p2k file)

1

2

3 4

5

6

7

8 9

10

Generates Pipe2000 file that includes profile data, pipe diameter, roughness, wave speed, pump data and transient event (pump trip).

Note: Data entered by the user (other than that modifying spread sheet data) will be saved to a *.def file in the same folder after step 10. It gets loaded along with the excel file data when the excel file is loaded next time.

Generates valve closure event

59

You should see this after the last step in the previous slide Source

Delivery End

480

495

510

525

540

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 60

1 Steady State Analysis

2 Show profile

Profile shows Steady State Hydraulic Grade line

3.2 Analyze transmission main model

61

1 Transient Analysis

Screen plot showing how pressure varies upstream of valve during a valve shut down event

62

1 Plot envelope of maximum and minimum pressure heads 3.3 Process results

2

63

3

Max surge pressure > 20bars

64

1

2

3

4.4 Surge protection Note: Demo 4 – Gravity Main.xls along with its *.def file were setup to demonstrate this example. Users may continue using the Demo 3 – Gravity Main.xls file, provide additional data or load Demo 4 – Gravity Main.xls file which will have all data entered as shown in subsequent slides.

65

1

3

4

5

7

8

6

2

Surge protection: • Pressure relief valve • 150mm size (resistance is about 500) • Opening head = 50m • Opening time = 3s • Closing head = 40m • Closing time = 20s

Provide surge protection data

You should see this after the last step in the previous slide

1 Perform Transient Analysis

Note the PRV placed near delivery Reservoir

Screen plot showing how pressure varies upstream of active valve at delivery end of pipeline

1 Plot envelope of maximum and minimum pressure heads

With protection (150 mm PRV at delivery end) 68

3.5 Export profile plot as CAD file

2

Right click on Show Profile button to access DXF profile tool

Enter data as shown and click on “Generate DXF File” button

69

Profile plot as DXF file

70

15m

200m,200mm 300m,150mm

300m,150mm

200m ,150mm 200m ,150mm

300m,100mm

Elevation at all nodes = 100m Depth of water in reservoir = 15m Demand at all nodes = 500 lpm Pipes: DI pipes, Hazen William Roughness Coefficient = 120

demand

Reservoir

Junction Nodes

Chapter 5. Creating and editing network models Chapters 3 and 4 illustrate the use of TranSurge’s profile import tool for creating transmission main models. Users may want to edit or append the model, in particular the detailed layout within pump stations. This chapter illustrates the use of TranSurge graphical interface by way of creating and editing a simple network model described in the following.

Schematic of Network Model Pipe length and diameter

Step-by-step instructions for creating and eiditing the network model, performing steady state analysis, processing results etc are presented in the following.

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1 2

4

3

5.1 Creating network models

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1

2

After previous step….

73

2

3

4

After previous step….

5

6

7

1

8

74

Move cursor to any grid point and RIGHT click – a junction node will be created as shown

Right click

Left click

Empty grid after previous step

1

75

1 Next step is to change junction node to reservoir node

2

3

4

76

Next step is to create a pipe and junction node 200m from reservoir node

Place cursor about 2 grid spaces from reservoir node and RIGHT click

77

Repeat these steps to complete the layout process

Move cursor 3 grid spaces from junction node J-1 and RIGHT click

78

Now LEFT click on J-2 to select that node first and then create other pipes and nodes

1

2 3

4

79

Provide Data for Pipes and Nodes

!!! This is where the beginners should use extreme caution on RIGHT and LEFT clicks !!!

RIGHT click adds a new node and pipe. Accidental RIGHT click can generate unwanted nodes and pipes. Sometimes the pipes may overlay each other and the user may not see this easily.

LEFT click is used for SELECTING a node or a pipe

1 LEFT click on any pipe

2

3

4

Provide data 80

Provide Pipe diameter for ALL pipes as given below

81

Next provide data for nodes:

1 LEFT click on this node

2

3

82

Provide Elevation and Demand for ALL the Junctions as given below

83

Save the model before further processing.

1

2

3

4

84

Steady state analysis:

1

2

Error Check

85

View Results

Pipe Flows

1 Label Heads and flows

86

1

2

Pipe velocities and pressure heads

3

4

Change displayed parameters

87

Add a 20kW Pump

15m

200m,200mm 300m,150mm

300m,150mm

200m ,150mm 200m ,150mm

300m,100mm

Elevation of all nodes = 100m Depth of water in reservoir = 15m Demand at all nodes = 500 lpm Pipes: DI pipes, Hazen William Roughness Coefficient = 120

demand

5.2 Insert pump element

88

1

Left click on pipeline where the pump needs to be inserted

2

3

Pump inserted on pipe P-1

89

1

Left click on pump to select and edit pump data

2

3 4

90

Steady state analysis: 1

Display Flow rates and Pressure Heads

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Chapter 6. Surge Elements A partial list of devices with specific data requirements for surge analysis are described in this chapter. The following schematic shows some of these devices.

Reservoir Pump

Check valve

Library Element

Pump (no suction pipe)

Pressure supply

Loss element PID Control Module

Active valve

On/off valve

Regulator

Tank

Sprinkler Junction Node

92

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

Resistance = ∆H/Q2 where ∆H is headloss (m or ft) and Q is flowrate (ft3/s or m3/s). User Resistance Calculator Tool to compute resistance based on other data.

6.1 Active valve Valves that open/close during a transient event should be modeled as active valves. Partially closed valves and valves that remain closed during a transient event should also be modeled as active valves in order to capture the wave action at closed or partially closed valves. All other valves may be modeled as on/off valves. Type of valve matters only if the valve is operated during transient simulation or if the initial ratio is other than 0 or 1. Ball/Butterfly/Gate/Globe/Needle valves use standard stem position vs. area ratio relationships (search Pipe2000 help with Active Valve Table for this data). User specified stem position vs area ratio data may be used by specifying the valve type with X- prefix. Active valve element may be used to model a check valve, see the next slide for details.

Ignore this data if this is not a check valve and there is no bypass line at this location

Active Valve Resistance at 100% opening

Ratio of initial stem position (flow area) to fully open stem position

Hydraulic grade at this connection. Enter data only if valve connects to a reservoir or tank or discharges to atmosphere

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

6.2 Active valve used a check valve Active valve element may be used to model a check valve by checking the box next to “Check Valve” under active valve information window. A better way of modeling check valves is to use check valve element instead of active valve with check valve.

Bypass line

Check valve

Check this box if check valve does not reopen once it is closed

Check this box only if there is a bypass line at this valve and enter combined resistance associated with bypass line

Check valve closure time (seconds) to go from fully open to fully closed mode after flow reversal.

94

• In Pumps and Active Valves by using Check Valve check box For Surge Analysis CV’s must be designated in this manner. • Bypass Lines in Pumps and Active Valves. For Pumps these are surge control devices which allow flow through the bypass when suction

pressure > discharge pressure. For Valves the bypass line sets resistance for reverse flow. Use Bypass line check box shown above. • Check Valve Element this is a separate element, see device help • Check valves designated as part of pipe element (when models are created for steady state analysis using KYPIPE software) will be ignore d

for surge analysis.

For Surge, Check Valves and Bypass lines may take one of the following forms:

6.3 Check valves and bypass lines


Check this box only if there is a bypass line at this valve and enter combined resistance associated with bypass line


95

Pump

Check Valve

Isolation Valve

• If % steady state flow is 0, valve starts closing at flow reversal • If Differential Pressure is zero, valve starts opening at positive differential head • Resistance defined as headloss (m or ft) divided by square of flowrate in (m3/s or ft3/s)

Use this icon to view the data provided for standard active valves for flow area changes.

6.4 Check valves (CV) or Non-return valves (NRV)



Flow area reduces at constant acceleration. Higher closing speed towards the end of closure

Valve starts closing when flow drops below this value

Valve starts opening when pressure head exceeds this value

6.5 Pumps – General Information TranSurge offers many different and convenient ways to model pumps. While it is more accurate to model complete pump station piping, it may be convenient to model multiple parallel (and identical) pumps as a single element in the network model for preliminary studies. It may also be convenient to ignore suction side piping when liquid source is within a short distance from the pump or when the pump is submerged in the supply source. If check valves are located within a very short distance from pump discharge, they may be modeled as integral part of the pump element (instead of separate elements either on active valves or check valve elements).

Detailed pump station layout

4 pumps in parallel

modeled as one element

Pump with little or

no suction piping

Ignore this data if there is no check valve at this location and there is no bypass line. See active valve section for more details on this.

Pump with long suction pipe Multiple connections

Depending on the type of data available, pumps may be defined using head-flow characteristics, rated pressure and flow values, constant useful power, constant head and constant flow. If variable speed operation is desired, pumps must be defined with head-flow characteristic data. Pumps may also be defined by non-dimensional head-flow-speed-torque characteristics (four quadrant pump characteristics) and this data is necessary to simulate transient pressures resulting from pump trip conditions (power outage). The next few pages illustrate the various methods of defining pump data.

Additional resistance that accounts for manifold losses when modeling parallel/series pumps

97

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

6.5.1 Pumps: Head-Flow Table

Head in ft or m, Pressure in psi or kPa or bar

Flow is in specified flow units

Efficiency in percentage(%)

Head-flow data

Ratio of speed at current time (steady state) to rated speed. A speed ratio of 1 pump is operating at rated speed.

Manufacturer provided head-flow-efficiency characteristic data may be entered for each type of pump under pump curves data. The associated pump curve ID may be used with all other pumps that have the same head-flow characteristics. Speed ratio data under pump information window allows for specifying initial operating speeds for pumps equipped with variable frequency drives. Pumps defined by the same ID may operate with different initial speed ratios.

98

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

6.5.2 Pumps: Useful Power

Enter useful power here (not break power)

At times, the user may have information on pump power (rated horse power or rated power in kW) only and may need to use that information for modeling an existing system. TranSurge allows for modeling pumps defined by useful power but caution must be exercised in interpreting the results as TranSurge builds a 3-point head-flow curve internally (based on the steady state head-flow conditions) for transient simulations.

Pump curve based on useful power

Rated point (HR, QR)

Manufacturer supplied data

99

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

6.5.3 Pumps: Rated Pressure and Flow

Rated pressure in psi or kPa or Bars

At times, the user may have information on pump rated pressure and flow data only and may need to use that information for modeling an existing system. TranSurge allows for modeling pumps defined by pump rated conditions but caution must be exercised in interpreting the results as TranSurge builds a 3-point head-flow curve internally (based on the steady state pressure-flow conditions) for transient simulations.

Pump curve based on useful power

Rated point (HR, QR)

1.2xHR

1.5xQR

Manufacturer supplied data

Rated flowrate in user specified flow units 100

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

6.5.4 Pumps: Constant Pressure and Constant Flowrate

Constant Pressure : This element maintains constant pressure difference across d/s and u/s sides of the element irrespective of flow through the element. Suitable for sizing pumps that are required to maintain known pressures (determine rated flow for a given head). Steady state analysis determines the corresponding flowrate. Not suitable for surge analysis.

Constant Flowrate: This element maintains constant flow irrespective of pressure u/s and d/s of the element. Suitable for sizing pumps that are required to deliver know flowrates (determine rated pressure for a given flow). Difference between u/s and d/s pressure heads obtained from steady state analysis represents the required pump head. Not suitable for surge analysis.

101

File (1-20): Pump File Number

Rated Head (ft or m)

Rated Flow (specified flow units)

Rated Speed (rpm)

Inertia: Pump + Motor Inertia (N-m2 or lbf-ft2 )

6.5.5 Pumps: File

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

One of the primary reasons for surge analysis of pumping mains is to determine the potential for extreme surge pressures resulting from pump trip conditions. The severity of transient conditions depends on the rate at which pump speed changes which in turn depends on the initial operating speed and more importantly the inertia of moving parts and type of pump (radial, axial or mixed flow). Four quadrant pump characteristics data (Suter curves) from standard references have been compiled into eight different pump files and are supplied with TranSurge software. Use “Pump File/ Calculate Inertia” tool to select the appropriate pump file.

Pump

file

Specific Speed

English Units SI Units

1 1270 25

2 7600 147

3 13500 261

4 3725 72

5 4409 85

6 5203 101

7 6792 131

8 8764 169

Suter pump files are named as 9991, 9992, 9993…. 9998 (files 1-8) and are located in the KYPIPE Program Data Folder (Start All Programs Pipe2012 Utility Program Data Folder). Users may alter this data if and when necessary to reflect more accurate non-dimensional pump characteristics. File 9999 may be used with user defined data. Files 10-20 are reserved for future use.

Inertia should be in WR2 units

and NOT in GD2 units.

6.5.6 Pumps: File/Table

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

This pump type combines the file and table options into one so the table option is used for steady state analysis and rest of the data for surge analysis.

Pump

file

Specific Speed

English Units SI Units

1 1270 25

2 7600 147

3 13500 261

4 3725 72

5 4409 85

6 5203 101

7 6792 131

8 8764 169

Head in ft or m, Pressure in psi or kPa or bar Flow is in specified flow units Efficiency in percentage(%)

This element uses one or three points of head loss vs. flow or pressure loss vs. flow curve data (similar to pump) to calculate the loss caused by this device at different flowrates. Loss elements may be used to represent any device for which a head loss vs. flow or pressure loss vs. flow relationship is known (heat exchangers, cooling devices, etc.) A check valve may be added to this element by providing appropriate data.

6.6 Loss Element

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

Click on ID number to enter pressure loss vs. flow data

104

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

Rated Head in ft or m

Rated Flow is in specified flow units

Rated Speed in RPM

Inertia: Combined turbine and generator inertia (WR2) in lbf-ft2 or N-m2

File (1-20): Non dimensional head-flow-torque data in Suter representation

Turbine

Device data

Wicket Gate

Speed Ratio =operating speed/rated speed

(use negative value when operating in turbine mode)

6.7 Turbine

105

Resistance 100% : Wicket gate resistance

at 100% opening

Initial ratio =Initial Valve Stem Position/Fully Opened Stem Position

Non-dimensional turbine head-flow-torque can be different at different Wicket Gate openings and requires multiple non-dimensional Suter characteristic curves for turbines.

6.8 Wicket Gate

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

Turbine

Wicket Gate

106

Datum

Connection to a pressure main where the supply pressure will change with flowrate

Gage Difference - Difference in elevation between pipe and hydrant pressure gage

Elevation

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

FLOW

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

HE

AD

PUMP CURVE FOR ID #1

Pressure/Flow Curve

Use Hydrant Flow Test to get data for Pressure Supply

6.9 Variable/Rated Pressure Supply

Head in ft or m

Pressure in psi or kPa

Flow is in specified flow units

Ignore efficiency column

Static Head/Pressure

Head and flow from a partially opened hydrant

Residual Head and flow when The hydrant is fully open

107

Indicates location of cut-off or isolation valve. The minor loss for this inactive valve is not automatically included in the network analysis or the report. To account for a minor loss due to an on/off valve, the user may enter the loss as a pipe fitting or using the active valve element. Partial throttling of this valve is NOT permitted in the model. This valve adds no nodes or pipes to model and will not be included in surge analysis

ON OFF

6.10 Isolation Valves (on/off valves)

108

PRVs, PSVs, and FCVs (Pressure Reducing Valves, Pressure Sustaining Valves, and Flow Control Valves

Setting for PRV, PSV in psi or kPa or bars Setting for FCV in user specified flow units

Additional resistance associated with regulators. Loss through the valve is calculated based

on this resistance when the valve operates in wide open mode.

PRV-1: Maintains set pressure d/s from the valve (Activated or Throttled Mode). If the pressure d/s is less than the set value, then the valve operates in wide open mode. Closes if the hydraulics forces flow in the reverse direction.

PSV: Maintains set pressure u/s from the valve (Activated or Throttled Mode). If the pressure u/s is greater than the set value, then the valve operates in wide open mode. Closes if the hydraulics forces flow in the reverse direction.

FCV-1: Maintains set flowrate through the pipeline (Activated or Throttled Mode). If the flowrate through the pipeline is less than the set value, then the valve operates in wide open mode. Closes if the hydraulics forces flow in the reverse direction.

Regulators/Control Valves Used for controlling pressure in certain regions or flow through certain pipelines in the network. For surge analysis, these valves are converted

into active valves internally and the active valve resistance is set based on the steady state flow and pressure drop across the valve. Caution must be exercised while working with regulators that operate in wide open mode (during steady state analysis) as pressure drop across the valve would be zero (hence zero resistance for active valve which is an unacceptable condition) unless additional resistance associated with regulators is specified.

6.11 Regulators/Control Valves

Check this box and enter response time (how long the regulator takes to go from open to close position and vice-versa in seconds) to allow the regulator change its position during the transient event.

109

This element uses a Library of Data to describe the characteristics of a device. Shown here is a Library for a Backflow preventer. Three points of Head/Flow Data is used to describe this device. Pipe2000 models BFP using a Head/Flow curve to calculate the loss caused by this device. Users can develop customized Libraries for any device.

Library table found under components button

6.12 Library Elements: Back Flow Preventers, Pumps, Air Valves, Surge Tanks

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Chapter 7. Modeling Transient Events This chapter illustrates how to setup data for transient initiating events. While the most common transient events (full pump trip event and full pump shut down events) can be setup directly within the profile import tool, this chapter illustrates setting up of these and other transient events within TranSurge graphical user interface. Any event that changes steady state pressure and flow conditions within a pipeline system may be referred to as a transient initiating event. The most common causes of transients in pipeline systems are:

• Tripping of single or multiple pumps within a pump station • Controlled shut down and startup of pumps • Valve opening and closing events • Rapid changes in flowrates and pressure conditions • Pressure and flow changes that occur at certain frequency (periodic variations) • Any combination of these events

Since transient events are associated with node elements, data for transient events is specified using “Edit Node Changes” button under “Node Info” window. Select any node and click on “Edit Node Changes” button, the following change data table appears. The change data table has three columns. The time at which a transient event starts is specified under first column. The type of transient event is specified under middle column. Value associated with the transient event is specified under third column. Change data associated with a pump trip event is shown in the following table. Speed ratio (ratio of operating speed to rated speed) for Pump-3 at time 0 is set to 1. The speed ratio remains constant at 1.0 for 2 seconds (hold steady state conditions for first two seconds). Pump trip condition is initiated at the end of 2 seconds by specifying “trip” under change column at time 2. When change data is provided for more than one element, a click on “All Changes” button will displays change data pertaining all elements. Cut/Copy/Paste operations facilitate duplicating change data to several elements. Check “Ignore Changes” box under node information window to not consider the associated transient data for a particular simulation.

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Sample transient events associated with pumps are illustrated in the following.

7.1 Transient Events: Pumps

Pump trip followed by a pump start up event. Pump- operates at a steady state speed ratio of 0.95 and the steady state conditions are held for first two seconds of simulation. Pump trip event is initiated at 2s. Pump need to be restarted at 110s. For this, the pump speed should be brought to rest first as the pump could be spinning either in positive or negative direction following the trip condition. A speed ratio data is specified a few seconds ahead of the intended restart time (100s in this case) which will gradually bring the pump speed to 0 by 110s. Pump speed ratio is ramped up to 0.85 in 5 seconds starting at 110s and held constant till 150s. Pump speed is ramped up again to rated speed between 150 and 152s.

The options available for type of change are restricted depending on the type of element and the data provided. For example, a pump defined by head-flow table data will allow for changing pump speed ratio only. Pumps that are defined by File (Suter curves) data allow for simulating pump trip events. “Trip Ratchet (Surge)” option allows for simulating a pump trip event simultaneously preventing reverse rotation of pump (suitable for pumps equipped with reverse rotation ratchet arrangement).

Note: Value specified under third column at time 0 should match the corresponding steady state value. For

example, if the steady state speed ratio for a pump is 1.0, specifying a speed ratio of 0.85 at time 0 under node

changes data is not acceptable. 112

ZVV

Sample transient events associated with active valves are illustrated in the following.

7.2 Transient Events: Active Valves

Valve closure followed by re-opening Valve is fully open (area ratio = 1) at time 0. A two stage closure of the valve is initiated at time 0 with 90% of the closure taking place in first 15s and the remaining 10% closure in the next 15s. Valve remains closed till 100s and is fully reopened by 115s. It remains fully open till 150s and is partially closed (95% open) in next 5s.

Active valves may be defined as standard type (ball/butterfly/gate/globe/needle) that use built-in flow area vs. stem position characteristics or as Cv Ratio (Kv Ratio for SI units) valves where the flow area changes linearly with stem position. Depending on the type of active valve, the value under column three may refer to either area ratio (for Kv Ratio valves) or ratio of stem position (for standard valves) and the associated area ratio is obtained internally using the built-in flow area vs stem position characteristics.


example, if the steady state area for the valve is 1.0, specifying an area ratio of 0.85 at time 0 under node

changes data is not acceptable. Value under third column may only vary between 0.0 and 1.0 for active valves.

Area Ratio = current open flow area to 100% flow area

113

A change in demand at a junction node results in a transient condition. This can be used to simulate a fire hydrant opening and closing event or any other event that results in a rapid variation in flowrate at a location within the pipeline system.

7.3 Transient Events: Demand Changes

Hydrant opening and closing event Hydrant opening and closing is simulated as demand change at node J-19. Demand at J-19 is 0 at steady state. Demand is increased from 0 to 1500 (user specified flow units) in 10s starting at 2s. The hydrant is kept open from 12 to 20s and is closed by 23s taking demand at node J-19 from 1500 to 0 in 3s.

Rapid change in demand simulating a pump trip event when pump station details are not available Flowrate at pump station may be modeled as inflow (negative demand) at a node. Flow at node J-19 for steady state is -3600 (user specified flow units). This flow rate is dropped to 0 within one second simulating rapid decrease in flowrate following a pump trip event.


example, if the steady state demand is -3600 at node J-19, the value under column three at time 0 in the

corresponding change data should also be set to -3600. 114

A change in the water surface elevation or hydraulic grade (elevation + pressure head) at a reservoir results in a transient condition. This condition cannot be simulated directly by specifying change data at a reservoir node, instead, the change data should be created on an active valve (or a pump) simulating connection to a reservoir (one end of active valve left open)

7.4 Transient Events: Reservoir Grade Changes

Reservoir grade Initial hydraulic grade at AV-3 is 125ft (steady state). This grade changes to 95ft in 30s.

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Periodic variations in valve stem position ratios, pump speed ratios, hydraulic grade changes, and demand changes may be simulated using this data.

7.5 Transient Events: Periodic Variation

Several different scenarios are shown above. 1. An active valve (AV-2) operates at 50cps (period = 0.02s) with stem position ratio changing from 0.25 to 0.75 (average = 0.50) 2. Pump-1 operates at 50cps with a speed variation from 0.8 to 1.2. This oscillation is 180o (3.14159 radians) out of phase with the other

shown. 3. The grade at valve AV-2 varies from 50 to 150ft at 50cps. 4. The demand at junction J-3 varies from 40 to 60 (user specified flow units) at 50cps.

For grade variations at a valve or pump, use Type = 1, for all others, use Type = 0

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Chapter 8. Surge Protection Devices This chapter describes data requirements for surge protection devices. A partial list of devices is shown below.

Air Valves Single, two or three stage air valves Dynamic air valves Siphon breakers Air release valves Vacuum breaker valves Relief Valves Pressure relief valves Surge anticipation valves – hydraulically /Electrically activated Rupture disks

Closed Surge Tanks Compressor Vessels – horizontal/vertical alignment, variable area Bladder vessels - horizontal/vertical alignment, variable area Hybrid vessels – dipping tube Open Surge Tanks Standpipes, variable area tanks One-way surge tanks

Compressor vessel

Hybrid vessel

Bladder tank

Pressure relief valve

Surge anticipation valve Dynamic air valve

2 stage air valve One-way surge tank

Stand pipe

Siphon breaker

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Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

Inflow Resistance = Resistance for flow into the pipe. Outflow Resistance = Resistance for flow out of pipe For tanks that are attached directly to the pipeline (tank bottom sitting on the pipeline), the resistance could simply be based on an equivalent orifice representing the opening size on tank bottom. If the tanks are attached to the pipeline to be protected through another pipeline, resistance should take into account all losses between tank bottom and pipeline to be protected. Use piping resistance option under resistance calculator tool.

Gas Expansion Constant. This can range from 1.0 for isothermal process to 1.4 for adiabatic process. Most commonly used value is 1.2.

8.1 Closed surge tanks and bladder tanks

TranSurge offers many different options for modeling closed surge tanks (compressor vessels and hybrid vessels) and bladder tanks. Both horizontally mounted as well as vertically mounted vessels can be modeled. Options to model cylindrical tanks and non-cylindrical tanks are available as well. A complete list of options is shown below.

• Vertical closed surge tank • Vertical closed surge tank with calculate initial level option • Horizontal closed surge tank • Horizontal closed surge tank with calculate initial level option • Variable area closed surge tank

• Vertical bladder tank • Vertical bladder tank with calculate initial level option • Horizontal bladder tank • Horizontal bladder tank with calculate initial level option • Variable area bladder surge tank

Data common to all surge tanks is illustrated here.

Elevation Difference.

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To place a surge tank at a node, click on the node type dropdown menu, go to SDOs (side discharge orifice elements) option as shown below.

1

2

3

119

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

Initial Level - ft or m

Diameter - ft or m For non-cylindrical tank, use equivalent diameter or use horizontal and variable area tanks.

Initial Gas Volume – ft3 or m3

Amount of total volume that is gas at the beginning of simulation

8.1.1 Vertical closed surge tank

Tank Volume (sum of volume of liquid and gas) ft3 or m3. When Initial level is specified by the user , tank volume is used only for generating warning messages in case the total (expanded) gas volume exceeds the total volume).

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

Initial Liquid Level (ft or m) will be computed internally based on initial gas volume, total tank volume and steady state pressure at closed surge tank connection.




8.1.2 Vertical closed surge tank (calculate initial level option)

Tank Volume (sum of volume of liquid and gas) ft3 or m3.

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Datum

Elevation (ft or m)


Diameter - ft or m Diameter is cylindrical diameter, not equivalent horizontal diameter



8.1.3 Horizontal closed surge tank


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Datum

Elevation (ft or m)





8.1.4 Horizontal closed surge tank (calculate initial level option)

Tank Volume (sum of volume of liquid and gas) ft3 or m3. When Initial level is specified by the user , tank volume is used only for generating warning messages in case the total (expanded) gas volume exceeds the total volume).


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Datum

Elevation (ft or m)



8.1.5 Variable area closed surge tank

This allows for modeling tank volume more accurately.


Depth to Total Depth Ratio (0 to 1)

Volume to Total Volume Ratio (0 to 1)

124

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)



Preset (pre-charge) Head - ft or m.

8.1.6 Vertical bladder tank


125

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)


Preset (pre-charge) Pressure – psi, kPa or bars

8.1.7 Vertical bladder tank (calculate initial level option)



126

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

Preset (pre-charge) Head - ft or m.

8.1.8 Horizontal bladder tank



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Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

8.1.9 Hybrid surge tank

Dipping tube

Air vent

When this box is checked, initial gas volume is treated as volume at which the air vent opens (and then hybrid

surge tank acts like a open surge tank)

X

Hybrid surge tank functions like a compressor tank when water in the tank is above certain level and as open surge tank when water level falls below that level.

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

Inflow Resistance = Resistance for flow into the pipe. Outflow Resistance = Resistance for flow out of pipe For tanks that are attached directly to the pipeline (tank bottom sitting on the pipeline), the resistance could simply be based on an equivalent orifice representing the opening size on tank bottom. If the tanks are attached to the pipeline to be protected through another pipeline, resistance should take into account all losses between tank bottom and pipeline to be protected. Use piping resistance option under resistance calculator tool.

8.2 Open surge tanks

Open surge tanks are storage devices with water surface open to atmosphere. Open surge tanks that let water in and out of the tanks are generally located at places where the hydraulic gradeline is close to pipeline profile (to prevent spilling). By restricting flow of water only out of the open surge tank (and NOT into the tank through the pipeline being protected), the open surge tanks may be located at places with high hydraulic gradeline. Such open surge tanks are called one-way open tanks, one-way surge tanks or feed tanks.

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Datum

Elevation (ft or m)‏

8.2.1 Open surge tank – cylindrical

Open surge tank (stand pipe) may be used as a surge protection device at places where the hydraulic grade line is close to the pipeline elevation.

Diameter of tank in ft or m

Max Level: Depth of water in tank above pipe centerline elevation

Note: If Max Level is set to zero (or blank), then the tank is assumed to be infinitely tall and facilitates sizing the height of open surge tank

Inflow R = Resistance for Flow into the pipe (use a large number such as 99999 if no flow is allowed into pipe)

Outflow R = Resistance for Flow out of pipe

Resistance (s2/ft5 or s2 /m5 ) = headloss/flow2

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Datum


8.2.2 Open surge tank – variable area





Depth to Total Depth Ratio (0 to 1)

Volume to Total Volume Ratio (0 to 1)

Create a Depth vs. Surface Area relationship for the entire height of the Open Surge Tank.

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Datum

Elevation

(ft or m)‏

Check

Valve

8.2.3 One-way open tank (or feed tank)

One way open tank or one way surge tank (feed tank) allows water to flow out of the tank into the pipeline during a down surge event and prevents water from flowing back into the tank during steady state operation and/or up surge conditions.

Diameter of tank in ft or m


Check Valve Resist: Resistance associated with the check valve connecting the one way surge tank wit h main pipeline

Check Valve Time: Time for opening the check valve from fully closed to fully open mode




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8.3 Air valves

Air valves (for filling operation, draining operation etc) are integral part of most pipeline systems. Depending on the nature of transient condition and the type of protection provided to the pipeline system, air valves may or may not get activated during a transient event. If the lowest pressure in pipeline during a transient event does not drop below atmospheric level, then there is no need to include air valves in the surge models. Air valves may also be used as part of surge protection system. The primary purpose of air valves as surge protection devices is to relieve the pipeline from extreme negative pressures by allowing atmospheric air into the pipeline. While air valves should be sufficiently large to relieve extreme negative pressures during a down surge event , uncontrolled release of air during an up surge event may lead to extreme positive pressures. Carefully sized non-slam air valves can significantly reduce the overall surge protection cost without compromising the integrity of pipeline. The following section describes different types of air valves used as surge protection devices and their data requirements.

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Datum


Note: initial air volume is to model startup with accumulated air at air valve. For other

applications this will be zero

Inflow diameter – in or mm (or enter negative (-) value for orifice area)

Outflow diameter – in or mm (or enter negative (-) value for orifice area)

Initial Gas (Air) Volume – ft3 or m3

Delay - Valve activation time in seconds

Disc(harge) Coef(ficient) – Blank or 0 will default to 0.62

8.3.1 Air valves: 1 or 2 stage

Kinetic air valves with unrestricted inflow and outflow areas are generally referred to as single stage air valves. Air valves that allow air into the pipeline through a large orifice but let the air out of the pipeline through a smaller orifice are referred to as 2 stage air valves. For air valves that allow air into the pipeline but not out of the pipeline, the outflow diameter should be specified as a positive small number (e.g. 0.01) instead of 0. Similarly, valves that only let air out of pipeline and do not allow air into the pipeline should be specified with a small positive number for inflow diameter instead of 0. Automatic air valve (which is meant for releasing small quantities of residual air ) on a combination air valve should NOT be considered as part of surge analysis.

134

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

Inflow diameter(D) – in or mm

Outflow diameter(D1) – in or mm

Initial Air Volume – ft3 or m3

Outflow diameter (after switch) (D2) – in or mm

Switching Value (flow units, pressure – psi or kpa. volume – ft^3 or m^3)

Switch Type – Flow, Pressure or Volume

Disc Coef - Discharge Coefficient

8.3.2 Air valves: 3 stage

Delay time (before AV activates) – Seconds

3 Stage air valves facilitate removal large quantities of air more efficiently while minimizing the risk of air slam conditions. Bulk of the air from pipeline is removed through a larger orifice and switches to a smaller outflow orifice before all air is out of pipeline. Automatic air valve (which is meant for releasing small quantities of residual air ) on a combination air valve should NOT be considered as part of surge analysis.

Smaller outflow diameter

Automatic Air Valve

Air valve that opens and closes in a controlled manner allowing water flow after all air is out of pipeline. Dynamic air valve (DAV) starts opening when pressure at valve location drops below atmospheric levels , allowing intake of air. Air is let out of the valve when pressure at air valve goes above atmospheric levels. DAV doesn’t close after all air is out of pipeline, continues to let water out of pipeline thus preventing air slam conditions. DAV starts closing after all air is out of pipeline and closes in a few seconds.

• Inflow Diameter (mm or inch) for flow into the pipeline • Outflow Diameter (mm or inch) for flow out of pipeline • Close Time: Time to close dynamic air valve from full open to closed mode • Initial Volume: Volume of air at time zero of transient simulation, usually zero. • Open Time: Time to open dynamic air valve from closed to full open mode • Disc Coeff: Coefficient of discharge (default value is 0.62)

8.3.3 Dynamic air valve

136

Used where reverse flow associated with back siphoning of flow needs to be prevented (to protect pumps)

• Diameter: Inflow Diameter (mm or inch) of siphon breaker valve for flow into pipeline • Open Time: Time to open siphon breaker from closed to full open mode (seconds) • Close Time: Time to close valve full open to closed mode – during air outflow cycle (seconds), usually not applicable for most siphon

breakers • Delay Time: Valve starts opening with this delay time after pressure drops below atmospheric level • Disc Coeff: Coefficient of discharge (default value is 0.62)

Main Pipeline

Siphon Breaker

Air compressor

PUMP

Suction Side

Delivery Side

Siphon Breaker

8.3.4 Siphon breaker

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8.4 Relief valves The primary purpose of relief valves is to contain high surge pressures by venting liquid out of pipeline. Pressure relief valves open after sensing high pressures at specified locations while surge anticipation valves open on down surge (when pressure drops below a set value) in anticipation of subsequent upsurge and the associated high surge pressures.

138

8.4.1 Pressure relief valve (PRV)

Elevation (ft or m)




Datum

Pressure relief valve opens during upsurge when the pressure at sensing position exceeds the high pressure pilot setting.

If Head (Hd) option is selected for SAV then all settings are either in feet or meters. If pressure option is selected then the setting should be in psi, kPa, or bars. All times are in seconds.

Open Pressure : PRV starts opening when pressure exceeds this setting

Open Time: Time for PRV to go from closed to full open mode

Close Time: Time for PRV to go from full open to closed mode

External Head – Head in discharge vessel (zero if discharging to atmosphere)

Sensing Node defaults to PRV location if left blank

8.4.2 Surge anticipation valve (SAV)

Open Head: SAV starts opening when pressure head drops below this setting

Open Time: Time for SAV to go from closed to full open mode on down surge

Close Time: Time for SAV to go from full open to closed mode on down surge

External Head – Head in discharge vessel (zero if discharging to atmosphere)

Sensing Node defaults to SAV location if left blank

Full Time: Time for SAV to stay in full open mode during down surge


This SAV opens on down surge when the pressure at sensing position drops below the low pressure pilot (LPP) setting and stays open for a set time period (Full Time) and closes thereafter.

Elevation (ft or m)




Datum

Datum

Elevation (ft or m)

Sensing Nd default to Hyd SAV location if left blank




LPP: Low Pressure Pilot HPP: High Pressure Pilot LPP Pr: Pressure setting for LPP LPP OpTm: Time for LPP to open SAV from closed to full open mode LPP ClTm: Time for LPP to close SAV from full open to closed mode HPP Pr: Pressure setting for HPP HPP OpTm: Time for HPP to open SAV from closed to full open mode HPP ClTm: Time for HPP to close SAV from full open to closed mode

8.4.3 Hydraulically actuated surge anticipation valve (Hyd SAV) This SAV opens on down surge when the pressure at sensing position drops below the low pressure pilot (LPP) setting and keep s the valve open until the pressure exceeds the LPP setting. If the pressure exceeds high pressure pilot (HPP) setting , the SAV starts opening again keeps the valve open until the pressure drops below its setting.


Valve Type closure characteristics (Under Components icon )

External Pressure – Pressure in discharge vessel (zero if discharged to atmosphere)

Datum Elevation (ft or m)

Sensing Nd defaults to Ele SAV location if left blank

Inflow R = Resistance for flow into the pipe (use a large number such as 99999 if no flow is allowed into pipe)

Outflow R = Resistance for flow out of pipe


This SAV starts opening on pump trip (actuated by a solenoid) and stays open for a set time period (Full Time) and closes thereafter. If the pressure exceeds high pressure pilot setting , the SAV starts opening again keeps the valve open until the pressure drops below its setting.

High Pressure Pilot (HPP) Hd: Pressure head setting for HPP HPP Open Time: Time for HPP to open SAV fully closed to fully open mode HPP Close Time: Time for HPP to close SAV from fully open to fully closed mode External Head – head in discharge vessel (zero, if discharging to atmosphere) Close Time: Time for SAV to go from full open to closed mode on down surge Open Time: Time for SAV to go from closed to full open mode on down surge Full Time: Time for SAV to stay in full open mode during down surge

Valve Type closure characteristics (Under Components icon )

8.4.4 Electrically actuated surge anticipation valve (Ele SAV)

If Head (Hd) option is selected for SAV then all settings are either in feet or meters. If pressure option is selected then the settings should be in psi, kPa, or bars. All times are in seconds.

142

A rupture disk is a device which opens quickly (ruptures) when pressure exceeds a specified value. Does not close after disk has been activated.

8.4.5 Rupture disk

Open Pressure : Pressure that activates rupture disk




If Head (Hd) option is selected for SAV then all settings are either in feet or meters. If pressure option is selected then the setting should be in psi, kPa, or bars.

143

This device represents an orifice mounted to the side of the pipeline (side discharge orifice) where flow enters or exits based on the orifice relation. Inflow refers to flow into the pipeline and outflow is out of the pipeline.

8.5 Side discharge orifice - SDO

External Head (ft or m) – Head in discharge vessel (zero if discharging to atmosphere)

144

• Cv : Flow coefficient for zero velocity valve, when valve is fully open • ZVV Time: Time for opening and closing of ZVV. Valve starts closing on flow reversal

and closes fully in ZVV Time

ZVV ZVV

Zero Velocity Valve (also known as Reflux Valve) is a valve used for preventing flow reversal on rising mains. An ideal ZVV closes right when flow velocity in the pipeline becomes zero (just before flow reversal) and thus the name zero velocity valve. Since no check valve can realistically close in zero time upon flow reversal, the user must specify a closing time (ZVV Time in seconds) to obtain realistic transient results.

8.6 Zero velocity valve (ZVV)

145

Chapter 9. Tools A number of useful tools come with TranSurge software. The following are the most commonly used tools and are made available as quick access buttons on second row. • Calculating Wave Speed • Select Pump File and Calculate Inertia • Calculate Resistances • Bladder Pre-charge These tools are self explanatory and the most commonly used tools are presented in the next few pages.

Bladder tank pre-charge calculator

Resistance calculator

Wave speed (celerity) calculator

Pump inertia calculator

Toggle between TranSurge and KYnetic Interface of surge, provides access to other tools

146

9.1 Tools: Wave speed

147

9.2 Tools: Select pump file/calculate inertia

148

9.3 Tools: Resistance

149

9.4 Tools: Bladder pre-charge

This tool allows for converting compressor vessel based data into bladder vessel data. For example, if the initial gas volume (steady state) is 120 cubic feet at 55psi pressure and maximum gas volume during a transient simulation is 300 cubic feet, then the equivalent empty bladder tank should be precharged to 13.18psi so the initial gas volume for steady state compresses to 120cubic feet.

150

Chapter 10. Results Presentation

TranSurge offers a number of ways to process results from transient analysis.: • Node and pipe graphs of several different parameters (pressure, hydraulic grade, pressure head, flow rate, pump speed, air

volume etc) • Display data and results as labels on network map • Tabulated text and spreadsheet formats • Static and animated profile plots

This chapter demonstrates some of these features on Demo 2 – Rising Main example described in Chapter 3. Follow the instructions presented in Section 3.4 to cerate and analyze the model before proceeding with the following sections.

Demo 2 – Rising Main.P2K 151

10.1 Node and pipe graphs

1 Click on any node

2

At the bottom of node information window

3 Next page

Pressure variation at node 19 152

From previous page

Pressure Head variation at node 19

1

2 3

153

1

2

3

Zoom to pump station and first surge protection element

154

1

2

155

1

2 3 4

Pressure head variation at nodes 6, 14, and 19

156

10.2 Labels on network map

1

Flowrate

Head

Display heads and flows at time 0s

2

Control the parameters to be displayed and simulation times 157

1 Right click on this to access detailed labels menu

158

10.3 Tabulated text and spreadsheets 1

159

160

Swap steady state and surge analysis results

161

1 Click on this button, draw a box around the entire pipeline

2

1

Plot envelope of maximum and minimum pressure heads

10.4 Static and animated profiles

Static profile

2

From previous page

Animated profile

Appendix A – Acronyms/Abbreviations

psi: Pounds per square inch (pressure unit) kPa: Kilo Pascals (pressure unit) gpm: Gallons per minute (flow unit) MGD: Million gallons per day (flow unit) RPM: Revolutions per minute (rotational speed unit) Kv: Flow coefficient - SI units (flowrate in m3/h for a pressure drop of 1 bar) Cv: Flow coefficient - SI units (flowrate in gpm for a pressure drop of 1 psi) HWC: Hazen-William roughness coefficient NRV: Non-return valve (same as check valve) CV: Check valve (same as non-return valve) OST: One-way surge tank PID: Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller SDO: Side discharge orifice PRV: Pressure relief valve, also pressure reducing valve PSV: Pressure sustaining valve FCV: Flow control valve SAV: Surge anticipation valve LPP: Low pressure pilot HPP: High pressure pilot ZVV: Zero velocity valve

165

Appendix B - Units One of the frequently asked question is on the units associated with certain data. Extensive help is provided on this topic in TranSurge. “Units Help” button under Pipe2000 Help provides a summary on this topic. Help is also available on data and usage of each device and may be accessed by clicking on the button under node information window pertaining to the device.

The user specified flow units control most of the other units. If the user specified flow units are in SI units (m3/s, l/s, etc) then:

• All linear measures (pipe lengths, tank diameters, water depths etc) are in meters. The only exception to this is pipe diameters, Darcy Wiesbach pipe roughness values, and air valve diameters that are in milli meeters (mm).

• Hydraulic grade values, pressure heads are in meters as well. • All pressure values will be either in kPa (kilo Pascals) gage or bars gage , unless otherwise stated. • All flowrates (nodal demands, flowrates in pipes, pumps, loss elements, pressure supplies, regulators etc) will be in user specified

units. • Velocities (including celerity) are in m/s. • Volume units (air intake volume at air valves, gas volume in surge vessels etc) are all in m3, unless specified otherwise. • Kinematic viscosity is in m2/s. • Pump/Motor inertia is in N-m2.

If the user specified flow units are in English units (ft3/s, gpm, mgd etc) then:

• All linear measures (pipe lengths, tank diameters, water depths etc) are in feet. The only exception to this is pipe and air valve diameters that are in inches and Darcy Wiesbach pipe roughness values that are in milli feet.

• Hydraulic grade values, pressure heads are in feet as well. • All pressure values will be either in psi (pounds per square inch) gage, unless otherwise stated. • All flowrates (nodal demands, flowrates in pipes, pumps, loss elements, pressure supplies, regulators etc) will be in user specified

units. • Velocities (including celerity) are in ft/s. Volume units (air intake volume at air valves, gas volume in surge vessels etc) are all in ft3,

unless specified otherwise. • Kinematic viscosity is in ft2/s. • Pump/Motor inertia is in lbf-ft2.

All time units are in seconds. Pump speeds are in RPM.

B.1: Units

167

Appendix C - Nomenclature

Resistance for a device is defined as ratio of headloss across the device and square of the associated flowrate; both headloss and flowrates in standard units. R = ∆H/Q2 where R is resistance (s2/ft5 or s2/m5 ), ∆H is headloss (ft or m), and Q is flow rate (ft3/s or m3/s). Resistance to flow through a device may be expressed in several different ways (minor loss coefficient, flow coefficient, orifice size etc) and the approach used in TranSurge expresses the same in a format similar to that used to express resistance for flow in a pipeline (∆H= RQ2). Use resistance tool to compute resistance if data is available in other forms. Active Valve is a valve which may be opened, throttled, or closed for modeling purposes. Unlike other on/off valves, the minor loss for an Active Valve is based on the valve type and the open ratio is calculated and incorporated into the analysis. The open ratio can be changed by the user during a simulation using change data. Trip (as in pump trip) refers to instantaneous removal of electrical torque to an operating pump. The rate at which the pump speed reduces depends on inertial characteristics of the moving parts of pump-motor assembly. Siphon breaker is a device or an assembly used for breaking back siphoning of liquid during a pump trip event on a short pipeline system with no check valve to prevent flow reversal. The steady state pressure at the siphon breaker element would normally be below atmospheric levels so a simple air valve will not be suitable as a siphon breaker. Flow coefficient is an indirect measure of resistance to flow across a valve. It is expressed as flowrate in gpm for a pressure drop of 1 psi in English units (Cv). In SI units, it is expressed as flowrate in m3/h for a pressure drop of 1 bar (Kv).

168

Appendix D. References and related publications from KYPIPE LLC

• Don J. Wood and T.E. Stelson, "Energy Analysis of Pressure Surges in Closed Conduits," Development in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, 1963, pp. 371-388.

• Don J. Wood, R. Dorsch and C. Lightner, "Digital Distributed Model for the Analysis of Unsteady Flow in Liquid Filled Lines," NASA TN D-2812, May 1965, 47 pages.

• Don J. Wood, R. Dorsch and C. Lightner, "Wave Analysis of Unsteady Flow in Conduits," Journal of Hydraulics Division, ASCE, March 1966, Vol. 92, No. HY2, pp. 83-220.

• R. Dorsch, Don J. Wood, and C. Lightner, "Distributed Parameter Analysis of Pressure and Flow Perturbations in Rocket Propellant Feed System." NASA TN D-3529, August, 1966, 53 pages.

• Don J. Wood, and T.Y. Kao, "Generation and Propagation of Pressure Waves in Two Phase Flow," Development in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Vol. 3, Pergamon Press, 1967, pp. 713-724.

• Don J. Wood and R. Dorsch, "The Effect of Propellant Feed System Coupling and Feed Systems Parameters on the Analysis of Chugging," NASA TN-2896, May 1967, 22 pages.

• Don J. Wood and T.Y. Kao, "Evaluation of the Quasi-Steady Approximation for Viscous Effects in Unsteady Liquid Pipe Flow," ASME Paper (No. 68-FE-33), 1967, 7 pages.

• Don J. Wood, "Calculation of Waterhammer Pressure Due to Valve Closure." Journal of the American Water Works Institution, November 1968, Vol. 60, No. 11, pp. 1301-1307.

• Don J. Wood, "A Study of the Response of Coupled Liquid Flow-Structural Systems Subjected to Periodic Disturbances," Journal of Basic Engineering ASME, Vol. 90, Series D, No. 4, December 1968, pp. 532-541.

• Don J. Wood, "Hydraulic Transient Analysis Employing Analog Techniques," Proceedings, 3rd Annual Workshop, American Association of Professors of Sanitary Engineering, 1968, pp. 78-95.

• Don J. Wood, "The Influence of Line Motion of Water Hammer Pressures." Journal of Hydraulics Division, ASCE, May 1969, Vol. 95, No. HY3, pp. 941-961.

• Don J. Wood, "Lumped and Distributed Parameter Analog Analysis of Transient Liquid Pipe Flow," Applications, Analog/HybridComputer Educational Users Group, Vol. 4, No. E, June 1969.

• Don J. Wood, "Pressure Surge Attenuation Utilizing an Air Chamber," Journal of Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 96, No. HY5, May 1970, pp. 1143-1156.

• Don J. Wood and S.P. Chao, "The Effect of Bends and Junctions on Water Hammer Surges," Transportation Engineering Journal, ASCE, Vol. 97, Note 3, Aug. 1971, pp. 441-457.

• S.E. Jones and D.J. Wood, "The Effect of Axial Boundary Motion on Pressure Surge Generation," ASME, Paper No. 71-WA/FE 14, Journal of Basic Engineering, Vol. 94, Series D., No. 2, June 1972, pp. 441-446.

169

• J.E. Funk, D.J. Wood and S.P. Chao, "The Transient Response of Orifices and Very Short Lines," ASME Paper No. 71-WA/FE 14, Journal of Basic Engineering, June 1972, Vol. 94, Series D., No. 2, pp. 483-491.

• Don J. Wood and S.E. Jones, "Waterhammer Charts for Various Types of Valves," Journal of Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 99, No. HY1, Jan. 1973, pp. 167-178.

• S.E. Jones and D.J. Wood, "Prediction and Control of Pressure Surges Due to Valve Closure," Proceedings, International Conference on Pressure Surges, BHRA, England, 1973.

• S.E. Jones and D.J. Wood, "Pressure Surge Generation Due to Flow Shutdown," Proceedings, Society of Engineering Science, Oct.1975. • Don J. Wood, "Simplified Modeling and Analysis of Fluid Transient Problems," Proceedings of the First International Conference on

Mathematical Modeling, Vol. 111, 1977, pp. 1259-1268. • Don J. Wood, "The Analysis of Steady Flow in Pipe Networks," Proceedings of the First International Conference on Mathematical

Modeling, Vol. III, 1977, pp. 1269-1280. • T.Y. Kao and Don J. Wood, "Pressure Surge Generation Due to Rapid Shutdown of Pipelines Conveying Slurries,"

Proceedings,Hydrotransport V, BHRA Fluids Engineering, El, pp. 1-14, 1978. • Don J. Wood, "Waterhammer Analysis in Pipe Systems," Proceedings, International Institute on Hydraulic Transients, July 1982, Sao

Paulo, Brazil. • A.R.D. Thorley and Don Wood, "Fault Analysis and Fluid Transients Suppression in Pipelines and Networks," Proceedings -International

Conference on Computer Application for Water Supply and Distribution - 1987, Leicester, England, Sept. 1987. • A.R.D. Thorley and Don J. Wood, "Fluid Transients, Fault Conditions and Hazard Assessments of Pipelines and Networks," Proceedings,

1st International Conference in Africa on Computer Methods and Water Resources, Rabat, Morocco, March 1988. • Don J. Wood and James E. Funk, "Microcomputer Analysis of Transient Flow in Pipe Networks," Proceedings, International Symposium

on Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems, Lexington, KY, May 1988. • S.E. Jones and Don J. Wood, "An Exact Solution of the Waterhammer Problem in a Single Pipeline with Simulated Line Friction," ASME

Conference Paper, Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, June 1988. • D.J. Wood, J.E. Funk and P.F. Boulos, "Pipe Network Transients - Distributed and Lumped Parameter Modeling," Chapter 10,

Proceedings, 6th International Conference on Pressure Surges, Cambridge, England, Oct. 1989, pp. 131-142. • P.F. Boulos, D.J. Wood and J.E. Funk, "A Comparison of Numerical and Exact Solutions for Pressure Surge Analysis," Chapter 12,

Proceedings, 6th International Conference on Pressure Surges, Cambridge, England, Oct. 1989, pp. 149-159. • J.E. Funk, D.J. Wood and P.F. Boulos, "Transient Flow Computer Model Verification: Case Studies," Proceedings, 2nd International

Conference, Computer Methods and Water Resources, 1991. Funk, J.E., Wood, D.J., Lingireddy, S. and D.C. Denger, Pressure Surges due to Rapid Expulsion of Air, International Conference on Unsteady Flow and Fluid Transients, Sept-Oct 1992, Durham, England.

• D.J. Wood, J.E. Funk, and D. Thorley, "The Enhancement of Pressure Surge Models Through the Use of Graphics", Proceedings - International Conference Computer Applications for Water Supply and Distribution, DeMontfort University, Leicester, UK, Sept. 1993.

• Lingireddy, S. and Wood, D.J. (1998) Improved Operation of Water Distribution Systems using Variable Speed Pumps, Jl. of Energy Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 124, 3

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• Funk, J.E., S.J. VanVuuren, D.J. Wood, M. LeChevallier, and M. Friedman. 1999. Pathogen Intrusion into Water Distribution Systems Due to Transients. Proceedings of the 3rd ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference, July 18-22, San Francisco, CA.

• Lingireddy, S., Funk, J.E., and Wang Hongbing (2000) Genetic Algorithms in Optimizing Transient Suppression Devices, Proceedings of the 2000 Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE,

• Gullick, R.W; LeChevallier, M.W.; Svindland, R.C.; Friedman, M.; Wood, D.J.; & Funk, J.E. 2003. Field Verification of Transient Low and Negative Pressures in Potable Water Distribution Systems. American Water, Voorhees, NJ.

• Lingireddy, S., Wood, D.J., and Zloczower, N. (2004) Pressure Surges in Pipeline Systems Due to Air Release. Jl. American Water Works Association, 96 (7), 88-94

• Ramalingam, D. P., and Lingireddy, S., “Pathogen Intrusion into Water Distribution System due to Hydraulic Transients,” Kentucky Water Resources Annual Symposium, Feb. 19, 2004, Lexington, KY.

• Friedman, M., L. Radder, S. Harrison, D. Howie, M. Britton, G. Boyd, H. Wang, R. Gullick, M. LeChevallier, D. Wood and J. Funk. 2004. Verification and Control of Pressure Transients and Intrusion in Distribution Systems. AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, CO.

• Wood, D.J., (2005) Waterhammer Analysis—Essential and Easy (and Efficient), Jl. of Environmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol 131, 8, 1123 • Boulos, P.F., Karney, B.W., Wood, D.J., and Lingireddy, S. Hydraulic Transient Guidelines for Design, Operation and Protection of Water

Distribution Systems, Jl. American Water Works Association. May 2005. • Wood, D.J., Lingireddy, S., Boulos, P.F., Karney, B. W., and McPherson, D.L. Numerical Methods For Modeling Transient Flow in Water

Distribution Systems, Jl. American Water Works Association. (July 2005) • Pressure Wave Analysis of Transient Flow in Pipe Networks by Wood, D.J., Lingireddy, S., and Boulos, P.F., MWH Press, 2005 • Lingireddy, S. and Raval, S. Importance of Air Management in Intermittent Water Distribution Systems, IWWA Conference on Achieving

24x7 Water Supply, India, 2008 • Lingireddy, S., Wood, D.J., and Raval, S. Water hammer and Pathogen Intrusion Studies on 24x7 Water Distribution Systems, IWWA

Conference on Achieving 24x7 Water Supply, India, 2008 • Sathish K, Saran K, Raval, S., and Lingireddy, S. Role of Pump Inertia Values in Transient Analysis of Pipeline Systems, 3rd International

Perspective on Current & Future State of Water Resources & the Environment, Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE, January 2008.

• Ramalingam, D., and Lingireddy, S., and Wood, D.J. Computational Advantages of Wave Characteristic Method for Transient Analysis of Pipe Networks, Jl. AWWA, Feb 2009

• Raval, S. and Lingireddy, S. Water Loss Mitigation through Prevention of Extreme Sub-atmospheric Conditions, IWWA Journal, Special Issue, January 2009.

• Wood, D.J., Lingireddy, S., and Boulos, P.F., Shock and Water Hammer Loading, Pressure Vessels and Piping Systems, Ed. Yong W. Kwon and Poh-Sang Lam. eBook and Print Libraries by EOLSS, 2009.

• Ramalingam, D. and Lingireddy, S. (2013). "Neural Network Derived Heuristic Framework for Sizing Surge Vessels." J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage.,ASCE WR.1943-5452.0000371 (Apr. 20, 2013).

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