Pink Pub Quiz

Inequities

• Services not targeted according to need this is the key determinant in health inequality

• Relate to – Access to service– Availability of responsive service – Utilisation of services

Events rate

• Number of people dying in a defined group of people in a given time

Social control role

• Societal and political mechanisms or processes that regulate individual and group behaviour with the aim of maintaining social order

Health behaviour

• Behaviours that people engage in that affect their health

‘Intention to treat’ analysis

• Compare all participants • Reflects actual effect outside in clinical

practice

Race

• A concept that concentrates on assumed biological/genetic differences between groups of people

• Racialisation is the process with creates the conditions for groups to be recognised as races and which makes racism possible

Odds ratio

• Number of cases/number of non-cases

Direct racism

• Treated less favourably due to ethnicity or religion

• Basically – you know you’re doing it

Incidence

• The number of new cases arising of a specified disease in a defined population at a given time

Indirect racism

• People unaware that their actions are undermining the position of people from ethnic minority groups

• You don’t realise you’re doing it

Inverse care law

• The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served

Biopsychosocial model

• The biology, psychology and social context of an individual which all play a role in their health

Lay belief

• Peoples common sense understanding and knowledge about health and illness

• Can be derived from scientific knowledge and/or evidence based practice

• Generally rooted in peoples own experiences • Not necessarily different from medical

understanding

Confidence interval

• The measure of certainty which can be attached to the results e.g. 95%

Disability free life expectancy

• The number of years an individual can expect to live with out a limiting chronic illness or disability

Access Inequality

• A difference in the level or service provided to different areas or social groups

P-value

• The probability that we could have obtained the observed data if the null hypothesis were true

• Good p-value = less than 0.05

Ethnicity

• A long shared history distinguishing one group from another

• Cultural tradition including family, social customs and manners

• Often but not necessarily associated with religious observance

Placebo effect

• The patients attitude to their illness and indeed the illness itself, may be improved by a feeling that something is being done about it

Crude birth rate

• Live births per 1000 population

Sex

• Characteristics between males and females that are biologically determined

Culture

• Shared experiences, beliefs and values • Members of a particular ethnic group may not

share the same cultural experiences, beliefs or values -> need to be sensitive

Need

• A claim for services and implies a capacity to benefit from an intervention

• 4 main categories– Felt– Expressed– Normative– Comparative

Gender

• The social and cultural meanings assigned to being male or female

Institutionalised racism

• The collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour/culture/ethnic origin

Prevalence

• The number of people with a specified disease in a defined population at a given time

Social capital

• Social networks and norms that facilitate co-ordination and co-operation

• 2 types– Bonding – strong ties between individuals of a

social network that see themselves as homogenous

– Bridging – links across social groups in society who do not necessarily share similar social identities

Standard error SE

• A measurement of how far from the ‘true’ value the estimate actually is

4 definitions of health

• Health is the absence of illness • Health is functional ability • Health is equilibrium• Health is freedom

• WHO definition – complete physical, social and mental well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Health Inequalities

• Systematic differences in health and illness across social groups

Cohort study

• Recruit DISEASE FREE individuals • PROSPECTIVE study • And classify according to their exposure status

The Census

• A simultaneous recording of demographic date by the government at a particular time pertaining to all persons who live in a particular territory

Clinical trial

• Any form of planned experiment that involves patients and is designed to elucidate the most appropriate method of treatment for future patients with the disease in question

Total fertility rate

• Average number of live children that a group of women would have if they experienced the age specific fertility rates of the calendar year in question throughout child bearing years

General fertility rate

• Live births per 1000 women aged 15-44 (child bearing years)

‘As-treated’ analysis

• Only compare those that completed and complied fully with treatment

• Compares physiological effects of treatment but loses randomisation

Attributable risk

• (Incidence rate exposed – incidence rate non-exposed)/incidence rate exposed

• How much risk can we assign to a factor and therefore how much disease/problem would we get rid of if we eliminated that factor

Epidemiology

• The study of disease in populations

Confounder

• A factor that is associated with the exposure under investigation but independently affects the disease risk

Standardised mortality rate SMR

• Number of observed deaths/ number of expected deaths

Null hypothesis

• No effect

• If they ask it in an exam – you might be asked to write out a possible null hypothesis for a scenario they give – basically there is NO difference between the two groups/treatments/studies – how ever they phrase it

Case-control study

• A RETROSPECTIVE study • Recruiting a group of cases based on their

disease state • Then identify a group of suitable non-cases

Relative risk

• The number of cases in population A relative to the number of cases in population B

Placebo

• An inert substance identical in taste, colour, size etc

• Packaged and labelled in an identical container to active drug

Clinical equipose

• Reasonable uncertainty about which treatment (including non-treatment) is better

• Randomisation does therefore not deny any patient the best treatment