Pink EyePink Eye

James ReecyJames ReecyAnnette O’ConnorAnnette O’Connor

Abebe HassenAbebe HassenGary SnowderGary Snowder

Pink EyePink Eye

Reported in the USA since 1889Reported in the USA since 1889 45% of Missouri herds have 45% of Missouri herds have

endemic IBKendemic IBK Average prevalence = 8% Average prevalence = 8% More common in the young – 10-More common in the young – 10-

60%60% Immunity develops with ageImmunity develops with age No gender affinityNo gender affinity

How Effective Are We At How Effective Are We At Controlling Pink Eye?Controlling Pink Eye? Kansas ranchers reported it as the Kansas ranchers reported it as the

22ndnd most common infectious most common infectious disease in 1993disease in 1993

NAHMS : diseases with economic NAHMS : diseases with economic impactimpact Internal/ external parasites (way in front)Internal/ external parasites (way in front) Open cowsOpen cows Pink eyePink eye Foot rotFoot rot

Between 17 and 65 lbs decrease in Between 17 and 65 lbs decrease in weaning weight weaning weight

$150 million yearly$150 million yearly

General InformationGeneral Information What causes “pink eye”What causes “pink eye”

Moraxella bovis, ……, is considered Moraxella bovis, ……, is considered to be the cause of IBK” to be the cause of IBK”

Gellatt “ food animal Gellatt “ food animal ophthalmology” page 1131ophthalmology” page 1131

What Causes “Pink Eye”What Causes “Pink Eye” Moraxella bovisMoraxella bovis Brannamella ovis?Brannamella ovis? High UV lightHigh UV light DustDust IBR infectionIBR infection IBR vaccinationIBR vaccination MycoplasmaMycoplasma infection infection Mycoplasma Mycoplasma

bovoculibovoculi TraumaTrauma Face flies- Musca autumnalis (since Face flies- Musca autumnalis (since

1946)1946)

What Causes “Pink Eye”?What Causes “Pink Eye”?

M. Bovis

UV LightLong

GrassStres

s

What Causes “Pink Eye”?What Causes “Pink Eye”?

M. Bovis

UV Light

Face Flies

Why Do Only Some Calves Why Do Only Some Calves Get Pink Eye?Get Pink Eye?

Individual differences Individual differences GeneticsGeneticsDam colostral immunityDam colostral immunity

Options For Control/ Options For Control/ PreventionPrevention

Remove reservoirs for Remove reservoirs for M.bovisM.bovisCattle ( sub-clinical carriers)Cattle ( sub-clinical carriers)Face Flies, Stable Flies, Horn Face Flies, Stable Flies, Horn Flies ( for 3-4 days)Flies ( for 3-4 days)

Wildlife ?Wildlife ?

Options For Control/ Options For Control/ PreventionPrevention

Are the technologies up to Are the technologies up to the job?the job?

Options For Control/ Options For Control/ PreventionPrevention

Not up to the jobNot up to the jobVaccinesVaccinesFly controlFly controlDust controlDust controlPasture clippingPasture clipping

Options For Control/ Options For Control/ PreventionPrevention

Vaccines: Vaccines: Pilated forms of M bovis are virulent – Pilated forms of M bovis are virulent –

allows attachmentallows attachment At last count there were At last count there were 7-87-8 pili groups, pili groups,

they do not provide much cross protection they do not provide much cross protection Each pilis type is associated with specific ab Each pilis type is associated with specific ab

productionproduction Failure in vaccines is due to low cross Failure in vaccines is due to low cross

protection and emergence of new pili.protection and emergence of new pili. Also naturally animals produce lacrimal IgA Also naturally animals produce lacrimal IgA

to to M bovisM bovis, vaccines stimulate serum IgG, , vaccines stimulate serum IgG, IgM, and secretory IgAIgM, and secretory IgA

Why Does Control/ Why Does Control/ Prevention Fail?Prevention Fail? Fly controlFly control

Adulticides, traps, larvicide's Adulticides, traps, larvicide's rarely achieve > 50% controlrarely achieve > 50% controlDue to small amount of time Due to small amount of time spent on animalspent on animal

At any one time , < 5% of the At any one time , < 5% of the entire female population ( only entire female population ( only females) on cattlefemales) on cattle

Overlapping generations means Overlapping generations means that traps don’t work that traps don’t work

Local migration is easy – they Local migration is easy – they moved from Nova Scotia to in moved from Nova Scotia to in 1950’s to North Dakota in 1960: 1950’s to North Dakota in 1960: renewing populations constantlyrenewing populations constantly

What The Future What The Future OptionsOptions

Genetic selectionGenetic selection

Improved vaccinesImproved vaccines

Better treatmentBetter treatment

AssumptionsAssumptions

Genetic variation in Genetic variation in resistance/ resistance/ susceptibility to the pinkeye susceptibility to the pinkeye existsexists

Low heritability (<.15)Low heritability (<.15)

Disease incidence is low ~10%Disease incidence is low ~10%

Requirements of the Requirements of the projectproject Serve as a model for disease Serve as a model for disease

resistance/susceptibility resistance/susceptibility researchresearch Internal parasites - nematodesInternal parasites - nematodes RespiratoryRespiratory

Use field recordsUse field records Need to develop data collection Need to develop data collection

schemescheme

Need ~8,000 recordsNeed ~8,000 records

Data CollectionData Collection

Two seasonsTwo seasonsWhen cases are actively When cases are actively observedobserved

WeaningWeaning

Scoring systemScoring system

Data sheetsData sheets

Score 1 – An active lesion involving less than one-third of the cornea.

Score 2 – An active lesion involving one-third to two-thirds of the cornea.

Score 3 – An active lesion involving more than two-thirds of the cornea.

Score 4 – An active lesion with perforation of the cornea

Field Recording Sheet “Pinkeye” Project

Herd Code: ______________

Active Infection Tearing or Eye Lesion Present in left or

right eye

Healed Eye(s) Cornea Scar Severity

Calf Tattoo

Observation Date

mm/dd/yy

Stress Conditions

0. None 1. Dusty 2. Tall Grass 3. Flies 4. Other (specify)

Left Right

Treatment

0. None 1. Antibiotic 2. Patch 3. Sutured 4. Other

Left Right

IBR Vaccination Program

Vaccinated

(y=yes,n=no)

Date Vaccinated Dosage 1

Date Vaccinated Dosage 2

Product Mature Cows First Calf Heifer – Pre Calving

Calves

Pinkeye Vaccination Program

Vaccinated

(y=yes,n=no)

Date Vaccinated Dosage 1

Date Vaccinated Dosage 2

Product Mature Cows First Calf Heifer – Pre Calving

Calves

Instructions: 1. During the summer months when pinkeye is active and

observed in the herd, make a record of each calf that exhibits tearing in one or both eyes, or has a visible eye lesion (see scoring card). Multiple records on an individual calf are permissible, just be sure to record the observation date for each record.

2. At weaning time when you take your weaning weights, re-evaluate the all calves. Record all calves with a current “pinkeye” infection or “healed’ calves with cornea scarring (see scoring card).

Current data collectionCurrent data collection Iowa State – Rhodes Research Iowa State – Rhodes Research

FarmFarm

American Angus AssociationAmerican Angus AssociationContacted a few breeders to start Contacted a few breeders to start collecting datacollecting data

Iowa, Missouri, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Indiana, WisconsinWisconsin

UniversitiesUniversitiesOhio StateOhio StateKentuckyKentucky

Percent of Infected vs. non Infected in August

55.444.6 %Non Infected

%Infected

Percent of infection per eye

44

38

18%Infection in lefteye

%Infection inright eye

%Infection inboth eyes

00 11 22 33 4400 205205 2525 22 11 1111 2929 323222 33 55 2233 44 11 2244 33 1414 33 22 11

Au

gu

st S

eve

rity

Call October Severity Call

Change in Severity Over Time

No No AbrasionAbrasion

AbrasionAbrasion

No No AbrasiAbrasi

onon

205205 2929

AbrasiAbrasionon

3535 6666No No

AbrasionAbrasionAbrasionAbrasion

No No AbrasiAbrasi

onon

220220 2121

AbrasiAbrasionon

1818 7676

Au

gu

st S

eve

rity

Call

October Severity CallRight

Left

Data AnalysisData Analysis No sex or eye effectNo sex or eye effect

HeritabilityHeritability MTDFREMLMTDFREML Model Y = Model Y = + CG +animal +PE + CG +animal +PE

+ error+ error CG = Sex-weaning group (4)CG = Sex-weaning group (4) PE = permanent environmentalPE = permanent environmental

hh22 = 0.18 = 0.18

MARC Pinkeye dataMARC Pinkeye data

Gary SnowderGary Snowder

19 years of data19 years of data Calves listed as being treated in the herd Calves listed as being treated in the herd

bookbook

Number of recordsNumber of records 907 to 10,947 head per breed907 to 10,947 head per breed 1.3 to 22.4% incidence1.3 to 22.4% incidence

BreedBreed NN IncidencIncidencee

hh22

AngusAngus 6,3476,347 3.73.7 0.250.25

HereforHerefordd

4,5794,579 22.422.4 0.280.28

Red PollRed Poll 998998 3.13.1 0.090.09

CharolaCharolaisis

2,8782,878 6.56.5 0.000.00

SimmenSimmentaltal

1,7751,775 7.67.6 0.100.10

LimousiLimousinn

961961 3.43.4 0.110.11

GelbvieGelbviehh

2,3912,391 2.12.1 0.050.05

PinzgauPinzgauerer

908908 1.31.3 0.020.02

BraunviBraunvieheh

907907 1.81.8 0.120.12

MARC IMARC I 4,3364,336 3.93.9 0.030.03

MARC MARC IIIIII

10,94710,947 5.95.9 0.260.26

PREVALENCE BIK HEREFORD AND ALL OTHERS

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001

Future DirectionFuture Direction

Moraxella bovisMoraxella bovis infection rate infection rate vs. Corneal abrasionvs. Corneal abrasion

Field data collectionField data collection

Mechanism?Mechanism?