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PineapplesPineapples
Family Family BromeliaceaeBromeliaceae
Genus Genus AnanasAnanas
Species Species comosuscomosus
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
ReadingReading
Pineapple Cultivation in HawaiiPineapple Cultivation in Hawaii• Bartholomew, Rohrbach, and Bartholomew, Rohrbach, and
EvansEvans• University of HawaiiUniversity of Hawaii• Cooperative Extension ServiceCooperative Extension Service• F&N-7F&N-7• October, 2002October, 2002• pdf file on web pagepdf file on web page
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
HerbaceouHerbaceous s PerennialPerennial
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Flower descriptionFlower description
InflorescenceInflorescence• 100-200 flowers100-200 flowers
FlowerFlower• Perfect with floral Perfect with floral
bractbract• Three fleshy sepals Three fleshy sepals
and petalsand petals• Six stamensSix stamens• Inferior ovary with 3 Inferior ovary with 3
loculeslocules
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Flower descriptionFlower description
Commercial clones Commercial clones are self incompatibleare self incompatible• Set Set
parthenocarpicallyparthenocarpically– Only one cultivar Only one cultivar
planted in a fieldplanted in a field
• Pollinated by Pollinated by hummingbirds hummingbirds – Can produce seed if Can produce seed if
cross pollinatedcross pollinated
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Fruit DescriptionFruit Description
Terminal FruitTerminal Fruit Crown - leafy Crown - leafy
apical shootapical shoot Multiple fruitMultiple fruit
• White to Yellow White to Yellow fleshflesh
• 10-18% brix10-18% brix• 0.5 - 1.6% 0.5 - 1.6%
acidityacidity
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pineapple is a Multiple Pineapple is a Multiple FruitFruit
Many flowers on Many flowers on one one inflorescenceinflorescence
Multiple fruitMultiple fruit• Fusion of berry-Fusion of berry-
like fruitletslike fruitlets• Bases of sepals Bases of sepals
and bractsand bracts
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Probably domesticated by the Tupi-Probably domesticated by the Tupi-Guarani people in the Paraná-Guarani people in the Paraná-Paraguay river drainage areaParaguay river drainage area
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Probably domesticated by the Tupi-Probably domesticated by the Tupi-Guarani people in the Paraná-Guarani people in the Paraná-Paraguay river drainage areaParaguay river drainage area
Spread through the tropical Americas and Caribbean before Columbus arrived in 1493
Columbus 1493
Carried on ships as protection against scurvy
Early 16th century
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Tropical Fruit Tropical Fruit ProductionProduction
Crop Production (1000s mt)
Banana 72,167
Plantains 25,309
Mangoes 28,730
Pineapple 15,723
Papaya 5,878
FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pineapple Pineapple ProductionProduction
Region 1,000s mt %
Africa 2,620 17%
Asia 8,347 53%
Americas 4,455 28%
USA (Hawaii) 301 2%
Total 15,723
FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pineapple Pineapple ProductionProduction
Region Major producing countries(1,000s mt)
Africa Nigeria (880), Kenya (606), Ivory Coast(241), Congo (193), South Africa (164)
Asia Thailand (2,081), China (1,249), India(1,073), Philippines (1,605), Indonesia
(431)
Americas Brazil (1,370), Costa Rica (956), Mexico(578), Colombia (331), Venezuela (321),
Ecuador (202)
FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Now Produced throughout Now Produced throughout the Tropicsthe Tropics
P P
PP
PP
PP
P P
P P
P
Hawaii
P
P
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pineapple Production Pineapple Production and Yield and Yield
Region 1,000s mt Mt/ ha
Africa 2,620 12.1
Asia 8,347 19.5
Americas 4,455 22.0
USA (Hawaii) 301 37.3
Total 15,723
FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Adaptation: Adaptation: TemperatureTemperature
Average yearly temperatureAverage yearly temperature• 65-79° F65-79° F
Poor growthPoor growth• Below 55-60° FBelow 55-60° F• Above 95° FAbove 95° F
Optimum growth conditionsOptimum growth conditions• Cool nights with sunny daysCool nights with sunny days• Day temp 70 - 85° FDay temp 70 - 85° F
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Adaptation: RainAdaptation: Rain
Drought tolerant plantDrought tolerant plant• Leaf adaptationsLeaf adaptations• CAM type plantCAM type plant
Grown in range of rain Grown in range of rain conditionsconditions• 24” (600 mm) - works well if even 24” (600 mm) - works well if even
distributiondistribution• 150” (3600 mm) per year150” (3600 mm) per year
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
AdaptationAdaptation
SoilSoil• Acid soil, pH 4.5 to 5.6Acid soil, pH 4.5 to 5.6• Good drainageGood drainage• FertilityFertility
– Best production at high fertilityBest production at high fertility– Tolerates low fertilityTolerates low fertility– Tolerates high levels of ALTolerates high levels of AL+3+3 and Mn and Mn+2+2
• High OM and K desirable for best High OM and K desirable for best yieldsyields
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Propagation of the Propagation of the PineapplePineapple
Vegetative propagationVegetative propagation
CrownsCrowns SlipsSlips
Hapas Hapas SuckersSuckers
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Propagation - CrownsPropagation - Crowns
Crowns preferredCrowns preferred• Preformed roots and good reservesPreformed roots and good reserves• Best grade by weight to reduce variabilityBest grade by weight to reduce variability
Cannery byproductCannery byproduct• Twisted off at fruit harvest timeTwisted off at fruit harvest time• Dried or dipped in fungicideDried or dipped in fungicide• Trimmed, weighedTrimmed, weighed• Better roots than slipsBetter roots than slips
Fresh pineapples marketed with crownsFresh pineapples marketed with crowns
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pineapple Crowns for Pineapple Crowns for PlantingPlanting
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Propagation - SlipsPropagation - Slips
Rudimentary fruit with crownRudimentary fruit with crown• From axis of leaves on fruit stalkFrom axis of leaves on fruit stalk• Curved at base -Curved at base -
– Visible when fruit 1/2 developedVisible when fruit 1/2 developed
After harvesting the fruitAfter harvesting the fruit• Allow to develop another 4-5 monthsAllow to develop another 4-5 months
StorageStorage• Can store for 1 year up side down in Can store for 1 year up side down in
sunsun• Best yield if plant within 1 monthBest yield if plant within 1 month
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
CrownCrown
SlipsSlips
Slips allowed to develop 4-5 months after fruit harvest before using
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Propagation - SuckersPropagation - Suckers
From axillary buds on stemFrom axillary buds on stem• Begin to grow during floral Begin to grow during floral
differentiationdifferentiation Cut from stem after fruit harvestCut from stem after fruit harvest
Larger than crowns/slips when Larger than crowns/slips when collectedcollected• Floral precocity Floral precocity uneven harvest uneven harvest
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Sucker versus a CrownSucker versus a Crown
Sucker
Crown
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Time to Harvest varies with Time to Harvest varies with Planting MaterialPlanting Material
0 5 10 15 20 25
Suckers
Slips
Crowns
Months to Harvest
Uneven Fruiting and Increased Harvest Cost
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Up side Down Propagation Up side Down Propagation MaterialMaterial
Drying in the sunDrying in the sun
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Growing Cycle - 3 Growing Cycle - 3 harvestsharvests
Hawaii - 20-22 degrees northHawaii - 20-22 degrees north
19 25 28 321st Ratoon Crop
Force1st Ratoon Sucker Development Flower Harvest
33 39 42 462nd Ratoon Crop
2nd Ratoon Sucker Development Force Flower Harvest
1 11 14 18
Plant Growing Force Flower Harvest
Planted CropPlanted Crop
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Crop CycleCrop Cycle
Planted year round Planted year round • Forced 9 - 13 mos laterForced 9 - 13 mos later
Plant crop duration Plant crop duration • In Hawaii In Hawaii (20-22 degrees north)(20-22 degrees north)
– 15-20 months 15-20 months
• More tropical areas where More tropical areas where warmerwarmer– 11 - 14 months11 - 14 months
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Ratoon CropRatoon Crop
Forced 5-7 months post plant Forced 5-7 months post plant harvestharvest
Ratoon fruits Ratoon fruits • SmallerSmaller• Sweeter, less acidic, more aromaticSweeter, less acidic, more aromatic
Second ratoon crop possible ifSecond ratoon crop possible if• Soil is fertile and low nematode Soil is fertile and low nematode
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Smaller Fruit Size with Smaller Fruit Size with Each CropEach Crop
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Fruit SizeFruit Size
Largest size for Largest size for processorsprocessors
Regulate size Regulate size by the timing of by the timing of flower forcingflower forcing
Fresh market Fresh market • Forced earlierForced earlier• Ratoon cropsRatoon crops
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pineapple fruit size is related to Pineapple fruit size is related to size of plant at time of flower size of plant at time of flower
inductioninduction
05
101520253035
1 2 3 4 5
Fruit weight (lbs)
Num
ber
of le
aves
‘Smooth Cayenne’ fruit wt = plant wt at time of flowering
3.5 lbs
25
leaves
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
ForcingForcing
Ethephon Ethephon • Ethlylene-releasing compoundEthlylene-releasing compound• Most common growth hormone usedMost common growth hormone used
Why force?Why force?• Uniformity Uniformity • Regulate harvestRegulate harvest
Forcing easier if:Forcing easier if:• Done near normal flowering timeDone near normal flowering time• Lower N & less vigorLower N & less vigor
• Cool temp (< 24Cool temp (< 24ooC night tempsC night temps))
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
PlantingPlanting
Double rowsDouble rows• Pineapple for processorPineapple for processor• 122 x 60 x 28 cm (4 x 2 x 1 ft)122 x 60 x 28 cm (4 x 2 x 1 ft)
Plant density regulate fruit sizePlant density regulate fruit size• Canning, 58,700/ha Canning, 58,700/ha • Fresh, 75,000/haFresh, 75,000/ha
– Fruit size decrease by 300 gm (0.7 lbs)Fruit size decrease by 300 gm (0.7 lbs)
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Cultural Care in HawaiiCultural Care in Hawaii(Not equatorial climate)(Not equatorial climate)
Fumigate/fertilize preplantFumigate/fertilize preplant Black plastic mulchBlack plastic mulch
• Nematicides under poly Nematicides under poly • Increases soil temp in rooting Increases soil temp in rooting
zonezone• Conserves moisture and weedsConserves moisture and weeds
Drip irrigationDrip irrigation
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
FertilizerFertilizer
Nutrient requirementsNutrient requirements• High N, K, and Fe High N, K, and Fe • Low requirement of P and CaLow requirement of P and Ca
Nutrient schedulingNutrient scheduling• Less required for first 5 monthsLess required for first 5 months• Peak 2 - 4 months before forcingPeak 2 - 4 months before forcing
– Need dark green leaves at forcing for best Need dark green leaves at forcing for best productionproduction
• Minimal during flowering/fruitingMinimal during flowering/fruiting
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pesticides and fungicides sprayed Pesticides and fungicides sprayed as necessaryas necessary
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pineapple HarvestPineapple Harvest Harvest as shell color changes from green to yellow at Harvest as shell color changes from green to yellow at
basebase
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pineapple HarvestPineapple Harvest
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pineapple HarvestPineapple Harvest
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pineapple HarvestPineapple Harvest
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pineapple HarvestPineapple Harvest
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pineapple HarvestPineapple Harvest
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
CultivarsCultivars
‘‘Smooth Cayenne’Smooth Cayenne’ Origin - not clear Origin - not clear
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Distribution of Cayenne Distribution of Cayenne PineapplePineapple
1820
1835
1860
1858
1897
Hawaii1885
1893
Hawaii
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Cayenne - most Cayenne - most importantimportant ProcessingProcessing
• Cylindrical for CanningCylindrical for Canning• Leaves - no spines, slips fewLeaves - no spines, slips few• Large fruits 2.5 - 3.5 Kg (5.5-7.7 lbs)Large fruits 2.5 - 3.5 Kg (5.5-7.7 lbs)
Common in USA grocery storesCommon in USA grocery stores Marginal for fresh marketMarginal for fresh market
• Too high in acidToo high in acid• Skin is thin so bruise easilySkin is thin so bruise easily
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Red Spanish - 2ndRed Spanish - 2nd
Well adapted for shipping freshWell adapted for shipping fresh• 2-4 lbs2-4 lbs• Pale yellowPale yellow
Grown in Cuba and Puerto RicoGrown in Cuba and Puerto Rico PlantPlant
• Hardy, spiny leavesHardy, spiny leaves• Many slips Many slips
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Sugar Loaf typesSugar Loaf types
Widely grown in tropical Widely grown in tropical AmericaAmerica• Sweetest of white-fleshed formsSweetest of white-fleshed forms• Lower acid than CayenneLower acid than Cayenne• Many have small fruit (1/2 - 1 kg)Many have small fruit (1/2 - 1 kg)
– Kona Sugarloaf has fruit 2-2.5 kg Kona Sugarloaf has fruit 2-2.5 kg sizesize
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Post Harvest - StoragePost Harvest - Storage
Partially ripe Partially ripe • 50 - 5550 - 55ooFF
Ripe pineapples Ripe pineapples • 4545ooFF• RH 85 - 90%RH 85 - 90%
Exposure sub 45Exposure sub 45ooF F chilling chilling injuryinjury
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Any Questions about Any Questions about Pineapple?Pineapple?