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PIM101 BASIC MATHEMATICS
L T P Cr
3 1 0 3.5
Prerequisite(s): None
Course objective: The objective is to develop basic computing skills and application of quantitative and statistical
operations required for biological studies and rationalization of experimental designs.
Course contents:
Algebra: Linear and quadratic equations; Complex numbers, Argand plane and polar representation of a complex
number, square root of a complex number; Permutations and Combinations; Binomial theorem for positive/negative
index and its simple applications; Arithmetic and Geometric progression.
Trigonometry: Review of trigonometric functions, sum and product formulae for trigonometric functions,
Trigonometric Equations and C-D formulas for trigonometric functions; Identities related to sin (2x), cos(2x) and tan
(2x).
Determinants and Matrices: Matrices, Operations on Matrices, Determinants and its properties, singular and non-
singular matrices, Adjoint and inverse of a matrix and its properties,; Solution of system of linear equations using
Cramer’s rule and inverse of a matrix.
Differentiation: Review of sets, relations and functions, Limit, Continuity and Differentiability, Differentiation of
standard functions (polynomials, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric exponentials and logarithmic); Product rule,
Quotient rule, applications of derivatives in Graphing
Integration: Integral as anti derivative. Integration by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Definite integral
and its properties, Areas of bounded regions
Coordinate geometry: Rectangular Coordinate system, Straight lines, Circles (in standard form)
Course Outcome: Students will acquire mathematical concepts in continuous learning and connecting ideas like
numerical analysis, calculus, coordinate geometry to other subjects and support learning through applications of
mathematics.
Recommended Books
1. Mathematics, A Text book (Parts I & II), 2011, NCERT, New Delhi.
2. Thomas, G.B. and Finney, R.L. Calculus and Analytical Geometry, Pearson Education. (2007) 10th ed.
3. Shanti Narayan, Differential and Integral Calculus, S. Chand (2005).
4. Krishnamurthy V.K., Mainra V.P. and Arora J.L. An introduction to Linear Algebra. Associated East West
Press (2007).
PBT101 INTRODUCTION TO LIFE SCIENCES
L T P Cr
3 1 0 3.5
Prerequisite(s): None
Course Objective: The objective of this course is to enable the students to gain knowledge of diversity of life and to
understand various aspects of living systems. The course will provide understanding of basic organization of plant
and animal systems at cellular, tissue and organ levels and their specialized functions.
Course contents:
Introduction: Definition of biology and its various branches, Origin of life, Molecular basis and characteristics of
life, Levels of Biological Organization.
Diversity of Living World: Lower and higher forms of life, Plant Kingdom and its classification, Major phyla of
Animal Kingdom and their distinguishing features, General features of plant and animal life.
Cell Reproduction: Process of Mitosis and Meiosis and their significance, Karyotyping
Genetics: Mendelian Genetics, Patterns of inheritance – Incomplete dominance, Multiple alleles, Co-dominance,
Lethal genes, Polygenic inheritance, Sex linked inheritance
Cell specialization and Structural organization: Organization of plant and animal tissues, Vegetative and
reproductive parts of a flowering plant, modifications of its vegetative parts, Reproduction in Plants.
Plant Physiology: Absorption and transportation of water, Photosynthesis in higher plants, Plant growth hormones.
Animal and Human Physiology: Digestion and absorption of food, Breathing and exchange of gases, Structure of
human heart and circulation of blood, Excretion and Osmoregulation, Nervous system and sense organs of human
body, Endocrine system.
Course Outcome: At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand different levels of organization in
a living system and their specialized functions. They will acquire precise knowledge of various aspects of a living
cell, its structure, reproduction, genetics and gene interactions and different physiological processes of living systems.
Recommended Books 1. Bhatia K.N. and Tyagi M.P., Elementary Biology, Trueman Book Company (2007).
2. Dhami P.S., Srivastava H.N. and Chopra G., A Textbook of Biology, Pradeep Publications (2007).
3. Campbell, N.A. and Reece, J.B., Biology, Pearson-Education (2005).
4. Paulose,P.A., Certificate Biology, Oxford University Press
PMY101 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY
L T P Cr
3 0 2 4.0
Pre-requisite(s): None
Course Objective The objective of this course is to make students understand the diversity of microbial world and systematic
classification systems. The course will provide insights into study of microbes and distinguishing features associated
with them based on morphological, chemical, structural and metabolic characteristics.
Course Contents:
Introduction: Introduction to Microbial world, Historical development, biogenesis vs abiogenesis; prokaryotes and
eukaryotes; Bacterial, Archeal and Eucaryl diversity; Universal tree of life; Distribution, abundance and ecological
niche of microbes;
Archaebacteria: Classification, occurrence, diversity, characteristic features, significance of different groups
(Crenarchaeota, Euarchaeota, Korarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota).
Eubacteria: General discussion on the occurrence, diversity, characteristic features, significance and potential
applications of various groups of bacteria according to Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology; conventional
and molecular systematics; types of bacterial classification systems, new approaches to bacterial taxonomy.
Fungi: Fungal systematics and diversity based on molecular and biochemical approaches; Endophytic fungi:
colonization, adaptation and applications of endophytic fungi; Mycorrhiza- ecto and endomycorrhizae; Biology of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: signaling, penetration and colonization inside roots, culturing and benefits,
agriculturally important toxigenic fungi.
Algae: Classification and diversity of algae, cyanobacteria; characteristic features of important groups; range of
thallus organization; life cycle and reproduction; photosynthetic pigments; economically important algae and
microalgae.
Protozoa: Classification; Structure and morphological forms; habitat and nutrition; major human diseases caused by
protozoans.
Laboratory Work: Microscopy, Staining techniques of microbial spores, flagella, Gram Staining, Micrometry,
iisolation and pure culture techniques for bacteria, fungi and algae from water and soil, Streaking, Autoclaving,
Dilution plate, viable counts and enrichment culture techniques, Isolation and identification and study of cyanobacteria
from soil / paddy field, Isolation of thermophiles, acidophiles and halophiles, Isolation and Staining of Vesicular
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae from soil, MPN.
Course Outcome The course will enable students to apply the principles in classifying microbial systems and know their beneficial and
harmful effects. They will apply this knowledge in microbial biotechnology starting from screening of desired microbe
(s) from the biosphere.
Recommended Books 1. Stainer RY, Ingraham JL, Wheelis ML and Palmer PR, General Microbiology, MacMillan (2003)
2. Barsanti L and Gualtieri P, Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Taylor and Francis (2006)
3. Tortora GJ, Funke BR and Case CL, Microbiology: An introduction with Mastering Microbiology, 10/E Benjamin
Cummings (2010)
4. Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Stahl DA and Clark DP, Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 13/E, Benjamin Cummings
(2010)
5. Landracker EM, Fundamentals of the Fungi,4/E , Benjamin Cummings (1996)
6. Garrity GM, Bergey’s manual of Systematic Bacteriology (1996)
7. Brock, TD Biology of Microorganisms, PP Press, USA(1978)
PMY102 MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM
L T P Cr
3 0 2 4.0
Prerequisite(s): None
Course Objective
The course will inculcate a strong understanding of diverse morphological, metabolic and functional aspects of
different microbes (with a major emphasis on bacterial systems), mutual interactions with the external environment,
and the underlying basic regulatory mechanisms involved in these processes.
Course contents:
Introduction: Introduction to microbial physiology, macromolecular synthesis, growth and measurement of growth,
growth physiology, cell division, growth yield, kinetics.
Microbial Nutrition: uptake; transport across the membranes and cell wall (diffusion, passive diffusion, active
transport, group translocation and iron uptake), drug export systems, amino acid transport, Type I-Type VI secretory
systems.
Enzymes and Carbohydrate Metabolism: Enzyme and Enzyme Kinetics, glycolysis, PPP, Entner-Douduorff
pathway, citric acid cycle; synthesis of polysaccharides, peptidoglycan and biopolymers as cell components; pentose
phosphate pathway; oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate cycle, fermentation
of carbohydrates, homo and heterolactic fermentation, metabolomics.
Nitrogen Metabolism: Amino acid biosynthesis and utilization, lysine and glutamine overproduction, stringent
response, polyamine biosynthesis and regulation; regulation of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, de-nitrification and
ammonifying bacteria, pathway of nitrate assimilation in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic systems,
transamination and deamination reactions.
Photosynthesis: Absorption of light, photosynthetic and accessory pigments, (chlorophyll, bacteriochlorophyll,
carotenoides, phycobilliproteins), oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis in prokaryotes, electron transport chain,
phosphorylation, calvin cycle, effect of light, temperature, pH and CO2 on photosynthesis, photosynthetic yield and
photorespiration.
Lipid and Hydrocarbon Metabolism: composition of microorganisms, biosynthesis and degradation of lipids, lipid
accumulation in microbes, hydrocarbon utilization, fatty acid oxidation- alpha, beta and omega oxidations, energy
yields from fatty acid oxidation, oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and fatty acids with odd numbered carbon atoms;
PHA synthesis and degradation.
Nucleic Acid Metabolism: Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis, regulation of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis,
inhibitors of nucleotide synthesis
Physiological Adaptation and Stress Metabolism: Introduction to two component system, regulatory systems
during aerobic-anaerobic shifts: Arc, Fnr, Nar, FhlA regulon, response to phosphate supply: The Pho regulon; Quorum
sensing: A and C signaling system, sporulation in Bacillus subtilis, control of competence in Bacillus subtilis; Heat-
Shock responses; pH; homeostasis; osmotic homeostasis; Siderophores.
Laboratory Work: Evaluation of bacterial growth in liquid media: diauxic growth curve, Effect of water activity on
microbes of different environment, Determination of carbon, Nitrogen and Mineral requirements for Microbial
growth, IMViC tests, Measurement of SOD in bacteria under different physiological conditions, catalase activity,
Amylase activity, caseinolytic activity, glucose uptake by bacteria and fungi
Course Outcome
Students will be able to consolidate their knowledge base in understanding the complexity of microbial structures,
genetics and metabolism. The course content would be a fundamental guide in grasping the mechanisms of various
interactions that exist between the microbes, microbes and higher forms of life/environment.
Recommended Books 1. Moat AG, Foster JW and Spector MP, Microbial Physiology , 4/E, John Wiley and Sons (2002)
2. Nelson DL and Cox MM, Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/E, W.H. Freeman and Company(2008)
3. Berg JR, Tymoczko CZ and Stryer L, Biochemistry, 6/E, W.H. Freeman and Company (2006)
4. Gottschalk G, Bacterial Metabolism, Springer, (1986)
5. Cladwell DR, Microbial Physiology and Metabolism,2/E Star(2002)
PMY103 MICROBIAL GENETICS
L T P Cr
3 0 2 4.0
Course Objective
This course will enable students in understanding the vast and diverse microbial genetic resources in detail, and how
they direct transcriptome to metabolome. Moreover, they will learn various aspects of molecular genetic approaches,
mutant genotypes/phenotypes, and transfer of genetic materials between different microbes along with their
consequences.
Course Contents:
Genomic Organization of Microbes: Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic genome, C-value, and C-value paradox
; DNA replication- general principles; different modes of replication, proof reading, continuous and discontinuous
synthesis, Synthesis of leading and lagging strands, specific features of replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes,
action of topoisomerases, telomere maintenance and chromatin Assembly, Single stranded DNA replication,
Relationship between DNA replication and cell cycle, DNA copy number maintenance strand elongation and
termination, Superhelicity in DNA, Inhibitors of DNA replication.
Transcription and Translation Machinery: Transcription machinery of prokaryotes, various transcription enzymes
and cofactors, initiation, elongation and termination, sigma factors, Transcription machinery of eukaryotes, various
forms of RNA polymerase and cofactors, initiation, elongation and termination, promoters, enhancers, silencers,
activators, effect of chromatin structure, regulation of transcription; Transport of RNA within eukaryotic cell, RNA
processing; splicing; capping and polyadenylation, transcriptional gene regulation; the genetic code and protein
structure; Mechanisms of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; initiation complex; ribosomes and tRNA,
elongation and termination factors, in vitro translation systems, polycistronic/ monocistronic synthesis, regulation of
translation; inhibitors of translation, RNA instability, Protein modification, folding, chaperones, transportation, Signal
hypothesis, protein degradation;
Genetic recombination: Genetic recombination processes: Role of rec proteins in homologous recombination,
Conjugation: Discovery, F+, F- and Hfr cells, types of Hfr; F+ and F- and Hfr and F- genetic crosses, mechanisms of
conjugation, conjugational transfer of resistance transfer factors, transformation and transduction, Genetic mapping,
Plasmid replication and incompatibility, control of copy number, Transposons- insertional sequences and composite,
Transposable element, Classes of transposable elements, nomenclature of transposable elements; insertion sequences
(IS elements), Transposons(composite structure and complex transposons structure) mechanism of transposition,
mutations: UV and Chemical induced and their mechanism.
Recombination and Repair of DNA: Recombination as a molecular biology tool, DNA repair and recombination,
DNA Mismatch Repair, lac, his operons, Double Strand Break Repair, Reciprocal and non reciprocal, mechanism of
recombination; Holiday model, Fox model, Enzymatic mechanism of recombination,
Laboratory Work: Isolation of Genomic DNA from E. coli, Isolation of RNA and its quantification, Isolation and
purification of plasmids from bacteria by agarose gel electrophoresis, Replica plating technique for transfer of bacterial
mutants, Genetic recombination (Conjugation) in Bacteria , Selection of Diploids in Aspergillus nidulans, Ordered
and random ascospore analysis in Neurosporacrassa, Induction of mutation.
Course Outcome
The course will build a strong knowledge base in complete understanding of microbial genetics and exploitation of
these diverse genetic resources for understanding/developing/improving different microbes for beneficial/related
processes.
Recommended Books 1. Maloy SR, Cronan JE Jr. and Freifelder D, Microbial Genetics, 2/E, Narosa Publishing House (Reprint 2009)
2. Trun NJ and Trempy JE, Fundamental Bacterial Genetics, Wiley Blackwell (2004)
3. Strieps UN and Yasbin RE, Modern Microbial Genetics, 2/E, Wiley Publishers (2002)
4. Sundarajan S, Microbial Genetics 1/E, Anmol Publications (2003)
5. Snyder L and Champness W, Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, 3/E, ASM Press (2007)a
6.LewinB, Genes X (10th revised edition) James and Bartlett Inc, USA(2010)
PMY104 VIROLOGY
L T P Cr
3 0 2 4.0
Prerequisite(s): None
Course Objective
The course is designed so that students will learn the basic principles of virus taxonomy, life cycle, structure,
genome replication and host-virus interactions that often lead to disease and recovery, and various facile techniques
of virology (growth, purification, quantitation). Students will be able to understand how the specific virus and host
factors mutually interact, and how these interactions lead to disease and/or recovery along with their applications
in diagnosis.
Course Contents
Classification of Viruses: Virus classification, properties of viruses, virus structure, brief history of virology
highlighting the significant contributions of scientists to the development of microbial, plant and animal virology;
modern classification of viruses and bacteriophages.
Virological Techniques: Techniques for visualization and enumeration of viral particles, assays for virus estimation,
characterization of viral products expressed in infected cells, diagnostic virology, general methods of propagation of
animal and plant viruses; purification of viruses using centrifugation, chromatography and electrophoresis techniques,
their assay and comparison of the sensitivity of assay methods; methods employed in identification of viruses i.e
structural and functional genomics.
Virus Replication Strategies: Principal events involved in replication: Adsorption, penetration, uncoating nucleic
acid and protein synthesis, intracellular trafficking, assembly, maturation and release, viral-host interaction, Host
response to viral infection.
Replication Pattern of specific viruses: Replicative strategies employed by animal DNA viruses. Replicative
strategies employed by animal RNA viruses. Identification of virus prototypes associated with different virus
replication schemes;
Phage Genetics: T4 phage- structure, life cycle, genetic map and DNA replication. Lamda temperate phage: Structure,
genetic map, lytic and lysogenic cycle, lysogenic repression and phage immunity, Lambda regulon, applications of
phages in microbial genetics.
Viral Pathogenesis: Salient features of important viral pathogens namely, Herpes virus, Poliovirus, Dengue,
Influenza virus (H1N1),VSV, SV40 and Adeno Virus, Poxviruses, Hepatitis Viruses, coronaviruses, Retroviruses,
Subviral pathogens: HDV, Prions, Viroids; Stages of infection, Salient features of some viral diseases-epidemiology,
transmission, infection, symptoms, risk, Transformation and oncogenesis, Emerging viruses and their evolution.
Anti-viral strategies-prevention and control: Host specific and nonspecific defense mechanisms involved in
resistance to and recovery from virus infections, role of interferon in viral infections, contributions of various host
defense mechanisms in viral infections, viral chemotherapy: nucleoside analogs, reverse transcriptase inhibitors,
protease inhibitors, History of vaccines especially smallpox and polio. New methods: subunit vaccines, anti-idiotype
and DNA vaccines.
Laboratory Work: Plaque assay for Bacteriophages, study of helical and icosahedral viruses by models, cultivation
and enumeration of Bacteriophages, Isolation of coliphages from sewage and testing for plaque formation by infecting
susceptible bacterial culture, Isolation of phages from sewage.
Course Outcome Students will develop an understanding of major virus groups with their elementary features and the human viruses,
in particular, causing the most dreaded diseases. They will gain knowledge how different viruses utilize the target
cells for amplifying their genomes and to expand in numbers and how viruses manage to multiply within a host
organism and escape immune-mediated destruction processes.
Recommended Books 1. Dimmock NJ, Easton AJ and Leppard K, Introduction of to Modern Virology, 6/E, Wiley- Blackwell (2001)
2. Carter JB and Saunders VA, Virology : Principles and Applications, John Wiley and Sons (2007)
3. Wagner EK, Hewlett MJ, Bloom DC and Camerini C, Basic Virology, 3/E, Blackwell Publishing (2008)
4. Flint SJ, Enquist LW, Racaniello VR and Skalka AM, Principles of Virology, 3/E, ASM Press (2009)
5. Knipe DM, Howley PM and Griffin DE, Fundamental Virology, 4/E, Lippincot Williams & Wilkins (2001)
PBT105 BIOTECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION
L T P Cr
3 1 2 4.5
Prerequisite(s): None
Course objective: The aim of the course is to acquaint the students with various techniques used in different
branches of life science/biotechnology and the underlying principles involved in them. The course also aims to
make student learn about operational procedures of modern instruments for analytical works.
Course Contents: Chromatography: Principle, Distribution coefficient, selectivity factor, Theoretical plates, peak broadening and
resolution, van Deemter equation, normal and reverse phase liquid chromatography, ion exchange, molecular
exclusion, affinity chromatography, HPTLC, HPLC, GC
Electrophoretic Techniques: General principle, effect of heat, electroendosmosis, Support media (agarose and
polyacrylamide gels), agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA, southern and northern transfer, PFGE (brief
introduction to OFAGE, TAFE, FIGE & CHEF), Native PAGE, SDS-PAGE, Urea PAGE, gradient gels, isolectric
focusing and 2D-PAGE, western transfer, capillary electrophoresis, SSCP, CGGE, TGGE and DGGE
Centrifugation Techniques: Principle of sedimentation, centrifugation, types of rotors, general applicatons of
centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, analytical centrifugation, preparative centrifugation, precautions and safety
aspects
Spectrophotometric Techniques: Electromagnetic waves and their interaction with matter, theory and
applications of CD, UV-VIS, IR, Raman, Fluorescence, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, FRET, applications in
biotechnology, Mass spectrophotometry (ionization methods, mass analyzers and detectors) and biotechnological
applications, ESR, NMR spectroscopy (brief introduction to NOESY, COSY and ROESY), MRI and X-ray
crystallography
Radioisotope Techniques: Radioactivity and radioisotopes, rate of decay, units of radioactivity, specific activity,
Detection and measurement of radioactivity Cerenkov counting and autoradiography, Applications in biological
sciences - Analytical, diagnostics and metabolic studies, Safety aspects of radioactive handling, alternatives to
radio-labeling.
Microscopy: Magnification and resolution of microscopes, components of light microscope, Theory and
principles of microscopy, light, dark field, fluorescence microscopy, TEM, SEM, AFM, confocal microscopy,
microtomy, ultramicrotomy, freeze fracturing, flow cytometry, FACS.
Laboratory Work: Thin layer chromatography (preparative, analytical, reverse phase), Column
chromatography, Gas chromatography, HPLC, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Atomic absorption spectroscopy,
Microscopy, PAGE, SDS-PAGE, Agarose Gel electrophoresis.
Course outcome: The students will be able to apply these bio-analytical techniques in advanced studies/research
and other industrial applications. Moreover, the students would also be able to handle several modern instruments
meticulously for various analytical works.
Recommended Books 1. Wilson K and Walker J., Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cambridge
University Press (2005) 6th ed.
2. Harrison, R.G., Todd, P., Rudge, S.R. and Petrides, B.B. Bioseparations: Science and Engineering, Oxford
University Press (2006).
3. McHale, J.L., Molecular Spectroscopy, Prentice Hall (1998).
4. Marimuthu, R., Microscopy and Microtechniques. MJP Publishers (2008).
PHU- PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION
L T P Cr
3 1 0 3.5
Prerequisite(s): None
Course Objective: To provide the students with the essential skills required for effective communication and to
provide a comprehensive view of business communication and its role in the corporate environment.
Course Contents:
Essentials of Communication: Meaning, Definition, process, feedback, emergence of communication as a key
concept in the corporate and global world, impact of technological advancements on communication.
Channels of Communication: Formal and Informal: Vertical, horizontal, diagonal, and grapevine.
Methods and Modes of Communication: Verbal and nonverbal, Verbal Communication: Characteristics of
verbal communication, Non-verbal Communication: Characteristics of non-verbal communication, kinesics,
proxemics and chronemics.
Barriers to Communication: Physical, semantic, language, socio-cultural, psychological barriers, Ways to
overcome these barriers.
Listening: Importance of listening skills, cultivating good listening skills.
Written Communication: Business letters, memos, minutes of meeting, notices, e-mails, agendas and circulars.
Technical Report Writing: Types of Reports, contents of reports. Formatting, writing styles and documentation.
Presentations: Principles of effective presentation, power-point presentation, video and satellite conferencing.
Interviews and Group Activities: Personal interviews, group discussion and panel discussion
Creative writing: Paragraph and Essay writing, Book reviews, Movie Reviews, Editorials and articles.
Paper writing: Styles of paper writing: Short Communication, Review papers and Research papers, referencing
styles: MLA, Chicago Style and APA.
Course Outcome: Students will be able to understand and demonstrate the use proper writing techniques relevant
to the present day technological demands, including anticipating audience reaction, write effective and concise
letters and memos, prepare informal and formal reports, proofread and edit copies of business correspondence,
develop interpersonal skills that contribute to effective personal, social and professional relationships.
Recommended Books:
1. LehmanC.M.,DuFrene D.D.,& Walker R(Ed. 2).B-BCOM-An Innovative Approach to Learning and
Teaching Business Communication .Cengage Learning New Delhi
2. McMurrey A.M& Buckley J.(ed 1), Handbook for Technical Writing. Cengage Learning, New Delhi
3. Lesikar R.V & Flately M.E.,Basic Business Communication-Skills for Empowering the Internet
Generation.(ed. 9)Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. New Delhi.
PBT201 BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY
L T P Cr
3 1 2 4.5
Prerequisite(s): None
This course will encompass the methodology and theory of statistics as applied to problems in the field of life and
health sciences. The course will provide students with basic understanding and applications of computational
biology.
Course objective:
Introduction: Biology and statistics, Variables and data, Sampling and sampling errors in biologicaldata,
Sampling techniques, Probability and distribution.
Regression and correlation analysis: Simple, linear and multiple regression, Simple and multiple correlation.
Hypothesis Testing: Test of hypotheses, one and two sample analysis, Paired sample analysis, Non-parametric
statistics and limitations. Confidence limits and tests of confidence, Single, Two and Multi-factorial analysis,
Non-parametric Analysis of Variance, Multiple comparison tests – Tukey, Newman-Keul, Scheffe tests,
Goodness of fit test.
Design of Experiments and Data Presentation: Response Surface Methods, Cantor Plots, Survivalship curves,
Graph plotting and significance of Curves, Data representation
Programming languages: Problem solving Technique: Algorithm, Flowchart, Compiling, Testing and
Debugging, Documentation – Data structures – Array, Stack, Queue, Linked, List concepts
Procedural languages - C language introduction: Variables, Data Types – Arrays (one and two dimensional
arrays) - Functions: Types, Parameters, Recursion, Function prototype, and Standard C library -Structures.
Pointers: Introduction, Pointer with variables, Arrays and Strings, Pointers and structures, Pointers and linked list
– Unions - File handling: File I/O, File opening modes – C Preprocessor - Graphical Interfaces: Dialog Boxes,
Dynamic Memory Allocation.
Algorithm: History, Principles, types, development and its complexity, Complexity of algorithms –NP complete
problem- polynomial-Reducibility-sorting problem and Fibonacci Problem; Algorithm types: Linear, Exhaustive
search ,Branch and Bound, divide and conquer, Expectation and Maximation (EM) with forward and backward
algorithms, discriminative learning, Knuth-Morris- Pratt and Boyer-Moore algorithm for exact match and graph
and maximum likelihood algorithm etc
Dynamic programming methods of sequence analysis: Principles and its uses, Hidden Markov models in
sequence analysis. Introduction of Markov Chain and Hidden Markov models. Forward-backward algorithm,
Viterbi and Baum-Welch algorithms, Heuristics second generation alignment tool (Blast, FASTA, ClustalW),
Monte Carlo method, Molecular dynamics
Molecular computational biology: DNA binding motif finding by sequence alignment, Gibbs sampling
approaches, Regulatory module (a combination of DNA binding motifs) detection, Bayesian networkapproach to
study the gene expression network based on expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data, Statistical methods for
pre-mRNA alternative splicing
Elements of Graphics and Visualization: Basics of two and three dimensional computer graphics systems,
modeling and rendering, and selected graphics software APIs. Other topics may include interactive graphics,
animation, graphical user interfaces, and the graphical presentation of information.
Distributed and Grid Computing: Distributed and grid computing principles and technologies, common modes
of grid computing for scientific applications, development of grid-enabled applications, and future trends in grid
computing
Course Outcome: Students will be able to organize, summarize and display quantitative data and design to
address public health and clinical problems, calculate summary estimates, measures of variability and confidence
intervals and manipulate probabilities and the Normal and Binomial distributions.
Laboratory Work: MS Excel and Graphpad Prism software, Data entry and graphical representation, Equation
formulation and analysis for sample testing, correlation and regression, ANOVA, Multiple comparisons,
Survivalship tests, C programming, Multiple sequence alignment, DNA binding motif finding by sequence
alignment
Recommended Text Books: 1. Waterman M.S., Introduction to Computational Biology: Maps, Sequences and Genomes.Waterman.
Chapman and Hall/ CRC Press (1995) ISBN -10: 0412993910
2. Gottfried, B.S., Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Programming with C, McGraw-Hill.(1996).
ISBN 10 0070240353
3. DeGroot M.H,. and SchervishM.J., Probability and Statistics, Addison-Wesley, 3rd ed., (2002)
PMY201 RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
L T P Cr
3 0 3 4.5
Prerequisites: Microbial Genetics, Biochemistry
Course Objectives
The course will help students in gaining knowledge in the rapidly emerging areas of recombinant DNA
technology using viral, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genetic resources, various vectors, and different genetic
manipulation techniques to generate novel recombinant DNA molecules, examine gene regulation, express
recombinant proteins, and produce GMOs.
Course contents:
Molecular cloning techniques: Host restriction and modification,various hosts for molecular cloning, restriction
endonucleases and other commonly used enzymes & their applications, cloning vectors-plasmids, phages lambda
and M13, phagemids, cosmids, P1 phage, PACs, BACs and YACs, different cloning techniques, selection and
screening of the recombinant clones
Construction of cDNA and genomic DNA libraries: Construction of cDNA and genomic DNA libraries,
expression libraries, screening of gene libraries: in situ colony and plaque hybridization techniques,
immunological techniques for screening expression libraries, subtractive hybridization, identifying genes in
complex genomes by direct selection of cDNA and exon trapping.
Advanced molecular techniques: Southern and Northern blotting techniques, Pulsed field gel electrophoresis of
DNA, DNA sequencing, RFLP analysis, DNA analysis in disease diagnosis and taxonomy, polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) and its applications, cloning of PCR products, 5′ and 3′ RACE, Real Time PCR using various
reagents & primers, mRNA differential display, RAPD fingerprinting of micro-organisms, Physical mapping of
BAC clones, STS mapping, shotgun sequencing, clone-by-clone shotgun sequencing of genome, preparation of
BAC/YAC library, map construction & clone selection, genome annotations, comparative genome sequence
analyses in the micro-organisms for identifying and categorizing SNPs, various molecular techniques for studying
DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions, high throughput analyses.
Gene expression studies and over expression of recombinant proteins: Various molecular techniques for gene
expression analyses, functional characterization of promoters, reporter gene assays, transcriptomics-principles
and techniques, DNA microarrays (cDNA arrays and oligo arrays), inducible/controllable and hybrid promoters,
Over expression and tagging of recombinant proteins in E.coli, B. subtilis and other bacteria, isolation and
purification of recombinant proteins, Over expression vector systems in yeasts, baculovirus, and mammalian cells,
production of commercially useful proteins/molecules in the microbes, Guidelines for working with rDNA.
Laboratory Work: Bacterial transformation, Isolation of plasmid/bacteriophage & genomic DNA, Restriction
analysis of DNA, Cloning in plasmid vectors, Construction and screening of gene library, Different PCR
techniques, Gene expression in bacterial hosts and analysis of gene products, Reporter gene assay.
Course Outcome
After pursuing this course, students will get insights into various genetic manipulation techniques which are
currently major prerequisites in the frontiers of modern biotechnology/microbial biotechnology including rapidly
emerging aspects of metabolic engineering.
Recommended Books: 1. Primrose SB and Twyman RM, Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics, Blackwell Publishing
(2006).
2. Lewin B, Genes VIII, International Edition, Pearson Education (2004).
3. Winnacker, EM, From Genes to clones, VCH publications (1987)
PMY202 INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
L T P Cr
3 0 3 4.5
Prerequisites: None
Course Objectives
The objective of the course is to make students familiar with the main steps and processes used to produce
biological products in industry and isolation of useful microorganisms. Students will know the useful
techniques which are applicable in bioprocessing of particular products
Course Contents:
Introduction to industrial microbiology: Sources of industrially important microbes, screening techniques,
strain development, types of fermentation and fermenters, process optimization, and recent developments in
fermentation technology, culture maintenance and preservation of industrially important microorganisms.
Production aspects: Microbial production of alcohols: vinegar, wine and alcohol, industrial production of
solvents-glycerol, acetone, and butanol, production of citric acid and glutamic acid , production of amylase and
proteases; industrial production of antibiotics: Penicillin and Cephalosporin; enzyme immobilization and
applications, Microbial production of Vitamin B2 and B12 , microbial production of recombinant products
(insulin, somatostatin, thaumatin, interferon); vaccine production, microbial polyester and polymers and
biotransformations.
Biosensors: Microbial nanosensors; Whole Cell (enzyme and protein based) biosensors and their applications in
process monitoring.
Laboratory Work: Isolation of antibiotic/ amino acid/organic acid producing microbes and their preservation,
Batch fermentation for Citric acid production, recovery and estimation of citric acid; Production of any vitamin
and its quantification by bioassay, Penicillin production and estimation of penicillin, Strain improvement for
enhancing citric acid production.
Course Outcome Upon completion of this course, students will acquire an understanding of design, operation and monitoring of
microbial processes for the desired bio-products having relevance to the societal needs.
Recommended books 1. Blatz RH, Davies JE and Demain AL, Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 3/E, ASM
Press (2010)
2. Waites MJ, Morgan NL, Rockey JS and Higton, G, Industrial Microbiology: An introduction, 7/E, Wiley-
Blackwell (2008)
3. Barredo JL, Microbial processes and products, Humana Press (2005)
4. Glazer AN and Nikaido H, Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Applied Microbiology,2/E WH
Freeman and Co (2007)
5. Moo-Young M, Cooney CL and Humphery AE, Comprehensive Biotechnology: The Principles
6. Applications and Regulations of Biotechnology in Industry, Agriculture and Medicine, Pergamon Press
(1985).
7. Presscott SC, Prescott and Dunns Industrial Microbiology, AVI PublishersCassida,LE Industrial
Microbiology, Wiley
Course Objective
The purpose of this course is to introduce students to scientific foundation of microorganisms and their
relationship to agriculture and environment. The course will appraise the students about application/control
of microbes for agriculture and how to design approaches to mitigate environmental pollutants.
PMY203 AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
L T P Cr
3 0 2 4.0
Prerequisite(s): None
Course Contents:
Soil Microbiology: Soil as a habitat for microorganisms; Soil enzymes, Soil water & microbial activity, Soil
microflora, soil fertility and management of agricultural soils, rhizosphere, phylloplane and rhizoplane
microbes & their interaction with plants.
Biofertilizers and green manure: Biofertilizers; Rhizobium -taxonomy, physiology, host-Rhizobium
interaction, mass cultivation; Associative and non symbiotic association-Azospirillum, Azotobacter,
Cyanobacteria; Mycorrhiza: Host-fungus specificity, host fungus interactions, rhizosphere environment and
recognition phenomenon, interaction of mycorrhizal fungi with non-host plants, functional capability- plant
nutrition and stress tolerance; Commercial production of biofertilizers, formulations and BIS specifications;
their applications and limitations for Indian agriculture. Crop biotechnology and transgenics. Microbiology of
composting and compost enrichment, and green manuring; reclamation of barren lands, production of biogas
and alcohol from agricultural wastes.
Biopesticides: Microbiology of plant surfaces; Principles of biological control; microbial control of pests-
bioinsecticides; biofungicides and bioherbicides; commercial production of biopesticides with reference to
Bacillusthuringiensis; integrated pest management, their applications and limitations for Indian agriculture;
viral control of insect pests : Nuclear polyhedrosis visuses (NPV) and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPV).
Plant pathogenesis: role of toxins and enzymes; Fungal , bacterial and viral diseases of plants: Rusts of wheat,
linseeds; late blight of potato; red rot of sugarcane; Citrus canker, blight; Leaf curl of Papaya, vein clearing of
lady’s finger
Microbial Ecology: Occurrence, diversity, adaptations and potential applications of oligotrophs, thermophiles,
psychrophiles, barophiles, organic solvent and radiation tolerants, metallophiles, acidophiles, alkaliphiles and
halophiles; Biogeochemical cycling, Quantitative ecology: numbers and biomass, Quantitative ecology:
metabolic activity, Molecular microbial ecology, Metagenome analysis, Biofilms. Microbe: microbe
interactions, Population ecology, Microbial community structure: benevolent interactions (control within the
microbial communities of rhizosphere), antagonistic interactions, (competition, antibiosis, predation etc.).
Waste disposal and microbial applications: Applications of microbes in solving environmental pollution
problems. Microbial degradation of lignocellulosic substances, keratin and chitin and Xenobiotics i.e of
pesticides; hydrocarbons; clean up of sites polluted with oil spills, heavy metals and chlorinated solvents;
biological treatment of effluents of sugar, pulp and paper industry. Microbes in solid waste and sewage
treatment systems, disinfection of potable water supplies; Microbial water safety; Microbial assessment of
water quality; Standards for tolerable levels of fecal contamination, Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation,
Biomining and Microbially enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR): Recovery of minerals and metals from ores i.e
bioleaching, Use of microbes for the recovery of oils from oil wells.
Laboratory Work: Isolation and identification soil micro flora; Isolation, culturing and seed inoculation of
Rhizobium and testing of nodulation ability and beneficial effects, Isolation and testing the efficiency of
various biofertilizers like Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Isolation of mycorrhiza from soil, isolation
from plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi, Isolation of microbes from compost. Isolation and identification
sewage micro flora: To study the microbiological quality of water samples from different sources and calculate
their relative abundance and frequency of occurrence; To study the decolorization of distillery or textile
industrial waste; Determination of BOD of water from tap and effluent.
Course Outcome The student will have an understanding of agriculturally important microbes such as viruses, nematodes,
oomycetes, fungi and bacteria such as Rhizobium, Agrobacterium and Pseudomonas, which are important in
the context of plant health and prevention/control of plant disease and concept of microbial taxonomy and
phylogeny of these organisms. They will be able to appreciate microbial diversity and applications of relevant
microbes and designing suitable strategies for effective bioremediation of various environmental pollutants.
Recommended books 1. Rai MK, Handbook of Microbial Biofertilizers, Routledge,(2006)
2. Rangaswami G, Bagyaraj DJ, Bagyaraj DG, Agricultural Microbiology, 2/E, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd (2004)
3. Elsas JD, Jansson JK, Trevors JT, Modern soil microbiology, 2/E, CRC Press/ Taylor & Francis (2007)
4. Insam H, Riddech N, Klammer S, Microbiology of Composting, Springer (2002)
5. Khetan SK, Microbial Pest Control, Marcel Dekker (2000)
6. Maier RM, Pepper IL and Gerba CP, Environmental Microbiology, 2/E, Academic Press (2009)
7. Barton LL and Northup DE, Microbial Ecology, John Wiley & Sons (2008)
PMY204 FOOD AND DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY
L T P Cr
3 0 2 4.0
Prerequisite(s): None
Course Objective
This course aims on studying interaction of microorganisms and food in relation to food-borne diseases, food
spoilage and bioprocessing of food and dairy products. To make students learn about technologies to render
foods and dairy products safe and analytical techniques for monitoring of food biological safety.
Course Contents
Introduction : Basic components of food, Factors influencing microbial survival and growth in food: Extrinsic
and intrinsic factors; important microbes involved in spoilage of food, meat, poultry, vegetables and dairy
products; microbial deterioration of cereals, pulses, fish and sea-foods during storage.
Food chemistry: Flavours, generation of flavours by microbes, colours, synthetic and natural food colours,
antinutritional components in food, allergenic components in food, additives sweeteners and chemicals generated
during processing, chemical and biological preservatives, their mode of action.
Microbiology of milk and dairy products: Classification of Dairy organisms based on growth temperature-
psychrotrophs, mesophiles, thermodurics and thermophiles, spoilages of milk by the above groups and their
control. Undesirable fermentations - souring, curdling, proteolysis, Lipolysis and abnormal flavour and their
control. Bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal properties of milk.Classification of lactic starter culture: activity, defects
and their uses in the preparation of fermented milk-dahi, yoghurt, acidophilus milk, koumiss, kefir and cheddar
and other cheese, spoilages and their control. Microbiology of cream; factors affecting quality of cream; defected
and their control. Microbiological changes during storages of butter; defects and their control. Incidence and
implications of enteric pathogenic organisms in ice-cream and their control. Microbiological spoilage and control
in condensed milk. Microbiological quality of dried milk and infant foods.
Microbial Toxins: Bacterial and mycotoxins, microbial toxins, chemical nature of important toxins; their role in
food poisoning; physiology and mechanism of action, modification and detoxification; prevention and control of
toxin contamination.
Microbial biomass and Single cell proteins: Uses of microbes in meats and poultry products, vegetables etc.
Use of microbial enzymes in food; low calorie sweeteners, flavour modifiers; Food additives; food quality
monitoring, biosensors and immune assays. Indian fermented foods, mushrooms and food value of mushrooms,
food conversions: Lactic acid conversions, soyabean conversions and cereal products.
Functional foods: Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and nutraceuticals; characteristics of probiotic
microorganisms, production of probiotic foods and nutraceuticals, factors affecting functionality of probiotic,
prebiotic, synbiotics and foods containing nutraceuticals, consumer perception of functional foods.
Principles of Food preservation: Spoilage microorganisms in food, basic principles, preservation by use of high
temperature, low temperature, drying and desiccations, chemical preservatives and additives, preservation by
radiation, alternatives to conventional preservation methods.
Food quality& Safety: food and water borne pathogens, International and national guidelines, traceability in food
chain, HACCP, GMP, adulteration and bioterrorism, GLP and biosafety guidelines
Laboratory exercises:
Detection of food borne pathogens and selected spoilage bacteria, recovery of heat injured pathogens from
processed foods, D & Z value tests, quality tests for raw milk, simulated survival studies of surrogate pathogens
in food, assessment of risk using prediction based models, assessment of synthetic preservatives, detection of
microbial toxins, estimation of nutraceuticals, vitamins and sweeteners, preparation of fermented dairy foods,
evaluation of probiotic characteristics of standard probiotic cultures, preparation of probiotic food, substantiation
of health claims of probiotic cultures (in vitro only), production of high value dairy products.
Course Outcome
Students will acquire an understanding of microbial ecology of foods, standard and other methods for isolation
and identification of micro-organisms in foods and application of molecular techniques to the microbial analysis
of food.
Recommended books 1. Adams M R, Moss M O, Food Microbiology, 3/E, RSC Publishing, Cambridge (2008).
2. Jay JM, Loessner MJ, Golden DA, Modern Food Microbiology, 7/E, Springer (2007)
3. Forsythe S, The Microbiology of Safe Food, 2/E, John Wiley & Sons (2010)
4. Montville TJ, Matthews KR, Food Microbiology: An Introduction, 2/E, ASM Press (2008)
5. Robinson R K, Dairy Microbiology Handbook, 3/E, John Wiley & Sons (2002)
PBT205 IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOTHERAPY
L T P Cr
3 1 2 4.5
Prerequisite(s): None
Course Objective: The objective of this course is to provide students with detail understanding of different cells of
the immune system and their role in immune protection and application of immunological techniques. The course will
provide knowledge about role of immune system in pathogenesis of infectious diseases, cancer, autoimmune disease,
AIDS.
Course contents:
Basic concept and cells of the Immune System: Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Lymphocytes, Granulocytes and
Monocytes, Cell participation in Innate and Adaptive Immunity, Antigen and Antibody, Antigen Presentation and
processing, MHC
Cell activation and Cell mediated Immune Response: T and B cell maturation, activation and differentiation, T and
B cell tolerance, Cytokines and its role in immune response, Cell mediated Cytotoxic Response: Cytotoxic T cell,
NK cell and Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, inflammatory response
Immunological techniques: Cross reactivity, Precipitation and Agglutination reaction, Coomb’s test, Immuno-
electrophoresis, RIA, ELISA, ELISPOT assay, Western blotting, Immunofluorescence and Flow cytometry,
Immunomagnetic and Immunodensity method of Cell isolation, Lymphocytes cell proliferation assay, Immunological
database and immunoinformatics tool
Autoimmunity, Hypersensitivity and Immunodeficiency: Tolerance and Autoimmunity, Types and mechanism of
autoimmune diseases, Hypersensitive reactions, Different types of Hypersensitive reactions, Primary and Secondary
Immunodeficiency, AIDS
Immune response to Infectious disease, Cancer and Transplantation: Immune Response to viral, bacterial and
other infections, Tumor immunity and Tumor antigens, Transplantation types, Immunological basis of graft rejection
Vaccine: Live and Killed Vaccines, Sub unit vaccines, Recombinant Vaccines, DNA vaccines, Peptide vaccines,
Plant-based vaccines, Reverse vaccinology, Vaccines against infectious diseases,
Immunotherapy: Immunosuppressive therapy, Immunostimulation, Cytokines therapy, Immunotherapy for
infectious diseases, allergies, autoimmune diseases and cancer
Laboratory work: Blood film preparation and identification of cells, Immuno-diffusion, Hemagglutination,
Agglutinaton inhibition, Rocket immune-electrophoresis, Western blotting, ELISA, Epitope prediction using
Immunoinformatics tool, Isolation of Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Course Outcome: At the end of this course, students would be able to comprehend the role of immune cells and their
mechanism in preventing the body from foreign attack and infectious disease, cancer and other disease development.
Moreover, they will apply the knowledge of immune associated mechanisms in medical biotechnology research.
Recommended Books
1. Janeway C. A. Travers P.,Walport M., Immuno biology: the immune system in health and disease, Garland
Science Publishing New York (2012) 8th ed.
2. Owen J. A., Punt J., Strandfold S.A, Jones P.P., Kuby- Immunology W.H. Freeman & Company (2013), 7 th
ed.
3. Roitt I., Brostoff J., Male D., Immunology, Mosby Elsevier (2004) 10th ed.
4. Khan F.H. The Elements of Immunology, Pearson Education (2009)
PBT303 BIOINFORMATICS
L T P Cr
3 1 2 4.5
Prerequisite(s): None
Course Objective: The objective of this course is to provide students with basic understanding and application of
bioinformatics. The course will provide the basic concepts behind the sequence and structural alignment, database
searching, protein structure prediction and computer based drug designing.
Course contents:
Introduction: Goals, applications and limitations of Bioinformatics, Biological sequence and molecule file formats,
DNA and protein sequence databases, Structure databases
Pairwise sequence alignment and database searching: Evolutionary Basis of sequence alignment, Homologous
sequence, Global alignment and local alignment, Gap penalties, Dot matrix method, Scoring matrices Dynamic
programming methods: Needleman-Wunsch and Smith-Waterman algorithm, Database similarity search, Heuristic
methods: FASTA , BLAST
Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetics: Scoring multiple sequence alignments, Progressive alignment
method, Iterative alignment method, Block-based alignment, Molecular evolution and phylogenetics, Phylogenetic
trees, Molecular clock theory, Maximum Parsimony, Distance based methods: UPGMA, Maximum likelihood
method, Bayesian statistical analysis
Structural Bionformatics: Ramachandran plot, protein secondary structure prediction, Chou-Fasman and GOR
method, Neural networks, Protein three dimensional structure prediction: Homology modeling and protein Threading,
Molecular visualization, Computer aided drug design, Docking and QSAR
Machine Learning and Bio-programming: Development of Algorithms, Hidden Markov Models, Artificial Neural
Networks, Perl introduction
Laboratory Work: DNA and protein sequence and PDB file formats, Local and global sequence alignment of protein
and DNA sequences, Needleman Wunsch and Smith-Waterman algorithm, BLAST, Multiple sequence alignment and
Sequence logo, Phylogenetic tree construction, Secondary structure prediction, Visualization and editing of three
dimensional structure, Homology modeling, Active site prediction, Docking, Perl
Course Outcome: At the end of this course, students would be able to understand key concepts of different
bioinformatics tool and then extend knowledge in analyzing the sequence and structure data obtained from
bioinformatics tool. Students should be able apply the knowledge of bioinformatics in the biotechnology research and
industry.
Recommended books 1. Xiong J , Essential Bioinformatics, Cambridge University Press (2006)
2. Mount D W , Bioinformatics - Sequence and Genome Analysis, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory
Press (2001)
3. Ghosh Z, and Mallick B , Bioinformatics – Principles and Applications, Oxford University Press
(2008)
4.. Dwyer, R.A., Genomic Perl: From Bioinformatics Basics to Working Code, Cambridge University Press (2004).
5. Higgins, D. and Taylor, W., Bioinformatics: Sequence, Structure and Databanks – A Practical
Approach, Oxford University Press (2000).
PMY301 FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY
L T P Cr
3 0 2 4.0
Prerequisite(s): None
Course Objectives
The objective of this course to enable students to correlate metabolic aspects of industrially relevant microorganisms
with the corresponding biotechnological products, and learn the basics of simple strategies for strain improvements
encompassing both classical and metabolic engineering methods, design medium from stoichiometric considerations.
Course Contents:
Introduction and Basic Concepts: Units and dimensions, Principles of bioprocesses, advantages over chemical
process, bioprocess control, types of reactors and the relation between chemical and biochemical process.
Sterilization Concepts: Sterilization principles and practices, Media sterilization, thermal-death batch and continuous
sterilization systems, Sterilization of air fibrous filters, Design of continuous sterilization.
Cell and Enzyme kinetics: Cell number and Cell mass calculations, Material and Energy balance, Continuous and
batch fermentation, Microbial growth kinetics, Growth and non-growth synthesis, Cell and enzyme immobilization,
Production of biomass and important extracellular products, Product synthesis kinetics, Submerged and solid state
fermentation.
Fermentation economics: Quality control and bioprocess economics-Scale-up considerations of bioprocesses, cost
aspects in designing commercially viable fermentation processes, effluent treatment considerations for cost and
market potential of bioproducts.
Bioreactor Studies:Designoffermentors, Study of Batch, CSTF (Continuous stirred tank fermenter) and Plug flow
reactor (PFR), Fed-batch fermentation and rheological aspects. Calculations for steady state substrate, Product
concentration, External and internal feedback system, Airlift bioreactors, UASB reactors.
Aeration and Agitation: Aeration and agitation systems for bioreactors and their design, Mass transfer in microbial
system, Gas liquid transfer, Biological heat transfer, Energy and material balance.
Downstream processing: Product isolation and recovery, Disruption of microbial cells, Filtrations, Reverse osmosis,
Spray drying methods, freeze drying.
Laboratory Work : To study different types of bioreactors, Fermenter sterilization, Medium preparation, sterilization
and checking sterility by thermal death kinetics, Surface culture fermentation to study the production of lactic acid
using sucrose and lactose as the raw material, Production of citric acid, Growth kinetics for some industrially useful
organism, Immobilization of cell on a matrix, Estimate the mass transfer coefficient in a fermenter by sulphite
oxidation method, Study solid state fermentation, Production of yeast cells, Industrial visits.
Course Outcome
Students will acquire concepts of application of biological and engineering principles to problems involving microbial,
mammalian, and biological/biochemical systems and power requirements in bioreactors, modeling of bioprocesses,
traditional and new concepts in bioprocess monitoring, and the biological basis for industrial fermentations and cell
cultures.
Recommended Books 1. Shuler ML and Kargi F, Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts, Prentice-Hall (2001) 2nd ed.
2. Stanbury PF, Principles of Fermentation Technology, Book News, Inc. (1992) 2nd ed.
3. Vogel HC and Haber CC, Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Handbook,Noyes Publications (2001) 2nd
ed.
4. Bailey JE and Ollis DF, Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill (1986).
5. Wang DC and Humphrey L, Fermentation and Enzyme Technology, John Wiley (1989).
PMY302 PRECLINCAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH
L T P Cr.
3 0 2 4.0
Pre requisites: none
Course Objectives
The course will build upon a foundation of the basics of clinical research, clinical data management and guidelines
pertaining to regulation related to clinical data acquisition.
Course Contents
Introduction to Clinical Research: Terminologies and definition in Clinical Research, Origin and History of
Clinical Research, Difference between Clinical Research and Clinical Practice, Types of Clinical Research, Phases
of clinical research Clinical Trials in India–The National Perspective. Post marketing surveillance of
pharmaceutical Industry – Global and Indian Perspective Clinical Trial market, Career in Clinical Research.
Pharmacology and drug development: Introduction to Pharmacology, Concept of Essential Drugs Routes of Drug
Administration, Introduction to Drug Discovery and Development, Hurdles in Drug Development Sources of
Drugs, Basics of Drug Discovery & Development, Approaches to Drug Discovery, Evolutionary, Classification of
the strategies for Drug Discovery, Emerging technologies in Drug Discovery, Preclinical Testing, Investigational
New Drug Application, Clinical trials, New Drug Application and Approval,Pharmacokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics, recent trends; Pharmacogenomics and Protein based therapies. GLP, DCGI and GCPP
guidelines.
Ethical Considerations and Guideline in Clinical Research: Historical guidelines in Clinical Research
Nuremberg code, Declaration of Helsinki, Belmont report, International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Brief
history of ICH, Structure of ICH, ICH Harmonization Process, Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice Clinical Trial
Protocol and Protocol Amendment
Regulation in Clinical Research: Introduction of Clinical Trial Regulation, European Medicine Agency, Food and
Drug Administration (US FDA), Drug and cosmetic act Schedule Y, ICMR Guideline
Clinical Data Management: Introduction to CDM, CRF Design, Clinical Data Entry, Electronic Data Capture
Data Validation, Discrepancy Management, Clinical Data Coding, SAE Reconciliation, Quality Assurance &
clinical Data Management, Guidelines and Regulations in Clinical trial data management.
Course Outcome: After pursuing this course, the students will acquire a sound understanding of clinical research concept and practice.
They will be able to appreciate the various aspects of this emerging field and how data may be rationally applied
for practical purposes in the pharmaceutical sector as well as the biological industry.
Recommended Books:
1) Gallin, J.I. & Ognibene, F.P. (2007) Principles and practice of clinical research. 2nd
ed. Boston: Elsevier.
2) Essentials of Clinical Research by Stephen P. Glasser, Springer
3) Pocock, S.J. (1983) ‘The rationale of clinical trials’. In: Pocock, S.J. Clinical trials: a practical approach.
Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp.1−13.
PMY303 CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
L T P Cr
3 0 2 4.0
Prerequisite(s): None
Course Objective
Students will acquire practical skills in the laboratory diagnosis (both traditional and molecular diagnostics) of human
infections caused by viruses, bacterial, fungi and other parasites, and appreciate the safety and public health aspects
along with the underlying principles involved in prevention and control. Moreover, they will acquire knowledge and
skills required to establish and manage a diagnostic microbiology laboratory, and recognize current trends in medical
microbiology.
Course Contents: Biochemical Basis of Microbial Diagnosis: Automated Blood Cultures. Rapid Antigen Tests.- Advanced Antibody
Detection.- Phenotypic Testing of Bacterial Antimicrobial Susceptibility.- Biochemical Profile-Based Microbial
Identification Systems. Antibiotics and mechanism of action. MIC & MBC In vitro susceptibility tests-Different
methods. Rapid methods of antibiotic susceptibility tests Antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Detection of methicillin
resistant staphylococci.
Histo-Chemical Basis of Microbial diagnosis: Fixation of smears for microscopy by different methods Different
staining techniques Simple (Loeffer's polychrome methylene blue and Negative staining Gram's staining Ziehl-
Nielsen method for AFB Fluorchrome staining, Leishman's stain, Giemsa's staining Special staining methods to
demonstrate granules, capsules and spores. Preparation of culture media: Simple tissue culture methods for growing
different pathogenic microorganisms.
Molecular tools used for Diagnostic Microbiology: Detection and Characterization of Molecular Amplification
Products: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, Southern Blot Hybridization, Restriction Enzyme Digest Analysis and
Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay.- Direct Nucleotide Sequencing for Amplification Product Identification.- In Vitro
Nucleic Acid Amplification: An Introduction.- PCR and It’s Variations.- Non-Polymerase Chain Reaction Mediated
Target Amplification Techniques.- Recent Advances in Probe Amplification Technologies.- Signal Amplification
Techniques: bDNA, hybrid capture.Bacterial Identification Based on 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequence Analysis.
Advanced tools for Microbial Diagnosis:Using Real-time PCR Based on FRET Technology. Probe-Based Microbial
Detection and Identification.- Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis.- Advance in the Diagnosis of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and Detection of Drug Resistance. Molecular Strain Typing Using Repetitive Sequence–Based PCR,
Epitope design and its application,Microarray- Based Microbial Identification and Characterization.- Diagnostic
Microbiology immunodiagnosis tests. In vitro diagnostic methods-agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation,
immunoflurosence, ELISA, radioimmunoassay, FACS. In vivo diagnostic methods – skin test and immune complex
tissue demonstration.
Course outcome: Students will understand and interpret the basic laboratory tests for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. They may
apply the principles of molecular and immunological techniques for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, analyze and
solve case studies involving bacterial and fungal agents.
Recommended books:
1. Isenberg, Henry D. (editor) (2004). Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook (2nd ed).
2. Larone Davise H. (2002) (4th ed.). Medically important fungi: a guide to identification. ASM Publications.
3. Murray Patrick R. (editor) (2003). Manual of Clinical Microbiology (8th ed).
4. Persing D. H., Tenover F.C., Versalovic J., Tang Yi-Wei, Unger E. R., Relman D.A. and White, T. J. (editors)
(2003). Molecular Microbiology: Diagnostic Principles and Practice. ASM Publications
PHU301 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND IPR
L T P Cr
3 1 0 3.5
Course Objectives Students should be able to demonstrate and develop awareness of personal as well as external resources with a view
to successfully launching and subsequently managing their enterprises. They will be able to develop skills in
operations, finance, marketing and human resource management and be aware of rights resulting from intellectual
property rights, infringement of intellectual property rights (with particular emphasis on patent infringement and
plagiarism) and free use of intellectual property rights
Prerequisites: None
Course Contents Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship and principles of entrepreneurial development, Qualities of an entrepreneur,
Functions and types of entrepreneur.
Project Management: Formulation, Identification and selection based on size, Technological assessment, Project
cost and market potential and marketing concepts.
Project Appraisals:Technical reports and feasibility reports with commercial viability, Break-even analysis,
Depreciation, Sources of funding. Scope and entrepreneurship development in the biotechnology.
Financing: Sources of finance, Initial capital, Capital structure, Venture capital and Institutional finance.
Economics: Demand-supply-pricing, Business ethics, Industrial laws, Women entrepreneurs – Role, problems and
development.
Industrial Sickness: Symptoms, control and rehabilitation of sick units.
Introduction to Intellectual Property: Intellectual property and IPR, patent, copyrights, geographical indications,
trademarks, trade secret, Industrial designs, Patent law, Legislations covering IPR’s in India, product planning and
development, filing patent, provisional and complete specification, patentable and non-patentable items, Valuation &
business concerns.
Course Outcome This course will help the students in understanding of their personal characteristics and interests to that of the
“successful” entrepreneur, identification and assess sources of support for small businesses and entrepreneurs and to
evaluate methods of entering an entrepreneurship venture – including but not limited to starting a new venture, buying
an existing business, or becoming a franchisee.
Recommended Books 1. Desai V, Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Development and Management, Himalaya Publishing House (2007).
2. Singh I. and Kaur B, Patent law and Entrepreneurship, Kalyani Publishers (2006).
3. Sateesh MK, Bioethics and Biosafety, IK International (2008).
ELECTIVE 1
PMY304 PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY
L T P Cr
3 0 2 4.0
Prerequisites: None
Course Objectives
Students will be able to comprehend the basic mechanisms of action of antimicrobials and resistance mechanisms
developed against them. Students will be able to perform antibiotic susceptibility tests, basic staining methods and
biochemical tests that are used for identification of micro-organisms and evaluate their results for matching diseases
and causative micro-organisms that are important for human health.
Course Contents
Antibiotics and synthetic antimicrobial agents: Antibiotics and synthetic antimicrobial agents (Aminoglycosides,
β-lactams, tetracyclines, ansamycins, macrolide antibiotics), Antifungal antibiotics, antitumor substances, Peptide
antibiotics, Chloramphenicol, Sulphonamides and Quinolinone antimicrobial agents, Chemical disinfectants,
antiseptics and preservatives.
Mechanism of action of antibiotics: Mechanism of action of antibiotics (inhibitors of cell wall synthesis, nucleic
acid and protein synthesis, Molecular principles of drug targeting, Bacterial resistance to antibiotics, Mode of action
of non – antibiotic antimicrobial agents. penetrating defenses – How the antimicrobial agents reach the targets (cellular
permeability barrier, cellular transport system and drug diffusion)
Microbial production and Spoilage of pharmaceutical Products: Microbial contamination(bacterial, fungal, viral)
and spoilage of pharmaceutical products (sterile injectibles, non- injectibles, ophthalmic preparations and implants)
and their sterilization as per USP and IP, manufacturing procedures and in process control of pharmaceuticals, other
pharmaceuticals produced by microbial fermentations (streptokinase, streptodornase).
Regulatory practices and applications in Pharmaceuticals: Financing R&D capital and market outlook. IP, BP,
USP, government regulatory practices and policies, FDA perspective, Rational drug design, Immobilization
procedures for pharmaceutical, applications (liposomes); macromolecular, cellular and synthetic drug carriers,
application of microbial enzymes in pharmaceuticals.
Quality Assurance and Validation: Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)
and biosafety in pharmaceutical industry, Regulatory aspects of quality control, Quality assurance and quality
management in pharmaceuticals ISO, WHO and US, certification, Sterilization control and sterility testing (heat
sterilization, D value, z value, survival, curve, Radiation, gaseous and filter sterilization), Chemical and biological
indicators, Design and layout of sterile product manufacturing unit.Standardised testing procedures: CLSI guidelines.
Laboratory Work: Bioassay of chloremphenicol by plate assay method or turbidiometric assay method; Treatment
of bacterial cells with cetrimide, phenol and detection of leaky substances such as potassium ions, aminoacids, purines,
pyrimidines and pentoses due to cytoplasmic membrane damage, To determine MIC, MBC of Beta-
lactam/aminoglycoside/ tetracycline/ansamycins; Sterility testing by Bacillus stearothermophilus; Sampling of
pharmaceuticals for microbial contamination and load (syrups, suspensions, creams) as per USP/IP; Determination of
D value, Z value for heat sterilization in pharmaceuticals; In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods,
Determination of antimicrobial activity of a chemical compound (Thymol) to that of phenol under standardized
experimental conditions i.e phenol coefficient.
Course Outcome
After pursuing the course, students will understand the mode of action of antimicrobial agents, and what genetic
factors determine pathogenicity and resistance to antibiotics, mediate the structure and biology of plasmids, mediate
how antimicrobials may be produced by gene technological methods, their mode of action, structure of microbes and
principles of treating infectious diseases.
Recommended Books 1. Easter MC, Rapid microbiological methods in the pharmaceutical industry, Interpharm/CRC Press (2003)
2. Hugo WB and Russel AD, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, 6/E, Blackwell Scientific (1998)
3. Hugo WB, Denyer SP, Hodges NA, Gorman SP and Hugo WB, Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology 7/E, Wiley-
Blackwell (2004)
4. Baird RM, Handbook of microbiological quality control: pharmaceuticals and medical devices, Taylor & Francis
(2000)
5. Doorne H, A Basic Primer on Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Davis Horwood International Publishers, Limited
(DHI) (2004)
PMY305 MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS AND INFECTION
L T P Cr
3 0 2 4.0
Prerequisites: None
Course Objective
The objective of this course is to provide students with skills to compare and contrast molecular biology
approaches for identifying virulent genes, specify the role of ecological systems and evolution in the spread of
infectious diseases, and to compare the role of transmission, population size and susceptibility, and virulence in
endemic antibiotic, along with other therapeutical aspects.
Course Contents:
Concepts and physiological aspects of diseases: Historical perspective of disease and pathogens, disease
outcomes, classification of chronic and infectious diseases, pathogenesis in relation to environment, risk, virulence,
effect of microbial infections on human physiology, transmission routes and agents.
Mechanisms of microbial infection: Bacterial structure in relation to pathogenicity, strategies for evading,
surviving immune system of human body: LPS, capsules, proteases, resistance to NO, colonization, invasion, pili,
adhesions, resistance to antibacterial peptides, iron acquisition and intracellular life, mechanisms of parasitic
protozoans.
Adaptations of pathogenic microbes: Bacterial secretion systems during pathogenesis, antibiotic
resistance,mechanisms for antibiotic resistance, biofilms, exo and endotoxins. Cysts, spores and mechanisms of
pathogenic protozoans.
Pathogenesis of some important bacteria: Diarrhaegenic and extra intestinal E.coli, E.coli O157:H7, Shigella,
Salmonella, Vibrio, M.tuberclosis,Helicobacter pyroli, S.aureus and Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia.
Intervention approaches including prevention measures. National and international scenario of these selected
pathogens, disease burden and global strategies adopted (WHO) for intervention.
Molecular approaches: Classical methods vs advanced detection strategies, Molecular diagnosis of infection, high
throughput approaches using microarray based systems. Disease forecasting: importance and prediction based
methods for predicting onset of diseases, PMP software and applications in national disease registry. Electronic
surveillance and alerting systems for infectious diseases.
Course Outcome
Students will get in-depth understanding of different microbial diseases that include the salient features of different
types of pathogens, and the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. They will also know the role of different hosts
in infectious diseases and natural barriers to infection, innate and acquired immune responses to infection and
inflammation.
Recommended Books 1. Microbial Pathogenesis by Timothy A. Mietzner and Bruce A. McClane
2.Murray P.R., Pfaller M.A., Tenover F.C., and Yolken R.HClinical Microbiology, ASM Press(2007)
3. Bacterial Pathogenesis: a Molecular Approach Brenda A. Wilson, Abigail A. Salyers, Dixie D. Whitt, Malcolm
E. Winkler
4. Bacterial Pathogenesis: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Publisher: Caister Academic PressEditor: Camille
Locht and Michel Simonet Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille Nord de France, Institut
Pasteur de Lille, France
5. Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS, Bailey WR, Bailey’s and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 12/E, Elsevier
Mosby (2007)
PBT307 MOLECULAR MEDICINE AND DIAGNOSTICS
L T P Cr
3 0 2 4.0
Course objectives: The objective of the course is to provide an advanced and thorough understanding of the molecular
basis of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of human diseases; to describe and discuss topics related to
infectious diseases, chronic diseases, genetic diseases, endocrine disorders, malignancy and diseases arising from
abnormal immune responses.
Course contents:
Concepts and perspective of molecular medicine: Basic biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics relevant to
Molecular Medicine. Human genome: implication and applications. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. Gene therapy
as a potential tool to cure human diseases. Recombinant molecules in medicine. Transgenic and knock out animal
models. Stem cell research and its application in human health. Intellectual property right issues and ELSI (Evaluation
of the Ethical, Legal and Social Implications program)
Molecular basis of metabolic disorders: Introduction to metabolic disorders and metabolic profiling. Reproductive
disorders. Cardiovascular diseases. Disorders in hormonal action. Insulin dependent and independent diabetes. Ligand
induced signaling and gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Importance of intracellular trafficking & its related
pathogenesis. Molecular endocrinology in health and disease. Cancer and cell cycle.
Nuclear Receptors in Health and Disease: Nuclear Receptor superfamily: an introductory overview; structural and
functional domains of nuclear receptors; ligand-mediated regulation of nuclear receptor function; nuclear receptor
localization; receptor-ligand interactions and gene transcription regulation; histone (acetylase, deacetylase, methylase,
demethylase), ATP dependent chromatin remodellers; receptor regulation by post-translational modifications, nuclear
receptors as drug targets; xenobiotic receptors and drug metabolism; screening and analysis of therapeutic ligands by
high-throughput microscopy, co-transfection and transcriptional assays; steroid hormones and their receptors;
molecular basis of endocrinopathies: endocrine-related cancers ligand-independent transcriptional activation of
steroid hormone receptors; endocrine disruptors and selective steroid receptor modulators; current concepts and future
challenges.
Free radicals and metal ions in biology and medicine: Chemistry and biology of Reactive Oxygen Intermediates
(ROI), Transition metals in oxidative processes, Mechanisms of lipid, protein and DNA oxidation, Antioxidants- small
molecules and enzymes, Involvement of oxidative processes in ageing, cancer and atherosclerosis, Metal ions in gene
regulation, Iron in human diseases-anaemia, thalassemia, primary and secondary hemochromatosis. Menkes' and
Wilson's disease: Genetic disorders of copper transport. Metals and free radicals in Alzeihmer's disease and other
neurodegenerative diseases
Cell Junctions: Biology and Diseases: Introduction to epithelial and endothelial junctional complexes; molecular
composition, structure and function of tight junctions, adherens junctions, gap junctions and desmosomes; role in cell-
cell adhesion; junctional diffusion barriers; regulation of paracellular permeability; signaling from the apical
junctional complex and role in epithelial polarization, cell differentiation, proliferation and gene expression; junctional
components targeted by disease causing micro-organisms; diseases associated with intercellular junctions including
multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancers of the breast, prostate and colon.
Laboratory work:
Isolation and Culturing of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes, Cell line culturing, Viability assay, In vitro anticancer assay
(MTT Assay), Genomic DNA & RNA isolation from Blood and Tissues.RFLP-PCR for identification of SNP’s, RT-
PCR for analyzing gene expression, PCR-SSCP technique for mutation identification, Evaluation of Antibody titre by
direct ELISA, Methods for prototype development of Immunodiagnostics (ICT card), Preparation of chromosomes
from blood samples
Course Outcome: Students will know translational and clinical aspects of science, clinical medicine and molecular
mechanisms, disease models and preclinical work.
Recommended Books: 1. Methods in Molecular Medicine: Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic disease. Edited by ROB ELLES. Humana
Press Inc., Towa, NJ, 1996. 356 pp.
2. Introduction to Molecular Medicine: Ross, Dennis W.3rd ed. 2002, XV, 153 p.
3. Molecular Medicine, 4th Edition Genomics to Personalized Healthcare: Trent, RJ. 4thed 2012 Academic Press
4. Principles of Molecular Medicine: Runge, Marschall S.; Patterson, Cam (Eds.) 2nd ed. 2006 Humana Press
