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Pile Driving Equipment. 2011 PDCA Professor Pile Institute. Patrick Hannigan GRL Engineers, Inc. Pile Driving System Components. Pile Driving System. Lead. Boom. Hammer. Helmet. Monkey. Crane. Pile. Spotter. Pile Gate. Swinging Lead. Lead. Boom. Hammer. Helmet. Crane. Pile. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Pile Driving Pile Driving EquipmentEquipment
2011 PDCA Professor Pile Institute
Patrick Hannigan
GRL Engineers, Inc.
Pile Driving System Pile Driving System ComponentsComponents
PrimaryPrimaryComponents:Components:
CraneCraneLeadsLeadsHammerHammerHelmetHelmetCushionsCushionsPile GatePile Gate
Components Components Required inRequired inSpecial Cases:Special Cases:
TemplateTemplateFollowerFollowerJetting EquipmentJetting EquipmentDrilling EquipmentDrilling EquipmentSpudding EquipmentSpudding Equipment
Pile
Hammer
Lead
Helmet
Boom
CraneSpotter
Pile Gate
Pile Driving Pile Driving SystemSystem
Monkey
Boom
Crane
Pile
Hammer
Lead
Helmet
Pile GateStabbing Points
Swinging LeadSwinging Lead
American or Box LeadAmerican or Box Lead
Hammer
Lead Platform
Swinging LeadSwinging Lead
European or Truss LeadEuropean or Truss Lead
Hammer
Lead
Swinging LeadSwinging Lead
Pile
Hammer
Lead
Helmet
Boom
Crane
Spotter
Pile Gate
Fixed LeadFixed Lead
Boom
Crane
Pile
Hammer
Lead
Helmet
Template Barge
Guide
Offshore LeadOffshore Lead
TemplatesTemplates
Prefabricated or site constructed steel frame Prefabricated or site constructed steel frame
into which piles are set to hold piles in the into which piles are set to hold piles in the
proper position & alignment during driving.proper position & alignment during driving.
Typically used when offshore leads or Typically used when offshore leads or
swinging leads are used over water.swinging leads are used over water.
Hammer Hammer TypesTypes
DropDrop
AirAir
DieselDiesel
HydraulicHydraulic
Double actingDouble acting
Single actingSingle acting
Differential actingDifferential acting
Double acting (closed end)Double acting (closed end)
Single acting (open end)Single acting (open end)
Double actingDouble acting
Single actingSingle acting
Most CommonMost Common
Drop Drop HammersHammers
FeaturesFeatures
CommentsComments
• Low equipment cost
• Simple
• Slow operation
• Inconsistent stroke
Ram raised by crane line
Efficiency of drop controlled by operator and system
Single Acting Single Acting Air HammersAir Hammers
FeaturesFeatures
CommentsComments
Air pressure, volume, and soil
resistance can influence actual stroke
by as much as 3 to 6 inches
External compressor supplies power
Stroke controlled by 1 or 2 slide bar
setting: 3 ft, 3 or 5 ft, 2 or 4 ft
Relatively heavy ram, short stroke
HelmetHelmet
RamRam
PistonPiston
Single-Acting Air/SteamSingle-Acting Air/SteamHammer OperationHammer Operation
PilePile
Double Acting Air HammerDouble Acting Air Hammer Differential Acting Air Differential Acting Air HammerHammer
FeaturesFeatures
CommentsComments
Stroke depends on:• fuel input• pile stiffness• soil resistance
Variable fuel settings
Potential energy = Wh
Single Acting Diesel HammersSingle Acting Diesel Hammers
Most common hammer type
Relatively light ram, long stroke
Single Acting Diesel Hammer OperationSingle Acting Diesel Hammer Operation
a) Trippinga) Tripping b) Fuel b) Fuel InjectionInjection
c) Compression c) Compression - Impact- Impact
Single Acting Diesel Hammer OperationSingle Acting Diesel Hammer Operation
d) Explosiond) Explosion e) Exhauste) Exhaust f) Scavengingf) Scavenging
Controlling fuel quantity can help adjust stroke height.Controlling fuel quantity can help adjust stroke height.
Fuel Input ControlFuel Input ControlContinuously variableContinuously variable Fixed settingsFixed settings
Ram - strokeRam - stroke
H [ft] = 4.01 (60 / BPM)H [ft] = 4.01 (60 / BPM)22 – 0.3 – 0.3
Double Acting Double Acting
Diesel Diesel
FeaturesFeatures
CommentsComments
Most models have energy readout
External hydraulic power source
Hydraulic HammersHydraulic Hammers
Increasing in usage
Relatively heavy ram, short stroke
Variable and controllable stroke
Some models work underwater
Single ActingSingle Acting Double ActingDouble Acting
Hydraulic Hydraulic
Hammer Hammer
SchematiSchemati
cscs
Observe strokeObserve stroke
Hydraulic HammersHydraulic Hammers
Most hydraulic Most hydraulic
hammers have hammers have
built-in monitorsbuilt-in monitors
Most hydraulic Most hydraulic
hammers have hammers have
built-in monitorsbuilt-in monitors
Hydraulic Hydraulic
hammer hammer
designed for designed for
low headroom low headroom
operationoperation
HelmetsHelmets
• Configuration and size depends upon the Configuration and size depends upon the lead type, hammer type & size, as well as lead type, hammer type & size, as well as the pile typethe pile type
• Helmets should fit loosely, approximately Helmets should fit loosely, approximately 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 inches) larger than 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 inches) larger than pile diameterpile diameter
Striker Plate
Adapter
Helmet
Pile Cushion (concrete pile)
Hammer Cushion
Box Lead Guideway
Helmet ComponentsHelmet Components
One Piece Pipe Pile One Piece Pipe Pile HelmetHelmet
Hammer CushionsHammer Cushions
Materials placed between the pile hammer
ram and the helmet to relieve impact
shock and thereby protect the hammer
while at the same time transmit consistent
energy to the pile
Conbest (Phenolic fiber) Conbest (Phenolic fiber) and aluminum platesand aluminum plates
Conbest (Phenolic fiber) Conbest (Phenolic fiber) and aluminum platesand aluminum plates
Aluminum and MicartaAluminum and MicartaAluminum and MicartaAluminum and MicartaBlue NylonBlue NylonBlue NylonBlue Nylon
Hammer Hammer CushionsCushions
H-pile Helmet and H-pile Helmet and Hammer Cushion Hammer Cushion
SectionSection
Pile CushionsPile Cushions
• Concrete piles require a pile cushion between the Concrete piles require a pile cushion between the helmet and the pile leadhelmet and the pile lead
• Typically made of plywood, hardwood, plywood & Typically made of plywood, hardwood, plywood & hardwood composites, or other man-made hardwood composites, or other man-made materialsmaterials
• Typical thickness 4 inches (min) to 12 inches or Typical thickness 4 inches (min) to 12 inches or moremore
Can stop driving Can stop driving
and replace pile and replace pile
cushion if need to if need to
continue drivingcontinue driving
Can stop driving Can stop driving
and replace pile and replace pile
cushion if need to if need to
continue drivingcontinue driving
Pile Pile Cushions Cushions
Pile Pile Cushions Cushions
Pile cushion Pile cushion
deteriorating after deteriorating after
2,000 blows2,000 blows
Pile cushion Pile cushion
deteriorating after deteriorating after
2,000 blows2,000 blows
New = 8 inchesNew = 8 inches
Pile Pile Cushions Cushions
Pile Pile Cushions Cushions
1400 blows later1400 blows later
= 5.5 inches= 5.5 inches
Pile cushion Pile cushion thickness changes thickness changes during drivingduring driving
Pile Hammer SelectionPile Hammer Selection
• Important for the Contractor & Engineer to Important for the Contractor & Engineer to establish establish optimumoptimum hammer size for a job hammer size for a job
• Too small a hammer may not be able to drive Too small a hammer may not be able to drive the pile to the required capacitythe pile to the required capacity
• Too large a hammer may damage the pileToo large a hammer may damage the pile
• Best tool for hammer selection is a wave Best tool for hammer selection is a wave equation analysis.equation analysis.
Installation AidsInstallation Aids
FollowersFollowers
JettingJetting
PredrillingPredrilling
SpuddingSpudding
Used to save pile lengthUsed to save pile length
Used to penetrate dense granular layersUsed to penetrate dense granular layers
Used in cohesive soils / embankmentsUsed in cohesive soils / embankments
Used in debris fillsUsed in debris fills
FollowersFollowers
• Is a member interposed between a pile hammer Is a member interposed between a pile hammer
and a pile to transmit blows when the pile head is and a pile to transmit blows when the pile head is
below the reach of the hammerbelow the reach of the hammer
• Use of a follower is accompanied by a loss of Use of a follower is accompanied by a loss of
energy delivered to the pile due to compression energy delivered to the pile due to compression
of the follower & losses in connectionof the follower & losses in connection
JettingJetting
• The use of a water or air jet to facilitate The use of a water or air jet to facilitate pile driving by displacing parts of the soilpile driving by displacing parts of the soil
• Jetting is useful in driving piles through Jetting is useful in driving piles through very dense granular materialvery dense granular material
Internal Internal Pile Pile
CleanoutCleanout
PredrillingPredrilling
• Soil augers or drills used where jetting is Soil augers or drills used where jetting is inappropriate / ineffective toinappropriate / ineffective to
- Penetrate obstructions, boulders, debris fills- Penetrate obstructions, boulders, debris fills
- Facilitate pile placement through embankments- Facilitate pile placement through embankments
- Reduce ground movements- Reduce ground movements
• Predrilled hole diameter 4 inches less than Predrilled hole diameter 4 inches less than diagonal of square pile, or 1 inch less than diagonal of square pile, or 1 inch less than diameter of round pilediameter of round pile
SpuddingSpudding
• The act of opening a hole through dense The act of opening a hole through dense material by driving or dropping a short & material by driving or dropping a short & strong member & then removing itstrong member & then removing it
• Used as an alternate to jetting or Used as an alternate to jetting or predrilling in upper soil consisting of predrilling in upper soil consisting of miscellaneous fillmiscellaneous fill
Any QuestionsAny Questions