Pig Nutrition - Darlington Pig Discussion Groupdarlingtonpigdiscussiongroup.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/Paul-Toplis.… · of eaters especially in light pig category simple feed complex

Pig Nutrition: Principles and Recent Breakthroughs

Paul Toplis, Ian Wellock & Pete Wilcock

Primary Diets

Piglet Nutrition: Principles and recent breakthroughs

• Maximise net margin/pig place/annum • Cost of production • Throughput/Carcase value

• Nutritionist • Maximise lean tissue growth rate • Minimise back fat • Minimise nutrient waste • Minimise feed cost • Minimise digestive disturbance & vices • Maximise skeletal development

Commercial Nutritionist Objective – Profit!

• 1996 vs 2011 Formula – Select/Classic (Jan 2011)

Primary Diets R&D Delivers

1996 2011 %Improvement

Wean weight (kg) 8.09 8.09

Weight gain (kg) 4.89a 5.81b 18.9

ADFI (g/d) 313a 327b 4.5

ADG (g/d) 244a 290b 18.9

FCR 1.29a 1.13b 12.5

Cost of gain (£/kg) 0.88 0.77 11.4

MOF (£/pig) +1.00

•Continuous improvements

– >1% ADG/year

– ≈ <0.5% ADFI/year

– ≈ 1% FCR/year

– <90p/pig extra MOF (1996 vs 2011)

•Occasional breakthroughs!

Primary Diets R&D Delivers

Worsall Manor Farms Ltd BREEDING HERD

PERFORMANCE DETAILS (2008)

•Born Alive 12.4 •Born Dead 0.8 •Weaned 9.8 •Farrowing Index 2.34 •Weaned P/S/Y 22.9 •Sold P/S/Y 21.75


Feeding level (kg/day) Ovulation

rate Total

embryos Embryo

survival (%) Day

1 - 3

Day

3 - 15

1.9 1.9 14.5 12.4 86

2.5 1.9 14.9 11.5 77

2.6 2.6 14.9 10.2 67

(Jindal et al. 1996)

Decreased feed intake in early gestation embryo survival - gilts


(Jindal et al., 1996)

Post service feeding affects embryo survival


Muscle fibre numbers fixed at birth Muscle fibre numbers determine protein deposition Embryo < day 50 Primary muscle fibres Foetus > day 50 Secondary muscle fibres (d50-85) Several experiments compared 3-5kg v 2.2-2.5kg. When fed days 25-50 an increase in muscle fibres seen When fed days 25/45-85 an increase in growth seen (nursery or > day 70)

When fed ad libitum – no improvements seen?

50 an increase in muscle fibres seen85 an increase in growth seen

no improvements seen?

Nutrition during pregnancy


•Muscle fibre numbers determine protein deposition •Carnitine fed at 50mg/kg increased Primary muscle fibres and lean meat percentage at slaughter

•Recommend check feed levels above 2.5kg day 0-40 (day 14-40 for gilt). Consider 50mg/kg Carnitine.

Nutrition during pregnancy


AA AR RA Mean feed intake (kg/day) Day 1 - 21 4.07a 4.12a 2.13b Day 22 - 28 5.26a 2.62b 5.20a Lactational weight loss (kg) 11.0a 21.1b 24.8b Lactational backfat loss (mm) 2.2a 4.6b 5.4b Ovulation rate 19.9a 15.4b 15.4b Embryo survival (%) 87.5b 64.4a 86.5b Wean to oestrus interval (hours) 88.7a 122.3b 134.7b

Zak et al, 1997

Effects of pattern of feed intake in lactation on post weaning fertility in first lactation gilts


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Distribution of follicles %

Follicle size class

LLMLHL

(Yang et al., 2000)

Effect of lysine fed in lactation on follicle quality


•Encourage high feed intake – Fit not fat – Temperature – Water

• Importance of dietary protein – Reduced weight loss – Improved weaning to service interval – Increased size of next litter – Effect of genotype – Must be balanced with energy

>14.0 MJDE/kg >1.0 % lysine Brian 1.15% lys

Nutrition during lactation


• Improvements in weaning weight

– Average of 7.95% improvement in weaning weight • Reduction in Pre-Weaning Mortality

– Extra 0.75 pigs per annum per sow based on average 12 pigs born

• Improved lactation sow feed intake

– Critical in high temps when feed intake can be reduced

•Numerical reduction in % returns • Improved immune status of piglets born from live yeast supplemented feed

– Potential reason for lower pre-weaning mortality – Potential reason for better subsequent nursery

performance • Live Yeasts bind E Coli and Salmonella reducing pathogenic load on lactating sow

Live yeast benefits - Lactation


Benefits of Live Yeast

– Improved pre-weaning growth – Improved sow feed intake – Increased weaning weight – Numerically reduced pre-weaning

mortality

Summary


Primary Diets are evaluating the

Supple-milk System


Evaluation of Supp-le-Milk system (and milk)


•Can we improve piglet survival, health and growth through use of milk system?

– Is it economical (birth to slaughter)? – Benefits to piglets and sow?



• Milk vs Non-milk • 14 litters per treatment

– Same room and management – Cross foster within treatment only – Balanced for sow parity

• Measurements – Birth weight, number alive/dead

• (individual piglet ID) – Fostering, medication, reason for deaths etc – Wean weight / number – Milk and creep usage – Sow condition; start and end of lactation and service date – Full economic analysis (birth to slaughter + sow)



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Distribution of weaning weights milk vs non-milk

WW milk

WW non-milk

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Normal dist non-milk

Didn’t wean a load of runts!!

Supple-milk: Weaning weight


• Headline results so far....... – +0.5 pigs/litter weaned

• (11.3 vs 11.8); Pre-wean mortality (16.7 vs 13.0 %) – +0.33 kg/pig weaning weight

• (7.56 vs 7.89 kg @ 26.0 Days of age) – + 9 kg/litter increased weight gain

• (65.4 vs 74.4 kg) – Quicker return to service (-0.13 days)



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Milk per litter (used) CUMULATIVE

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Total milk usage

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Worsall Manor Farms Ltd Creep Feeding: FEEDING REGIME

Creep feeding: • Day 7 to 13: Primary Gruel No.1 (high milk) + Peat • Day 13 to 21: Farrowing 500 • Day 21 to 28 (weaning): Elite • Achieves:

– 0.5 kg/pig intake between day 7 and 21 – >300 g/d creep intake by weaning – <2% pre-weaning mortality – Uniform piglets at weaning – Reduces growth check at weaning – High staff morale – >9 kg average weaning weight!

CREEP FEEDING INVESTMENT

• Improves weaning weight

– Larger with later weaning

– Important with higher no. of pigs per litter

• Improves post-weaning performance

– Pigs that consume creep perform better post-weaning irrespective of weaning weight

Creep Feeding Benefits

Weaning Weight (kg) impact on weight at slaughter

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Weaning Weight Importance

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Ref: Cooper el al 2001

Weaning Weight Importance

A 1 kg improvement in weaning weight will improveweight at slaughter by 4 kg

PIGS EATING BEFORE WEANING PERFORM BETTER AFTER WEANING

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REMEMBER: Higher creep feed intake = Higher post-wean feed intake

Ref: Kuller et al, 2005

Typical creep feed consumption = very low

Ref: Bruininx et al 2002

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Ref: Sulabo el al 2010

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% P

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Percentage of Eaters

40 % have eaten nothing at weaning

Lighter piglets consume more creep

Creep introduced on day 18

Ref: Subalo et al. 2009

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Light Middle Heavy

% E

atin

g at

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Lighter piglets suckle on the back (least productive) teats

Creep introduced on day 18

Ref: Subalo et al. 2009

Heaviest Piglets

Lightest Piglets

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COMPLEX FEED INCREASES NO. OF EATERS ESPECIALLY IN LIGHT PIG CATEGORY

SIMPLE FEED COMPLEX FEED

POST-WEANING PIG PERFORMANCE – 28 DAYS POST WEANING

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•PRE-WEANING EATERS IMPROVES POST-WEANING PERFORMANCE •PUTTING PRE-WEANING EATERS WITH NON-EATERS (LITTLE EFFECT)

Ref. Subalo et al 2010

Pigs eating creep feed improves post-wean performance

Ref: Sulabo el al 2008

Early Weaning - 21 days

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ADG

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Later Weaning - 28 days

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reep

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Ref: Bruininx el al 2002

HOW DO YOU STIMULATE CREEP FEEDING ? • Keep the feed fresh and clean • In late weaned piglets > 24 days start creep feeding at 10-14 days • In early weaned piglets < 24 days start creep feeding at 5 to 7 days • Offer creep feed on a flat surface (solid floor or shallow tray) • Place creep close to pigs but not under heat source • Keep feed away from muck area • Start with small amounts and replace at least twice per day (uneaten creep remove) • Offer creep when sow is feeding as baby pigs are active and will not get suckled for some time • Do NOT overfeed – feed to appetite • Introduce small troughs or top up trays if litters eating well • Thoroughly clean fouled trays • Improve water availability as this will increase feed intake • Maintain freshness by storing creep diet in cool place and always roll down the top of the bag to prevent unit odour being taken into feed • Remember if creep is being consumed it STILL does not mean all pigs are consuming creep • Use gruel feeding when needed to increase intake • Use high digestible starter feed

Initiate 4: Does it work? Introducing Initiate 4


INITIATE 4 improved performance on 4 out of 5 trials, giving an overall benefit at weaning of:

• + 0.6 piglets/litter (7 % increase)

• - 5 % mortality (36 % reduction)

• + 8 kg litter weight (12.2 % heavier litters)

• + 400 g piglet weight (4.8 % heavier piglets)

• + 0.6 kg/litter (+ 56 g/piglet) creep eaten (31 % more)

• The return on investment is likely at least 10:1 (-80p &+£8/litter)


Post-weaning performance

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y w

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Brian TargetAverage

Worsall Manor Farms Ltd

Day 0-19= 464 g/d, Day 0-40 = 545g/d

Worsall Manor Farms Ltd Pre-starter/Starter: FEEDING REGIME

Blends between diets (total 9 kg/pig) Wean at approx 9 kg! (9 to approx 17 kg) >1 kg/pig intake in first 3 days post-weaning (375g/d)

Diet kg/pig Lysine, % ME, MJ/kg

Elite 2 1.75(1.6) 17.3

Classic 4 1.6(1.6) 15.6

Accord 3 1.5(1.38) 14.9


If they don’t eat they don’t grow!

• 1.60 vs 1.50% Lysine (@ 100g/d intake) • +0.1 g/d lysine

• 150 vs 100 g/d intake (@ 1.5% lysine)

• +0.75 g/d lysine

Piglet Nutrition Principles (feeding the piglet)


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Typical Health

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What is average UK performance?

Primary Diets Commercial Trials 2008-present

Primary Competitor All Competitor AllCompetitor All

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110 What is average UK performance?

Primary Diets Commercial Trials 2008-present

Primary Competitor BPEX BPEX


• Lysine (aa balanced)requirements in 3 periods – Starter (4 to 7 weeks of age; approx 8 to 15 kg) – Grower (7 to 12 weeks of age; approx 15 to 40 kg) – Finisher (12 to 23 weeks of age; approx 40 to 100 kg)

In association with University of Leeds, breed companies, BPEX

Hampshire vs Pietrain vs Large White

Genotype Requirements/Comparison


• Starter trial – Performance: Large White > Hampshire > Pietrain – Lysine: 1.6% gave best performance (1.42 to 1.82%) – No breed by diet interaction

• Grower trial – Performance: Hampshire > Large White / Pietrain – Lysine: 1.38% gave best performance (1.05 to 1.55%) – No breed by diet interaction

• Finisher trial – Performance: Hampshire > Large White > Pietrain – Lysine: 1.0% gave best performance (0.8 to 1.4%) – No breed by diet interaction In association with University of Leeds, BPEX & ABN

Genotype Requirements/Comparison

Diet Weight range (kg) Lysine, % DE, MJ/kg (NE)

1 BPEX

20-30 15-40

1.5 1.38

15 (10.5)

2 BPEX

30-60 40-100

1.4 1.0

14.5 (10.2)

3 60-110 40-100

1.3 1.0

14 (9.9)

Lactator 1.15 1.0

14 (10)

Worsall Manor Farms Ltd Grower/Finisher: Feeding regime

Post-weaning performance

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y w

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t (kg

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Brian TargetAverage

Worsall Manor Farms Ltd

Day 0-108 = 695 g/d (144 days post-weaning to 110 kg) (172 doa, 24.5 wk)

Brian UK Av Poland Av

ADG wean-SL, g/d 718 638 575

FCR, wean-SL 2.2 2.7 3.2

Post-weaning Mortality, % 5.2 5.6 (5.9)

Slaughter weight (kg) 110 102 113

Carcase weight (kg) 87 77.1 86

Killing Out % 79 75.9 (75)

P2, mm 9 (5-12) 11 (12+)

Lean meat % 63.1 (59.3-65.6)

61.6 54.5

Worsall Manor Farms Ltd Finishing Herd Performance


‘Superdosing’

Lets go back to the start....


Piglets respond to increase in dig. phosphorus

y = 0.9258x + 255.73R² = 0.9995310

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ADG

, g/d

% Relative dig P

Primary Diets trial: PLTR 148

Linear regression; P = 0.04

Unlocking ‘Superdosing’: Phosphorus is beneficial


Phytase (low-P diet) Phytase (low-P diet) + 3000 mg/kg ZnO

Lizardo et al., 2004

Phytase (low -ve ZnO x exogenous phytase interaction


How to overcome negative effects of ZnO? – Add high ‘Superdose’ levels of phytase??

• At what P/Ca levels?

>10 trials conducted at University of Leeds to date – (> 40 contrasts and 3 years of work)

Discovering ‘Superdosing’


Control >1000 FTU >2000 FTU DIFFERENCE (columns 3-1)

ADFI (g/d) 375 373 363 -12 g/d (3%)

ADG (g/d) 308 315 322 +14 g/d (4%)

FCR 1.22a 1.18ab 1.13b -0.09 (7%)

END WEIGHT (kg) 14.06 14.21 14.37 +0.31 (4%)

1 week of PRE-STARTER followed by 2 weeks of STARTER (+3.1kg ZnO)

Primary Diets trial: PLTR 157

‘Superdosing’ trial PLTR 157


More than just releasing phosphorus

BREAK THROUGH IN IMPROVING DIGESTIBILITY

(decrease in anti-nutritional factors: phytate?)


‘Superdosing’ was born!


Phos(&Ca) RELEASE REMOVAL OF PHYTATE AS AN ANTINUTRIENT

ONE ENZYME TWO FUNCTIONS


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No soya Soya 0 FTU/kg 1250 FTU/kg 2500 FTU/kg

Inci

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Results - Scour


How best to feed piglets: Diet Specification •For typical diet specs see:

– Kansas State – http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/lvstk2/mf2300.pdf

Table 3. Minimum true ileal digestible (TID) amino acids relative to lysinea. (BSAS, SID) Lysine 100 (100) Isoleucine 55 (58) Methionine 28 (30) Met & Cys 58 (59) Threonine 62 (65)(150)(79) Tryptophan 16.5 (19)(40)(25) Valine 65 (70)

To use this table, first a dietary TID lysine level is set, then multiply the lysine content by the percentage for a particular amino acid. That value should be the minimum concentration for that amino acid. For example, if a diet contains 1.5% TID lysine, the minimum isoleucine level should be at least 0.825%.


Increasing Phytase

• Improves FCR and ADG

• Reduced scour treatments

• Improved Margin Over Feed

Conclusions


What has this delivered in the UK?


Old Ultra

2010 Ultra

P-Value

Difference (%)

Start weight (kg) 7.19 7.18 - - -

ADFI (g/d) 343 362 0.304 +19 (6%)

ADG (g/d) 306 338 0.087 +32 (10%)

FCR 1.13 1.07 0.093 -0.06 (5%)

End weight (kg) 13.33 13.94 0.105 +0.61 (10%)

€/kg gain 0.92 0.81 <0.001 -0.09 (12%)

1 week of PRE-STARTER followed by 2 weeks of STARTER (+ZnO)

Primary Diets trial: PLTR 175 (Dec/Jan 2010)

Old vs New Ultra (launched Mar 2010)


New Ultra vs Old Ultra gave: – 10% improvement in gain – 5% improvement in FCR – 12% reduction in cost per kg weight gain

What’s this worth? – + £0.86 extra margin per pig – + £125 extra margin per tonne of feed

Superdosing + low phytate nutrition


Making commercial decisions Feeding the UK


Nutrient Density (concentration)


-5% Control +5%

DE (MJ/kg) 12.8 13.5 14.2

Lysine (%) 0.95 1.00 1.05

FCR 2.94 2.8 2.66

Feed price (£/t) 193 220 245

Cost/kg LW gain (p) 56.7 61.6 65.2

Nutrient Density – an example


Nutrient Density. My prediction! •Less use of high density diets •Lower density diets becoming increasingly cost effective – especially at higher weights. •The end of a ‘cafe life style’


Piglet Nutrition Principles (feeding the piglet) 1. Get them to eat 2. Give them the right diets 3. Give them the right amount of the right diets 4. Feed them right (feeder management) 5. Water them right (flow rate, drinker provision) 6. House them right (e.g. temp, light, ventilation) 7. Manage then right (e.g. vaccinations, mixing)

Get them to eat!


Modern pigs (and piglets) don’t eat Blame the breeders!

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ADF

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Large White

Adapted from SUISAG, 2007

(30 to 100 kg BW)


Vaccination brings big improvements but may also bring some difficulties

‘These data indicate that PCV2 and M.hyo vaccination can independently reduce feed intake and performance of nursery pigs.’ Potter et al.

‘These results are similar to those of previous experiments that demonstrated that vaccination reduced performance in the nursery stage but improved

performance in the finisher stage.’ Bergstrom et al.

‘Both willingness to approach (the feeder) and feed consumption

significantly decreased suggesting both may be useful parameters for assessing vaccine reactivity (side effects).’ Baument et al.

Other health/feed issues: Vaccination


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Experimental conditions

Conventional Health (CH)

Upper range (CH)

Lower range (CH)

Target intake: How much should they eat?


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Actual intake: Individual variation

Wellock, Unpublished data, SAC


Actual intake: How much do they eat? •Million dollar question #2: nobody records... •What is average?

– Outdoor vs indoor bred – Straw vs Slats – Breed differences – Health status


• Average UK performance? • >100 commercial trials in past 3 years:

• 7.73 kg at weaning • 15.0 kg at 22.5 days post-weaning • ADG = 306 g/d • ADFI = 396 g/d (total 8.9 kg/pig) • FCR = 1.29

Actual intake: How much do they eat?


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Experimental conditions Conventional Health (CH) Upper range (CH) Lower range (CH)

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Average UK performance: Intake


How to increase intake: Management •Creep feeding •Weaning Age •Feeder space/trough design •Light •Temperature •Water


Summary •Gilts Care Post Service •Pregnancy Grow Muscle fibres •Lactation Never Restrict Feed Intake or stall appetite •Creep Feed It is an Investment •Starter Feed Quantity & Quality(+SuperDosing) •Grow/Finish Nutrient Concentration

Work with a Nutritionist Misc Salmonella Antimicrobial Use Dysentery


Deep thought and intense work

1% inspiration : 99% hard graft

Innovation: ‘Superdosing’


Acknowledgments

Thank you for listening!

Documents

Pig Nutrition - Darlington Pig Discussion Groupdarlingtonpigdiscussiongroup.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/Paul-Toplis.… · of eaters especially in light pig category simple feed complex