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Internship Report

Submitted to:

Human Resource Department at

PIA Engineering & Maintenance

Karachi, Pakistan

Submitted by:

Abdul Moiz Hassan, B.E. Electronics

Syed Waqas Ul Haque, B.E. Electronics

Hunain Shuja, B.E. Electronics

Hamdard Institute of Engineering Technology, Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

Start Date for Internship: 26th July, 2016

End Date for Internship: 24th August, 2016

Report Date: 29th August, 2016

Pakistan International Airlines

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CERTIFICATE

The “INTERNSHIP REPORT” presented by SYED-WAQAS-UL-HAQUE

HUNAIN SHUJA and ABDUL MOIZ HASSAN under the direction of their advisor’s and in

charge, has been presented to and accepted by Pakistan International Airline, in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for Internship

___________________

(In charge)

_________________________

(Co-In charge)

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Contents CERTIFICATE .......................................................................................................................................... 2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 4

INTRODUCTION OF PIA ........................................................................................................................... 5

INTERNSHIP AT PIA ....................................................................................................................................... 5

WEEK 1: ....................................................................................................................................................... 6

BASE MAINTAINANCE ............................................................................................................................ 6

HOW DOES A PLANE FLY? ..................................................................................................................... 6

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL ................................................................................................................. 6

MAINTAINING CONTROL ................................................................................................................. 7

WEEK 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ 8

LINE MAINTAINANCE ............................................................................................................................. 8

BATTERY SHOP ......................................................................................................................................... 8

BATTERY .................................................................................................................................................... 8

TYPES OF BATTERY ........................................................................................................................................ 8

INSTRUEMENT SHOP ................................................................................................................................... 10

AUTOPILOT .................................................................................................................................................. 10

SUB SYSTEM OF AUTOPILOT ....................................................................................................................... 10

RADIO SHOP ................................................................................................................................................ 11

COMMUNICATION IN AIRCRAFT: ................................................................................................................ 11

EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT) .............................................................................................. 11

BLACK BOX .................................................................................................................................................. 13

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 14

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This is a report about the internship at the Engineering Department of PIA

(Pakistan International Airlines). The purpose of the internship was to introduce

the systems that are used in aircrafts. These systems include Telecommunication

Systems, Electronics System and Instrumental Systems

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INTRODUCTION OF PIA

Pakistan International Airlines commonly known as PIA THE

airline which is the national flag carrier of Pakistan. The airline was founded on 23

October 1946 as Orient Airways, prior to the Partition of India. The airline was

nationalized on 10 January 1955 and was renamed as Pakistan International

Airlines. It is Pakistan's largest airline with an in-service fleet of almost 40 aircraft

INTERNSHIP AT PIA The journey of our internship started on the very first day we were

given the security pass to enter in the engineering section. PIA has the workshops in

many fields of engineering but as an electronics-engineering student we were initially

sent to the avionics section of pia engineering department. That includes base station

and engineering sections.

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WEEK 1:

BASE MAINTAINANCE

HOW DOES A PLANE FLY?

In order for an aircraft to rise into the air, a force

must be created that equals or exceeds the force of gravity. This force is called lift.

In heavier-than-air craft, lift is created by the flow of air over an airfoil. The shape

of an airfoil causes air to flow faster on top than on bottom. The fast flowing air

decreases the surrounding air pressure. Because the air pressure is greater below

the airfoil than above, a resulting lift force is created.

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL

Stability and control are much more

complex for an airplane, which can move freely in three dimensions, than for cars

or boats, which only move in two. A change in any one of the three types of

motion affects the other two.

Imagine three lines running through an airplane and intersecting at right angles at

the airplane’s center of gravity.

Rotation around the front-to-back axis is called roll.

Rotation around the side-to-side axis is called pitch.

Rotation around the vertical axis is called yaw.

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MAINTAINING CONTROL

THE AILERONS CONTROL ROLL

On the outer rear edge of each wing, the two ailerons move in

opposite directions, up and down, decreasing lift on one wing while increasing it

on the other. This causes the airplane to roll to the left or right. To turn the

airplane, the pilot uses the ailerons to tilt the wings in the desired direction.

THE ELEVATOR CONTROLS PITCH

On the horizontal tail surface, the elevator tilts up or down,

decreasing or increasing lift on the tail. This tilts the nose of the airplane up and

down.

THE RUDDER CONTROLS YAW

On the vertical tail fin, the rudder swivels from side to side,

pushing the tail in a left or right direction. A pilot usually uses the rudder along

with the ailerons to turn the airplane.

Flight control surfaces of Boeing 727

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WEEK 2

LINE MAINTAINANCE

ELECTRICAL DEPART

BATTERY SHOP

BATTERY

A container consisting of one or more cells, in which chemical energy

is converted into electricity and used as a source of power.

TYPES OF BATTERY 1. Alkaline Batteries

2. Lead-Acid Batteries

3. Sealed Lead Acid Battery

In pia we have lead acid and alkaline battery shops. But most frequently

used battery in Aircrafts are Alkaline Battery Due to its Efficiency and

long life time.

ACID VS. ALKALINE BATTERY:

Batteries are often classified by the type of electrolyte used in their construction.

There are three common classifications; acid, mildly acid, and alkaline.

Acid-based batteries often use

sulphuric acid

Life is short of acid batteries.

If level of lead acid battery is

too much low, then it won’t

recharge again. Automobile

batteries are acid-based.

Alkaline batteries typically use

sodium hydroxide or potassium

hydroxide

Alkaline battery can be used in

aircraft for 2 months.

If alkaline battery is fully

discharged, then it will charge

perfectly.

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KEYS

Ni-Cd battery

20 cells make one battery. Each cells are of 1.2v and are connected in series

Output is 28v DC.

In aircraft battery is charge by constant voltage. But in shops its charge by

constant current.

Sensors are attached near battery to note down its temperature.

Battery is placed at tale of aircraft.

IN line maintenance all the shops have different power supply units.

A 115VAC 400HZ supply is available at shops.

A 220VAC 50HZ supply is available at shops.

A 110VAC 60HZ supply is available at shops.

A 28VDC supply is available at shops.

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INSTRUEMENT SHOP

AUTOPILOT

An autopilot is a device used to guide an aircraft without direct assistance from the

pilot. Early autopilots were only able to maintain a constant heading and altitude, but

modern autopilots are capable of controlling every part of the flight envelope from just

after take-off to landing. Modern autopilots are normally integrated with the flight

management system (FMS) and, when fitted, the auto throttle system. The autopilot

systems that control pitch, yaw, and roll are just components of a greater suite of tools

used to automate flight.

SUB SYSTEM OF AUTOPILOT

SENSORS

COMPUTERS

CONTROLS

INDICATORS

Instrument landing system

An instrument landing system (ILS) enables aircraft to land if the pilots are unable to

establish visual contact with the runway. It does this by way of transmitted radio

signals.

Inertial Navigation system

INS navigates tell it where you want to go and it will tell you how to get there.

Inertial Reference system

IRS only supplies reference information (attitude, heading, speed, acceleration. The

system cannot navigate; it can only provide present position information.

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RADIO SHOP

COMMUNICATION IN AIRCRAFT:

HF COMMUNICATION:

It is used for long distant communication. It uses sky

wave propagation. The power requirement of HF transceivers is (100-200) but 120 is

recommended. Aircraft long range communication uses the HF band between 3 MHz

and 30 MHz to talk with another aircraft.

VHF COMMUNICATION:

It is used for communication up to 150 miles. It is

mostly used at the time of Take-off and landing. The power requirement of VHF

transceivers is (18-28) but 22 watts is recommended. Aircraft short range

communication uses the VHF band between 118 MHz and 136 MHz to talk with air

traffic control

EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT)

Emergency locator transmitter is used by aircraft to point out

the flight when any emergency occurs.

WEATHER RADAR

A weather radar, is a type of radar used to locate

precipitation, calculate its motion, estimate its type (rain, snow, hail, etc.), and forecast

its future position and intensity.

Modern weather radars are capable of detecting the motion of rain droplets in addition

to intensity of the precipitation. Both types of data can be analyzed to determine the

structure of storms and their potential to cause severe weather.

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AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (ATC)

Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based

controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air. The primary purpose of

ATC systems worldwide is to separate aircraft to prevent collisions, to organize and

expedite the flow of traffic, and to provide information and other support for pilots

when able.

IN-FLIGHT ENTERTAINMENT (IFE)

In-flight entertainment (IFE) refers to the

entertainment available to aircraft passengers during a flight.

VARIETIES OF IN-FLIGHT ENTERTAINMENT

Moving-map systems

Audio entertainment

Video entertainment

Personal televisions

In-flight movies

Closed-captioning

In-flight games

Islamic prayers and directions to Mecca

Mobile phone

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BLACK BOX A cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and flight data recorder, often

referred to as a "black box, is a flight recorder used to record the audio environment

and during flight data in the flight deck of an aircraft for the purpose of investigation of

accidents and incidents. This is typically achieved by recording the signals of the

microphones and earphones of the pilots’ headsets and of an area microphone in the

roof of the cockpit.

An aircraft is required to carry a Black Box and Black Box is

required to record such communications with air traffic control unless this is recorded

elsewhere. As of 2005 it was required that the recording duration is a minimum of

thirty minutes, but now it has long recommended that it should be at least two hours.

A standard Black Box is capable of recording 4 channels of audio

data for a period of 2 hours. The original requirement was for a Black Box to record for

30 minutes, but this has been found to be insufficient in many cases, significant parts

of the audio data needed for a subsequent investigation having occurred more than 30

minutes before the end of the recording.

The earliest Black Box used analog wire recording, later replaced by analog

magnetic tape. Some of the tape units used two reels, with the tape automatically

reversing at each end. Now this magnetic tape is replaced by flash memory unit.

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Conclusion This internship has been an excellent and rewarding experience. Every aspect of

this internship was flawless, we have learned so many things about the aircraft.

At the end it was a great experience for us to work and learn with PIA.