pI

MISSOURI RIVERBANK STABILIZATION AND

NAVIGATION PROJECT

FINALENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTCONTINUING CONSTRUCTION

ANDAUG 1983 MAINTENANCE

C.-

83 07 29 040

SYLLABUS

Work to stabilize the banks of the Missouri River and to developits channel for navigation has been underway for 60 years. Thechannel is now aligned in a predetermined course from Sioux City,Iowa, to its mouth. The authorized channel depth and width haveessentially been attained throughout the project reach of the river.The remaining new construction consists of building a few morestructures, mainly in the lower 250 miles of the river, which willcomplete development of the bank stabilization and navigation project.Maintenance work, which will continue throughout the life of theproject, will consist of repair of structures and the addition ofoccasional new structures to replace construction materials removedby water action and other causes, and to adjust to changing riverconditions, respectively. Structure maintenance will be supple-mented by occasional dredging to assist in retention of the riverchannel's full navigational dimensions.

Construction of approved river recreational access sites will con-tinue to occur after bank stabilization and navigation developmentIs complete. Individual sites will be built whenever non-Federalsponsors furnish necessary lands to accommodate the development andagree to execute a cost sharing contract for development and foroperation and maintenance of the development.

The scope of Wh.- EIS is limited to the identification and dis-cussion of impacts of the remaining work, including maintenance,and their effects on the environment of the project area. Thestatement does not address the impacts and effects of all the workof bank stabilization and navigati~'n that has taken place over thepast 60 years.

In addition, this EIS does not present the impacts and effects ofrelated Federal actions in the project area such as issuance ofregulatory permits by the Corps of Engineers ad Environmental Pro-

if tection Agency or U. S. Coast Guard activities. This statementdoes not address Federal activities outside of the project areawhich are indirectly related to the operation of this project suchas the operation of the Missouri liver main stem dam system or theother inland waterways.* These Federal actions which have been, orwhich may be, found significant under the context of NEPA are pro-perly the subject of separate environmental Impact

SUMMARYMISSOURI RIVER BANK STABILIZATION

AND NAVIGATION PROJECT, SIOUX CITY, IOWATO THlE MOUTH

()Draft (W Final

Responsible. Office: U. S. Army Engineer Division, Missouri RiverOmaha, NebraskaBrigadier General William E. ReadP. 0. Box 103, Downtown Station, Omaha, NE 68101AC 402/221/7279

1. Name of Action: MX Administrative C)Legislative

2. Description of the Action: To complete construction of bankstabiization and navigation structures to achieve authorized designchannel configuration and continuation of maintenance of the MissouriRiver Bank Stabilization and Navigation Project.

3. a. Environ-ental Imp~acts of the Remaining Construction andMaintenance Proaram. (1) Rock added to the river's environmentalsetting. (2) Fine sand and associated material removed from theriver bed in certain locations. (3) Fine sand arnd associated riverbed material added to the river channel waters downstream of theremoval sites. (4) Encroachment on certain flood plain land and riverbank reaches by placement of recreation access facilities.

b. Adverse Environmental Effects. (1) Not allowing the riverto remove accreted lands thereby adding shallow, quiet water areas(important aquatic habitat) and lov, marsh lands on which volunteerriverine vegetation would develop (valuable wildlife habitat).(2) Accretion of sediment which ultimately can reduce surface waterarea (shallower water areas important for aquatic life) and possiblycover up existing marsh areas with their riverine vegetation (valuablewildlife areas). (3) Possible destruction of archaeological resourcesby quarry operations. (4) Alteration of established attached, algaland invertebrate communities on old rock of river structures, andalso reduce for a-short period of time the structures' value as fishcover (during reconstruction-maintenance-and shortly thereafter).

4. Alternatives to the Present Continuing Construction and Operationand Maintenance Program. (a) Terminate existing and future Federalaction. (b) Terminate navigation function, but retain the bank

t stabilization function. (c) Modification of the project structuredesign.

5. Comnt Received.

Advisory Council on Historic PreservationBureau of Indian AffairsDepartment of Health, Education and WelfareDepartment of Housing and Urban DevelopmentDepartment of Interior, Missouri Basin RegionEnvironmental Protection AgencyFederal Power CommissionForest Service, Colorado and PennsylvaniaGeological SurveyNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

(National Weather Service)Soil Conservation Service, Iova, Kansas, Missouri, NebraskaUnited States Coast GuardDoonlick Regional Planning Comission

Iowa Conservation ComissionIove Department of Transportation

Missouri Department of ConservationMissouri Department of Natural ResourcesNebraska Office of Planning and ProgramingOmaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Area Planning AgencySt. Charles, MissouriSt. Joseph, MissouriSiouxland Interstate Metropolitan Area Planning CouncilExecutive Comuittee Western Railroad Traffic AssociationMissouri Chapter of the American Fisheries SocietyThe American Waterways Operators, Inc.Thomas A. Milne

6. Draft Statement filed with CEQ 14 May 1976.Final Statement filed with CEQ /./

FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTREMAINING CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE

MISSOURI RIVER BANK STABILIZATIONAND NAVIGATION PROJECT,SIOUX CITY, IOWA TO MOUTH

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Item Pag

I. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Action 1-1

Authorization I-I

Project Purpose I-i

Project Location

Project Construction Status 1

Project Dimensions 1-8

Project Economics 1-8

Bank Stabilization and Navigation Structures 1-8

Remaining Construction 1-12

Maintenance of the Project 1-12

Other Federal Projects and Activities 1-14

Missouri River Basin Comprehensive Plan 1-14

Regulatory Actions 1-15

U. S. Coast Guard Activities 1-15

Lower & Middle Missouri River Flood Plain Special Study 1-15

Inland Waterway System 1-16

I. ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION

Historical Setting 11-1

Physical Setting 11-2

Missouri River and Valley 11-2

Geology 11-4

Climate 11-4

Biological Setting 11-5

Floodplain Vegetation 11-5

Mammals I-5

Birds 11-6

Reptiles and Amphibians II-?

Endangered Animal Species 11-7

Aquatic Life 11-7

Social and Economic Setting 11-9

Population 11-9

Employment 11-9

Racial Characteristics I1-10

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D)

I tern page

Land Use II-10Transportation lI-ilRecreational Use 11-12Commercial Fishing 11-14

Future Setting With the Project Operating With the Water SupplyReduced by Upstream Depletions 11-14

Future Setting Without the Project 11-16

III. RELATIONSHIP OF THE REMAINING CONSTRUCTION FOR BANKSTABILIZATION AND NAVIGATION AND ITS ON-GOING MAINTENANCETO LAND USE PLANS II1-1

IV. THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE REMAINING CONSTRUCTION ANDMAINTENANCE OF THE BANK STABILIZATION AND NAVIGATION PROJECT

Impacts IV- 1Major Corps of Engineers and Commercial Barge Action IV-1

Action # I IV-1Action # 2 IV-4Action 0 3 IV-5Action # 4 IV-6Action # 5 IV-6

Summary of Significant Effects IV-7Efforts to Lessen Significant Environmental Effects IV-8

V. ANY ADVERSE ENVIRON1ENTAL EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED V-I

VI. ALTERNATIVE PROGRAMS TO THE MISSOURI RIVER BANKSTABILIZATION-NAVIGATION PROJECT

General VI- 1Termination of the Navigation Function of the Project, but Retention

of the Bank Stabilization Function VI-1Terminate Existing and Future Action VI-2Modification of the Project Structure Design to Reduce Adverse

Environmental Effects and Maintenance Costs VI-4Changes in Draft of Towboats and Barges VI-5

VII. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'SENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OFLONG-TEIM PRODUCTIVITY VII-I

JAEN"

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D)

VIII. IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES VIII-1

IX. COORDINATION WITH OTHERS

Government Agencies and Conservation Groups 11-1Public Participation IX-2

Draft Impact Statement Review - Federal, State, Local IX-3Letters of Comment on the DEIS IX-4MRD Responses IX-5

1. SOURCES OF INFORM.ATION X-1

FIGURES

Fig. No. Page

I Missouri River, Project Reach 1-2-72 Environmental Notch 1-1

EXIBITS

Exh. No. Page

I Flow Probability Curves E-I-IS2II Sources of Information and Project Decision Documents E-II-3-5

III Letter transmitted to the Regional Director of theMidwest Region, National Park Service for Commentsfor Inclusion in the DEIS. Letter responses toInquiries about Impacts of the Project on Archaeological

Resources E-I1-1-6IV Brochure of the Missouri River Bank Stabilization and

Navigation Project (inside back cover)

-ji --

FINAL ENVIRONEINTAL STATEMENTR.IDE ING CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE

%(ISSOURI RIVER BANK STABILIZATIONAID NAVIGATION PROJECT,

SIOUx CITY, IOWA TO MOUTH

SECTION I - DESCRrPTION OF THE PROJECT

1.01. Action. The action is to complete construction of bankstabilization and navigation structures to achieve authorized designchannel configuration, and continuation of the present method ofmaintenance of the Missouri River Bank Stabilization and NavigationProject.

1.02. Authorization. The current Missouri Rliver Bank Stabilizationand Navigation Project vas authorized by the River and Harbor Actof 1945 In accordance vith House Documeut 214, 76th Congress, letSession, 1939. This authorization provides for a continuous 9-footnavigation channel, 300-feet wide from Sioux City, lva to the Mouth.The Act extended the navigation limits and modified earlier Con-gressional authorizations in 1912 and 1927 that had provided for a6-foot deep, 200-foot vide navigation channel.

1.02.1. Authorization for development of non-reservoir recreationareas, including this project, is contained in Section 207 of theFlood Control Act of 1962, an amendment of Section 4 of the FloodControl Act of 19". The current project was less than 60% com-plete as of August 1958; therefore, making the Fish and WildlifeCoordination Act of 1958 applicable.

1.03. Prolect Purpose. The Missouri River Bank Stabilization andNavigation Project is a multi-purpose river development project.Project functions include navigation, bank stabilization, and recre-ation.

1.04. Proiect Location. The Missouri River Bank Stabilization andNavigation Project is located on the Missouri Rliver from the mouthof the river to Sioux City, Ioa, a distance of 734.8 miles. (7ig. 1).

1.05. Project Construction Status. As of January 1977 the projectwas 92Z complete, with scheduled completion in September 1985. Re-mining work consists of constructing a few additional stabiliiationstructures. In addition, 56 of the initially approved 67 recreation

access sites remain to be constructed.

l--I

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1-7

1.06. Project Dimensions. The navi~gation design of the project isof the open-river, regulation-type which utilizes the energy of theflouing water to develop and maintain the navigation channel area.The navigational goal is to provide a navigational channel withinthe overall river with a depth of nine feet and width of 300 feetfrom Sioux City, Iowa, to the river mouth. These navigation dimen-sions now exist throughout most of the project with a stabilizedriver width ranging from 600 feet at Sioux City, to 1,100 feet atthe mouth. The magnitude of the recreation access points and areastypically include boat ramps, parking, access roads, day use facilitiesand sanitary facilities. Initial recreation development must becost-shared by a sponsor who also must furnish all necessary landand agree to operate and maintain the site.

1.07. Project Economics. The total Federal first cost is esti-mated to be $450,000,000 upon completion of the project. The totalmon-Federal first cost after completion of the project is estimatedto be $6,799,000. Commercial interests have spent about $53,700,000for the construction of terminal and transfer facilities necessary

S to the navigation industry of the river.

The benefit to cost ratio as of Fiscal Year 1976 is 1.6.

*Average annual economic benefits:

Bank stabilization benefits $34,932,300Navigation benefits 6,534,000Recreation 1,8 15.000

Total $43,281,300

*Average annual cost:

Interest (@ 2-1/2%) & amortization 12,475,200Annual maintenance 14,260,000

Total $26,735,200

SEconomic data has been extracted from U. S. Army Corps ofEngineers files. Complete information is available fromU. S. Army Engineer Division, Missouri River, Omaha, NE.

1.08. Bank Stabilization and Navigation Structures. Present-daystructures basically utilize rock fill in their construction andconsist of dikes, revetments, and sills. Many older structuresconstructed prior to 1950 utilized wood piling with rock fill aroundthem. Over the years these have been repaired with rock fill, andas a result the original piling construction is decreasingly inevidence.

1.08.1. Dike structures extend from the bank into the river,

perpendicular or nearly perpendicular to the flow. They constrictthe river channel to the desired width and protect the bankline ontheir lee sides from erosion. Some of the dikes constructed inthe early days of this project were several thousand feet long, ex-tending from near the bluffs out to the desired channel location.These dikes cut off side channels and chutes, thereby concentratingthe river flow into a single channel. Once the flow was confined,additional shorter dikes were spaced intermittently around the in-sides of the bends to insure that the main flow remains againstthe outsides of the bends. Sometimes a short segment of revetmentis attached to the riverward end of a dike, extending downstreamparallel with the flow. This type of structure is called an L-headdike. The present dike systems insure a continuous, self-scouringchannel of suitable navigation depth. There are, on the average,six dikes per river mile, in the present stabilized river channelfrom Sioux City to the mouth.

1.08.2. Revetment structures are constructed parallel to the flow,either to establish and protect a desired bankline or to guide theflow along a desired alignment. Revetments may be Ca) a layer ofrock constructed directly on the original river bank, or (b) con-structed in an excavated trench landward of the original river bankwith the expectation that the river bank will eventually erode backto the desired alignment established by the revetment, or (c) arock fill along a desired alignment rivervard of'the original riverbank. Today very little of the trench-type revetment is in evi-dence because the banks in nearly every case have eroded back tothe constructed alignment. Much of the rock fill revetment origi-nally constructed riverward of the bank is now integral with thebank due to the build-up of sediment deposits landward of the struc-ture. Some of the rock-fill revetment still has open water on thelandward side. This is especially true of the revetment segmentsat the ends of L-head dikes and of kicker structures. A kickerstructure is a downstream extension of the revetment on the outsideof a bend, designed to direct the flow into the next bend. In theupstream 250 miles of the project about 50 percent of the banklinealong the outsides of the bends is revetted. In the lower portionof the project only about 40 percent is revetted.

1.08.3. Sills are low elevation extensions into the river channelof f the ends of dikes. Sills are constructed approximately per-pendicular to the flow at elevations that are submerged during thenavigation season. Sills are designed to control the shape of theriver cross section in order to maintain navigation depths in thedesired position within the section.

1.08.4. The basic river channel width bounded by revetments andthe ends of dikes varies from 600 feet at Sioux City to 1,100 feetat St. Louis. The underwater sills extend into the channel an ad-ditional 100 to 200 feet. Eddy-erosion scallops upstream and down-

t stream from dikes and open water behind L-head dikes and kicker

1-9

structures account for additional water areas adjacent to the channel.

1.08.5. The tops of sills are down to five feet below the normalwater surface during the navigation season. The other types ofnavigation and bank stabilization structures vary in height fromabout the normal water surface to six feet above. Variations inriver stage above the normal level result in these structures beingsubmerged between 50 percent and 80 percent of the time during thenavigation season. All structures are below the high river bank.

1.08.6. Bank revetments are constructed by sloping the river bankabove the normal water surface to about 1 on 2 (vertical to hori-zontal) and placing on the slope a layer of stone 12 to 24 inchesin thickness. Below water, a thickened toe of rock providesa reservoir of stone that can slump and protect the revetment fromundercutting in case the river scours its bed adjacent to the bank.Dikes and rock fill revetments are trapezoidally shaped stone fillsresting on the river bottom. The cross section is approximated bya 3- to 5-foot top width and 1 on 1-1/4 to 1 on 1-1/2 side slopes.Sills have a flatter, more irregular cross section with a crest atthe desired level. The stone used in construction and maintenanceof all structures is quarried limestone, except for a small amountof quarried quartzite near Sioux City, Iowa. The individual stonesare angular and chun~ky in shape and are mixed in a continuousgraduation of sizes ranging from 400 to 2,000 pound pieces down toa minimum size such that only 5 percent of the weight of stone issmaller than 3/4 to 3 inches. The quarried limestone is durablewhere it is continuously under water, but is subject to disinte-gration by weathering where it is exposed to alternate wetting anddrying and freezing and thawing. As a consequence, the rivervardfaces of the structures, within the elevation band that is subjectto the variable river stages, gradually deteriorate from weatheringaction, aggravated by wave wash from river traffic in the navigationseason and gouging by ice in the winter.

1.08.7. At present, nearly all construction and repair of dikes,revetments, and sills are accomplished from barges. Accss to landis usually not required except for surveying to establish controlfor structure alignment. Occasional exceptions are the wintertimerepair of revetments while the river is frozen, in which case workis done from the land side in locations where road access and con-struction right-of-way are available. Usually, the rock and allconstruction equipment are on barges moored in the river along thedesired structure alignment. The rock is placed in the structurewith bulldozers, high loaders or drag lines operated on the barges.The bulk of the stone ends up either in place on the structure oron the river bed where it reinforces the toe of the structure.Since the stone specifications limit fine material to less than 5percent, only a negligible quantity is entrained by the flow and

* carried down the river. The rock is barged to construction sitesfrom a few central rock loading points along the river. Rock in

1-10

usually transported by truck from the quarry to the rock loadingsite.

1.08.8. Since 1975, the Corps of Engineers has developed a"1riverine habitat and floodway restoration" program for the riverwithin the project area. The objective of the program is to arrestfurther loss of water area due to structures and to restore somewater area recently lost to accretion behind structures. The pro-gram consists of modifying old structures, revising design criteriaf or new structures and adopting maintenance procedures that willultimately result in old structures conforming to the new designcriteria. A large number of structures are being modified by theconstruction of "environmental" notches. Notches are also beingincorporated into the design of many new structures. Notches areopenings in structures extending below the normal navigation waterlevel which permits river water to flow through and behind thestructure. Figure 2 is a sketch of a typical environmuental notchin a dike. Use is also being made of structures known as "rootless"dikes and "vane" dikes which do not tie to the river bank; theirlandward ends are normally 50 to 300 feet riverward from the bank.Nearly all new structures and structures being reconstructed arebeing built to an elevation below normal navigation stage, which isless than previous design heights. Exceptions to this are structureswhich if lowered In height would become navigation hazards.

FIGURE 2

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1.09. Reminins Construction. This is to be interpreted to meanthe addition of wholly new structures and additions to existingstructures for the purpose of achieving the authorized navigationchannel dimensions. This work will also complete the stabilizationof the river banks. About 50 new structures will be constructed,primarily in the lover one-third of the project, on the inside ofsome bends to stabilize the navigation channel, and on the outsideof some bends to stabilize the bank and provide a more uniformchannel and bank alinement. In addition, approximately eightystructures, also primarily in the lower one-third of the projeci.,will be modified by the addition of either L-heads or sills.

1.09.1. There will be as many of the remaining approved recreationaccess sites built prior to project completion as there will be non-Federal sponsors who will execute a contract with the FederalGovernment to cost share in the development, and also agree to oper-ate and maintain the facility. It is to be noted, however, thatconstruction of new recreation access sites can continue throughoutthe life of the project, dependent upon approved non-Federal sponsor-ship.

1.10. Maintenance of the Prolect. River behavior determine*, tolarge degree, maintenance needs. Rock dikes and revetments de-

teriorate because of ice, freeze-thaw action and wave action, andundercutting by bed scour. Dikes protecting cutoff lakes, or clos-ing off channel chutes wash out from overtopping during high flows.In addition, since the Missouri River is a shifting, sand bed stream,evolving channel conditions can act adversely on the project'sauthorized navigation dimensions. Maintenance of the project, there-fore, necessarily includes placement of occasional new structuresto retain the established and authorized channel dimensions, occasionaldredging to remove Unmited amounts of aggregated material, and recon-struction of existing structures.

1.10.1. Total expenditures for operation and maintenance of theproject vary from year to year depending on river behavior and uponthe budgetary allowances. Annual maintenance schedules are developedon the basis of need and the various components of this schedule areprioritized. In this way budgetary constraints can be addressedrealistically and the authorized project purposes achieved. Operationand maintenance activities are grouped into five categories:

(1) Structure Repair and Maintenanee. including occasionaladditional construction.

(2) Condition and Operation Studies.(3) Engineering and Design Programs.(4) Dredging.(5) Support Program.

1.10.2. Structure Repair and Maintenance involves reconstructingdegraded structures to the desired grade and alignment by employing

e the construction methods described in paragraphs 1.08.7 and 1.08.8,as appropriate. Most repair work is contracted to private construction

1-12

companies, with the Corps administering the contracts. The Corpsutilizes Government employees to perform various small constructionjobs in instances where reasonable contract bids would be difficultto obtain due to the high cost of mobilization and demobilization,and in certain emergency cases where there is not time for contractnegotiation procedures. These work forces are stationed at threeArea Office at Omaha, Nebraska, and Glasgow and Napoleon, Missouri.Now structures and additions to existing structures necessary formaintenance of the project will be in accordance with requirementsof Sections 313 and 404, PL 92-500, as amended; maintenance ofexisting structures, however, is not subject to Section 404 of theAct.

1.10.3. Condition and operation studies include collection andanalysis of water quality samples, suspended sediment samples, bedmaterial samples, velocity measurements, discharge measurements,and water surface profiles. Hydrographic surveys are made periodi-cally to define water depth patterns, river channel cross sections,and banklines. Frequent inspection trips by boat also detecthazards to navigation, such as snags, shoals, submerged bars andnarrow channels. This Information is used to update the U. S.Coast Guard's Notice to Navigators, copies of which are placed in"information boxes" located along the river where they are access-ible to the pilots of commercial and pleasure river craft.Structures with enviromntal notches are being monitored to evalu-ate their effectiveness in improving the riverine habitat behindthe structures and their effectiveness in enhancing the floodcarrying capacity of the river.

1.10.4. Engineering and design programs utilize data from the con-dition and operation studies to design and plan for implementationof new work end repair work necessary to maintain the structuresand to retain the navigable channel. An objective of the continu-ing engineering and design program is to modify structure designand to adopt maintenance procedures that will preserve and possiblyenhance environmental values of the river. Another objective ofthe program is to determine structure design that will avoid furtherincreases of flood stages of the river. Additional design assist-ance is also provided through scale modeling of structure design andplacement under simulated river conditions at the Head HydraulicLaboratory, Head, Nebraska. The movable bed model facility isoperated as a joint use project under a special lease arrangementbetween the University of Nebraska at Lincoln and the Corps ofEngineers.

1.10.5. Dredging is used today to maintain adequate channel depthsor widths at river locations where the natural erosive character ofthe river, In combination with the project structures, temporarilydoes not provide the desired navigation channel dimensions. In the500 miles of river below St. Joseph, Missouri, 24 sites were dredgedin 1974; dredging has not been necessary since 1976. Dredging has

1-13

not been required above Rulo, Nebraska since 1965. The need fordredging is expected to diminish as the completed project continuesin operation uinder current water conditions; that is, 30,000 to35,000 cubic feet per second discharge past Sioux City, low&. Theavoidance of dredging continues to be a design objective. Navi-gation channel deposits which might require dredging cannot be pre-dicted in advance; however, several kinds of areas are known to bemore susceptible to sediment buildup than others. The susceptibleare"s include reaches downstream of tributary mouths, unusual chan-nel alignments, and bridge crossings. Prior to 1974, dredging wasaccomplished by Government-owned equipment operated by Corps person-nel. The 1974 dredging was contracted to a commercial firm. Futuredredging is expected to be performed either by Government forces orby contract on an as-needed basis. Disposal of dredged material Inthe past years was in river areas between or behind project structures;areas that would eventually be filled in by the river itself in thenormal process of accretion. As a result of consultation with EPAand Fish and Wildlife agencies, future dredge material disposal willbe confined to open water areas away from the river bank and awayfrom quiet, shallow water areas. Each Corps of Engineers District(Kansas City and Omaha) that administers a part of the project wiilcomply with Sections 313 and 404, PL 92-500, as amended. Typically,a single public notice will be issued each year that dredging isanticipated to become necessary. The notice will cover all reachesof the river within the issuing District's administrative areas thatare believed to require dredging. The public notice provides inter-ested agencies and individuals 30 days to submit written comments onthe proposed action; public hearings may also be requested.

1.10.6. Support program involve updating end selling navigationcharts and recording commercial river traffic.

1.11. Other Federal Proiects and Activities. Other Federal projects,program or activities which are affected by, or affect the BankStabilization and Navigation Project, are:

1.11.1. Missouri River Basin Comprehensive Plan. The 1944 FloodControl Act gave birth to the Nation's first attempt at solving itswater resource problem through a comprehensive approach to riverbasin development. This legislation, known as the Pick-Sloan Plan,as aended and supplemented to date, provides multiple benefits -flood control, irrigation, generation of hydroelectric power, im-provement of navigation on the lower Missouri River, improved muni-cipal and industrial water supplies, water quality control, con-servation of fish and wildlife, and public recreation. The planprovided for building some 103 dams and reservoirs to provide stor-age capacity of approximately 110.000,000 acre-feet for multi-purposeas*; local levees and floodwalls to protect municipal, industrial,and agricultural are"s; and a system of levees on both sides of theMissouri River between Sioux City, Iowa, and the mouth to protectover a million acres of bottom lands from flooding. Uses of stored

1-14

water include the irrigation of some 4 million acres of land; thegeneration of 13 billion kilowatt hours of hydroelectric powerannually; and regulation of river flows to provide for navigation.The authorizing legislation called for the construction of about1,500 miles of levees along both banks of the Missouri River fromSioux City, Iowa, to the mouth. Of the 150 levee units originallycontemplated in the entire system, 87 have been completed. Thecompleted units have, through Fiscal Year 1976, prevented about$1.9 billion in flood damages. These levees are designed tofunction in conjunction with the operation of the reservoirs on theMissouri River mainsten and the lower Missouri River Basin tributaries.Permanently secured river banks were necessary before the leveescould be constructed. It is apparent that the Pick-Sloan Plan andthe Missouri River Bank Stabilization and Navigation Project closelycomplement each other.

1.11.2. Regulatory Actions. The Corps has traditionally adminis-tered the permit actions required by the livers and Harbors Act of1899. Section 9 of the Act addresses dam, dikes and bridges acrossor in navigable waters of the United States, although authorityover bridges and causeways was transferred to the Department ofTransportation under the Department of Transportation Act of 1966and delegated to the Coast Guard. Section 10 prohibits constructionof all other types of structures or weork unless permitted by theCorps of Engineers. Section 13 addresses dumping refuse into nayi-.gable waters. Section 14 gives the Corps the responsibility forpermitting temporary occupancy of structures in the navigation chan-nel. Sine& the passage of the Federal Water Pollution Control ActAmendments of 1972, the Corps has the added responsibility to regu--late the disposal of dredged or fill material in the waters of theUnited States (Section 4,04). Section 402 of the same Act super-seded Section 13 of the 1899 Act and gave the permit responsibilityfor point source discharge to EPA. Section 10 and Section 404 per-mits are the major types of permits now issued by the Corps ofEngineers for particular actions within the project reach of theMissouri liver.

1.11.3. U. S. Coast Guard Activities. The U. S. Coast Guard isresponsible for placing buoys to mark the navigational channel andf or reporting channel conditions to the users of the river. Theyinsure safe recreational and maritime use of the river, and havethe responsibility and authority to issue citations for violations

Of Federal maritime statutes. The Coast Guard also is responsiblefor permitting bridges and causeways across navigable waters of theU. S,

1.11.4. Middle and Lower Missouri River Flood Plain Special Study.The study contains two phases: (1) an on-going Corps of Engineers'study which will serve as the technical information base, and (2)a Missouri liver Basin Coission (M.JC) -Water Resources Council

1-15

(WRC) sponsored phase which vill develop the necessary and desiredflood plain management program. This study will focus on the floodplain issues in the 811-mile reach of the Missouri River main stemfrom Gavins Point, South Dakota, to the confluence of the Missouriand Mississippi Rivers at St. Louis, Missouri. In this study reach

some 54 municipalities lie on or adjacent to the 1,971,600-acreMissouri River flood plain. The problem areas and issues this

special study proposes to address relate to land use and developmentof the Missouri River flood plain. The demand for land on the floodplain for powerplant sites, industrial complexes, intensified agri-culture, bridge crossings, residential and commercial areas, andother types of development is increasing; however, the regional andlocal effects of these demands in terms of impacts and their magni-tude are unknown. If developments continue without coordination,they will eventually impair the flood protection provided by thereservoir and levee systems. Some states have no authority tomanage the flood plain while other states have non-uniform or non-compatible authority; therefore, at present, any effort to providewise use of significant reaches of the flood plain may be jeopardized

by incompatible actions either further upstream or downstream.

1.11.4.1. The proposed special study will provide the five Statesof South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas and Missouri with a programwhich will focus on the regional framework necessary to effectivelyand efficiently manage the overall flood plain of the Missouri Riverbelow Gavins Point, South Dakota.

1.11.5. Inland Waterway System. The Missouri River from its mouthto Sioux City, Iowa, is a part of the 19,000-mile active, commercialinland watetvay of the United States. The Tennessee, Lower Mississippiand Gulf Intracoastal waterways receive more than two-thirds of thecommercial commodities shipped from the Missouri River. In termsof commodities shipped to Missouri River ports, the Lower Mississippiand Gulf Intracoastal waterways contribute almost one-half of thetotal.

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SECTION II - ENVIRONM4ENTAL DESCRIPTON

2.01. Historical Setting. Man first discovered the Missouri Riverat least 12,000 years ago. The earliest Americans used the pro-ducts of the river and its flood plain for food and shelter, andthe river as a source of transportation and commrce - not unlikemodern man, except that influence in prehistoric time probablyextended no further than the Rocky Mountains and the Great Lakes;today, similar activities influence the quality of life of theentire Nation. For about 200 years from the time of the river'smodern discovery by Europeans the Missouri liver was the main arteryof travel and commerce to the Northwest. Fur traders and trappersled the vay using Indian-type canoes and flatbottomed boats.* Largerboats first navigated the river in 1804 when Captains MeriwetherLewis and William Clark and their party explored the Northwees t. In1819 steamboat navigation was introduced. The first comrcialbarge line from St. Louis to Leavenworth, Kansas, was inauguratedin 1829. Attempts to improve the river for navigation began almostas soon as commercial traffic began moving on the river. Earlywork on the river consisted of removing snags. The first snag tobe removed under an Act of Congress occurred in 1838.

2.01.1. Clues to many of these past events are prevalent along theMissouri River ranging from single artifacts, camsites, and ste -boat wrecks to thriving cities built upon earliest European settle-ments. With the exception of steamboat wrecks and flotsam fromriver-devoured farms, towns, trading posts, and aboriginal sites,historical resources in the flood plain are restricted to terrace("high bank") locations. Elimination of bank erosion by the projectrevetments and dikes has bad a beneficial effect upon these sites.Thirty-eight of the known 96 historical sites in the river valleybetween Rubo, Nebraska, and the river mouth are located near theriver but not adjacent to the channel. A great many more culturalresource sites probably exist. Captain Qiittendop1's 1897 compilationof steamboat wrecks on the Missouri liver tallies 273 boats lostbetween 1819 and 1897. Many other boats were wrecked but recovered.Steamboat wreckings were so common, according to the Nebraska Histori-cal Preservation Officer, that one could float the river betweenSioux City, Iowa, and Rulo, Nebraska, today and pass the grave ofa s teamboat on the average of every five miles.

2.01.2. It is possible that some cultural resources have, unwittingly,been adversely affected by project construction; however, the chanceof additional adverse effects by the remaining construction or annualmaintenance is remote and not intended. The Nebraska HistoricalPreservation Officer has suggested that potential damage to archaeo-logical and historical resources may cam from stao quarrying.

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All stone used for construction and maintenance of project structuresis purchased from privately operated quarries usually located ad-jacent to the river.

2.01.3. The National Register of Historic Places has been consultedand no listed property will be affected by the remaining constructionor by anticipated annual maintenance of the existing structures ordredging. Executive Order 11593 compliance is affected throuah on-going and routine coordination with state historic preservationofficers and the National Park Service. Pertinent correspondencewith the state historic preservation officers and the National ParkService is appended as Exhibit 1. No response from the NationalPark Service was received.

2.02. Physical Setting.

2.02.1. Missouri River and Valley. The channel of the MissouriRiver confined by the project structures from Sioux City to theriver mouth is now one channel consisting of smooth bends and rela.-tively stable banks of a width varying from 600 to 1,100 feet. Thereis no appreciable bank erosion. Remnant oxbow lakes (Brown's Lake,Iowa; Big Lake, Mud Lake, and Brovn's Lake, Missouri; Lake Manawaand Carter Lake, lova) and channel scars can still be found on thesurface of the flood plain indicating that the river channel, earlierin its existence when free to erode its banks, had occupied nearlyevery foot of the valley between the bluff lines. Man-made oxbovsand channel cutoffs are also found in the flood plain, particularlyabove Omaha. The major development effort of the project in thisreach which occurred in the late 1950's and early 1960's createdseveral side channel oxbow lakes notably Snyder, Winnebago, Tieville,Glower's Point, Omadi Bend, Blackbird, Decatur, and Louisville ox-bow lakes. DeSoto Bend Lake, now administered by the U. S. Fish andWildlife Service as a waterfowl refuge and recreation area, wascreated by a channel cutoff in 1962.

2.02.1.1. The flow of the Missouri River at Sioux City, lova, isessentially controlled by the six Missouri River main stea lakeprojects. This system normally releases from 15,000 to 20,000 cubicfeet of water per second (cfs) in the winter, non-navigation season.During the eight-month navigation season, the system normally main-tauins a discharge in the range 30,000 to 35,000 cfe at Sioux City.Higher releases are maintained in years when it in necessary toevacuate greater-than-normal inflows to the reservoir system. Sus-tained discharges up to 55,000 cfs are maintained at Sioux Cityabout one year in ten and up to 80,000 cfw about one year in ahundred. Between Sioux City and the mouth, the normal pick-up ofdischarge from the tributaries during the navigation season, andwhen the tributaries are not in flood, is 15,000 to 20,000 cfe.

2.02.1.2. Major floods over the entire length of the Missouri Riverare rare because of the size of the basin and the presence of the

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II-2

main stem dams and tributary stream dams. Reservoir regulationof flooding is most effective at Sioux City which is just down-

s tream from the Missouri River reservoir system. The degree ofcontrol is reduced downstream as tributary runoff, principallyfrom the Platte, Kansas, Grand, Chariton, Osage, and Gasconaderiver basins, enters the Missouri River. Most floods which occurabove the Kansas Citys are the result of snowmelt combined withrainfall. Below Kansas City the floods are more often the resultof heavy rainfall. The great floods of record below Kansas City,Missouri occurred in 1903 and 1951. Above Kansas City the snow-melt floods of 1881 and 1952 were the largest of record. DischarReprobability relationship describing the probability of variousflood peak discharges at cities adjoining the river are found inFlow Probability Curves presented in Exhibit No. 4. The uppersets of curves in Exhibit 4, labeled "Conditions 1, 11, and 111",are for the previous unregulated discharge on the Missouri Riverbefore construction of the main stem and tributary reservoirsystems. The lower sets of curves, labeled "Conditions IV, V, andVill, are representative of today's discharges with essentially all

U the reservoirs in operation. It can be seen in Exhibit 4 that theflood peak discharges have been reduced most substantially atSioux City and Omaha, which are just deviations from the main stemreservoir system, while at Browville and Hermann, which areseveral hundred miles downstream near the mouth of the MissouriRiver, the effect of reservoir regulation is not so strongly felt.Reaches of the lower river may at times be called upon to carrydischarges in excess of 600,000 cfs.

2.02.1.3. Average Missouri River velocity ranges from 3 to 6 feetper second (fps). During the navigation season, mid-channel velo-cities of 4 fps to nearly 7 fps are encountered. The overall grad-ient of the Missouri River is roughly 1.0 foot per mile. There isa continuing trend of lowering river surface in the river reachbetween Sioux City, Iowa, and Blair, Nebraska. The riverbed through-out the project reach experienced a general lowering during the1960s and early 1970s. The trend has apparently stabilized, exceptf or the Sioux City to Blair reach.

2.02.1.4. Suspended sediment concentrations range from 200 to1,500 pp. (parts per million) for normal navigation season dis-charges, although they commonly range up to 5,000 ppm in times offlood. Concentrations as high as 40,000 ppm at Omaha and 20,000ppm near the mouth have been recorded for a day or so during rain-fall floods that originate from the Iowa and Missouri tributaries.The riverbed material is a fine sand with a median size rangingfrom 0.25 to 0.40 millimeters. Virtually all the bed material iscoarser than 0.10 millimeters, and material coarser than about 2.0millimeters is little in evidence. The bed material is transporteddownstream by being entrained by the flow and through the slow ad-vancement of dunes on the riverbed. Turbidity is low during normalnavigation flows when the river discharge is supplied from the

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upstream dam and the major source of suspended sediment is sandfrom the riverbed. Turbidity increases as high concentrations ofsilts and clays enter the Missouri River. The average annual sedi-ment outflow from the Missouri River at St. Louis is about 60million tons. Most of this sediment consists of silts and clayswhich are derived outside the Missouri River channel.

2.02.1.5. The Environmental Protection Agency's "National WaterQuality Inventory" report of 1974 to Congress rated the river waterquality as poor. The basis for the poor rating is the amount ofsediment the river transports. In other respects the quality of theriver water is much better. A number of cities along the river usethe river as their potable water source. Of course, a number alsouse the river to carry away their sewage. Steam generating electri-cal plants - their numbers are growing - are using river water for"tonce-through" cooling, adding heat to the river water. To date,the cumulative effect of the added heat to the Missouri River waterby plants in operation has not had a significant adverse effect onthe overall water quality of the Missouri River.

*2.02.1.6. The Missouri River valley width from the river mouth up-stream to immediately downstream of Kansas City, Missouri averagesthree miles. It abruptly widens to about ten miles just below KansasCity, then rapidly constricts to two miles at Kansas City. FromKansas City, Missouri the valley gradually widens to about 15 milesat Sioux City, Iowa.

2.02.2. Geology. The Missouri River is a mature river which, priorto development of the -main stem dams and the bank stab ilizationstructures, meandered through its flood plain transporting glacialdebris originating in the north and east part ef Lhe basin and finesedimentary soil originating in the west and south p~tt of tr, basin.Glaciologist* agree that the strong westerly win4A ut;ch occurr~dduring the period immediately following the retra~t of the Iowanice sheet were instrumental in moving fine glacial and non-glacialmaterial. This fine material (less*) covers eastern Nebraska andKansas, southern and central Iowa, and nrnrthern Missouri. Loess ishighly erodible and is, today, the major contributor to the river'ssediment load.

2.02.3. The soils of the eastern third of the Missouri River Basindeveloped under humid climatic conditions. Approximately 50 percentformed under prairie vegetation and are called Udolls. The other50 percent developed under timber vegetation and are called Udalfs.Soils of the remaining two-thirds developed under prairie vegetation.The Ustolls occur in-the warmer southern part of the bauin and theBarolls occur in the colder northern part.

2.02.4. Climate. The climate of the project area is in large measurethe result of its latitudinal location (between 39 and 43 degreesNorth Latitude) and its domination by the Polar Canadian (cold, dry

t air) and Tropical Continental (hot, dry air) air masses. The basin

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has 2,800 man annual hours of sunshine, and mean daily solar radi-ation of 375 gram calories per square centimeter. The mean maxi-mm temperature throughout the project area is about 90 degrees F.occurring in July; the mean minimm temperature occurs in Januaryand varies from 37 degrees P. at the river mouth to 20 degrees F.at Sioux City, Iowa. The mean annual snowfall is 32 inches atSioux City, Iowa, and 12 inches at the river mouth. The mean an-nual precipitation varies from 40 inches at the river mouth to 25inches at Sioux City, Iowa, with the basin receiving a measurableamount of precipitation 105 days out of the year. There are, onthe average, 180 freeze-free days in the lover reach of the projectand 150 freeze-free days in the upper reach of the project eachyear. Summer winds average 6 miles per hour from the south and blowfrom the northwest at the same speed during the winter. The majortowns and cities along the river within the project area have lowair pollution missions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide andparticulates. On the average, there are about 50 thunderstormsannually in the lower two-thirds reach of the project and 45 inthe upper third of the project. The Missouri River lies on thenortheast edge of the Nation's most severe tornado area of Oklahoma,Kansas, eastern Nebraska and vest-central Missouri.

2.03. Biological Setting.

2.03.1. Floodplain Vegetation. Studies conducted by the Universityof South Dakota (1973) and the University of Missouri (1974) showthat the majority of the flood plain in the project area is devotedto crop production. Timbered and wooded areas within the projectarea are limited to non-contiguot, narrow strips adjacent to theMissouri River and its tributaries (those not channelized and diked).

2.03.1.1. Trees cmmon to the remaining wooded areas are box elder,maple, green ash, honey locust, walnut, cedar, mulberry, sycamore,cottonwood, willow and elm. Shrubs in the understory include bitter-sweet, poison ivy, dogwood, sumac, honeysuckle, rose, raspberry,gooseberry, wlfberry, and wild grape. Comon herbaceous plantsinclude ragweed, milkweed, hemp, aster, nettle, fern, sunflower,beggar ticks, smartweed, bindweed, wild strawberry, clover, catnip,sourdock, and violet. Comon grasses are brome, bluegrass, canarygrass, wild rye, and fescue.

2.03.1.2. There are no endangered or threatened plant species knownto occur in the project area that are listed in the "Report on En-dangered and Threatened Plant Species of the United States" compiledby the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1975.

2.03.2. Mamls. Wild mal populations in the project reach de-pend upon the habitat in the bottoslands and bordering uplands fortheir maintenance and survival, and to a large extent the populationsizes. The majority of the forested, marsh, backwater meadow, sandbar and dune areas are located on or near the banks of the Missouri

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River. Whitetailed deer, raccoon, fox, opossum, cottontail rabbit,squirrel, skunk, coyote and small rodents are the most comon ter-restrial mammas in the project reaches. The deer, beaver, muskrat,

weasel, mink, raccoon, fox, opossum, rabbit, squirrel, skunk andcoyote are typical of the riverine woodland environment; however,the mink and raccoon also utilize marsh and stream habitats. Othersmall mamals in the project area are shrew, 13-lined ground squirrel,plain pocket gopher, mice and voles, Abandoned buildings, bluffcaves and the more dense riverine woodlands in the project area pro-vide habitat for bats.

2.03.2.1. As clearing of the Missouri River floodplain continues,the heavily wooded habitat needed for the red bat, evening bat, andsilver haired bat will continue to decline. Floodplain timber clear-ing also causes population declines in both red and gray squirrels,whitetail deer, veasel and the nocturnal flying squirrel. The numberof mink is also declining; their one basic requirement for habitatis permanent water, preferably with adjacent standing timber.

2.03.2.2. Some species such as the raccoon, coyote, opossum, andskunk have adapted to changed conditions probably because theirhabitat needs are quite general and more flexible than many othersalmals.

2.03.3. Birds. The Missouri liver valley in the project area ison the border between the fissi sippi Flyway and the Central Flyway.Common waterfowl that migrate through the project area includeCanada, blue, snow, and white-fronted geese; mallard, teal, shoveler,gadvall, scaup, merganser, bufflehead, American widgeon, canvasback,ruddy duck, goldeneye, red head, pintail, and wood ducks. Speciesof waterbirds include the grebe, gull, tern, pelican, cormorant,and coot.

2.03.3.1. Wading birds which may be present are heron, egrets,bitterns, and cranes. Shorebirds include the plovers, sandpipers,avocets, and phalaropes. Comou raptorial species which couldpossibly be observed are the ha ks, (redtailed, Harlan'8, sharp-shinned, march, Swainson's, rough-legged), falcon (sparrow hawk),owls (barn, great hered, shorteared, and screech), and the scaven-ger species the turkey vulture. Numerous smaller song birds alsolive in the project area.

2.03.3.2. The American peregrine falcon and the bald eagle arethe only endangered species within the project area. Becausethe peregrine falcon is a transaigrant, the project does notoffer critical habitat for this species; therefore, projectmaintenance and remaining construction will not impact on theperegrine falcon. Few golden eagles,but numerous bald eagles,winter along the Missouri River in the project area. Thebald eagle, the only North American representative of the fish or eea

eagles, is particularly attracted to the river. This bird is, however,a "discriminating" omnivorous feeder utilizing weakened birds (mostly

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waterfowl) and small mammals when these food sources are moreavailable than fish. The Osprey does not breed or winter in thearea of the project, but may be seen migrating during the spring

and fall.

2.03.4. Reptiles and Amphibians. Studies conducted by the Uni-versities of South Dakota (1972) and Missouri (1973) concluded thatchannelization and stabilization have very likely reduced populationsof marsh inhabiting forms of amphibians and reptiles, and the farm-ing that follows land formation caused by stabilization has furtherdetrimental effects on populations of terrestrial forms of amphi-bians and reptiles.

2.03.4.1. Species of amphibians and reptiles common in the projectarea include cricket frog, common American toad, great plains toad,Rocky Mountain toad, gray treefrog, great plains narrow-mouthedtoad, chorus frog, bullfrog, leopard frog, plains spadefoot toad,snapping turtle, western painted turtle, Blanding's turtle, mapturtle, false map turtle, Mississippi map turtle, red-eared turtle,western box turtle, pond slider, smooth soft-shelled turtle, spineysoft-shelled turtle, northern red-belled water snake, Graham'swater snake, diamond-back water snake, and northern water snake.

2.03.5. Endangered Animal Species. There are no species of animals(mammals, birds except the American peregrine falcon, reptiles,amphibians, and fish) that live within the project area that arelisted in the U. S. Department of Interior, October 1976 "Endangeredand Threatened Wildlife and Plants" list.

2.03.6. Aquatic Life. The Missouri River below Sioux City, Iowa,is a highly controlled, channelized stream being confined to a sin-uous, artificial channel. The main channel is the area of greatestcurrent (averaging 3 to 6 fps), with a variable depth of 4 to 30feet and a substrate of fine, shifting sand. Ecologically, this is

the most impoverished zone of the river, with few food resourcesother than microinvertebrate drift, composed mostly of insects anddetritus. The outer banks of the channel have been stabilized byrevetments, while the inner banks are protected by dikes whicheffectively direct the main current toward the middle of the channel,causing scour holes at the rivervard ends of the dikes. Behindsome dikes are areas of relatively shallow and quiet water whichMAy have relatively high sedimentation rates at some flows but tendto scour out at others. The slack water* behind the dikes areresting and feeding areas for fish. Emergent vegetation Is usuallylacking, and algae is usually found only in a narrow band on thedike structure itself. The substrate is composed of deep mud orsilt. During low-flow periods in vinter, these backwaters areeither left dry or reduced to isolated pools. In the former case,the fish that normally inhabit these backwaters find other lesssuitable shelter areas in the main stream such as scour holes atthe dike tips. The immediate water area and associated interfaces

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I I • II I I II I .. " '- . . . . . : - q

around dikes offer as diverse aquatic habitat as any of the majordivisions of the river ecosystem (main channel, dikes, chutes andsloughs adjoining the main channel, and tributary confluences).This is not to say, however, that the habitat of the rock substratecould replace other major habitat types. The rock substrate doesoffer several ecological advantages. The uneven rock/water inter-face causes small and frequent eddies to occur which allows smallfish and other nektonic organisms to move within this habitat typewith comparative ease, Rock is adequate substrate for aufvuch comn-munity development. The stable md/silt bottom associated with thedikes offer fairly stable bottom for benthic, colonization. And,the "quiet" water around the dike permits the expression of plank-tonic coinmities. Nekton, Particularly fish, utilize these bio-logical commities as sources of food and share their habitat asescape, reproduction, resting and nursery cover. Chutes and sloughs,although typically not as diverse in habitat as dike areas, appearto be the most productive of river habitats. Studies associatedwith Omaha Public Power District Nebraska City Unit No. 1 and theFort Calhoun nuclear power plant shoved this biological relationship.Generally, the studies reveal that the standing crop of benthos inthe open channel averages about 30 grams per acre, about 300 gramper acre in the dike areas, and about 3,000 gram per acre in thechutes and sloughs.

2.03.6.1. The surface area of not only the river channel but theadjoining, biologically valuable shallow waters is diminished bythe low flows during the winter (non-navigation) period, by the place-ment of dredged material behind dikes (which will no longer be theusual disposal site), and by the degrading river bed In the reach be-tween Sioux City, Iowa, and Blair, Nebraska. Maintenance dredgingoperations have used the space behind some dikes for the placementof dredge spoil. This operation effectively diminishes or at timeseliminates the area'sa contribution to the aquatic ecosystem. Thewater's action of degrading the river bed causes draining of anumber of shallow water areas associated with the dike structuresor creates isolated shallow water areas around the dikes. Low flowduring the winter and degradation of the river bed in the upperreach of the project area also drains, isolates or significantlylowers water levels of the chutes ad sloughs which adjoin the river,significantly diminishing their overall value, ecologically, to theriver's aquatic ecosystem. Seasonal maximum high flows can overtopa number of dikes and impound sediant-ladened water in areas behinddikes, and in chutes and sloughs. Deposition of sediment in theseareas further depletes the ecological quality of these aquatic habi-tats. Today, a number of chutes and sloughs are isolated from themain channel by the recurrence of these actions, and many dikestructures are now surrounded by terrestrial rather than aquatichabitat as a result of numrous repetitions of these actions.

2.03.6.2. The commity of fishes in the Missouri River Basin isnot unlike the fish couminity in the Mississippi liver Basin; their

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numbers, however, are much less. Within the project reach of theMissouri River the following fish species can be found. Goldeye,carp, river carpsucker, and channel catfish are commonly found inthe main channel. Shortnose gar, gizzard shad, goldeye, carp,river carpsucker, silver chub, silvery minnow, emerald shinerand plains minnow are comnon around dike structures. At tributaryconfluences, it is usual to find shortnose gar, gizzard shad,goldeye, carp, river carpsucker, emerald shiner, plains minnow,channel catfish and sauger. Less common fish in the Missouri Riverinclude shovelnose sturgeon, flathead catfish, paddlefish, bigmouthbuffalo, freshwater drum, valleye, sand shiner, red shiner,northern pike, white bass, crappie, and blue sucker. There are anumber of other fish species which are known to exist in the river.These include the chestnut lamprey, silver lamprey, lake sturgeon,American eel, goldfish, bowfin, speckled chub, sturgeon chub,flathead chub, sicklefin chub, highfin carpsucker, white sucker,black buffalo, green sunfish, and pumpkin seed.

2.04. Social and Economic Setting.

2.04.1. Population. About three and a half million people residedin the 45 counties adjacent to the Missouri River in Nebraska, Iowa,Kansas and Missouri in 1970, or about 30 percent of the total four-states' population of 11,232,511. More than two-thirds of thepopulation live in cities and towns. Standard Metropolitan Statisti-cal Areas (SMSA) comprise counties which include and adjoin SiouxCity, Iowa; Omaha-Council Bluffs; St. Joseph, Missouri; the KansasCities; Columbia, Missouri; and St. Louis, Missouri.

2.04.1.1. The four states adjacent to the river have shown moderaterates of population increase between 1960 and 1970 (Iowa 2.4%,Nebraska 5.1%, Missouri 8.3%, Kansas 3.1Z) as compared to the 13percent increase in the United States. The population of the 45-county area, however, increased 16.5%, with most of the increaseoccurring in the SMSA's. Counties with highest increases were:Sarpy County, Nebraska (103.6%); St. Charles County, Missouri(75.5%); Boone County, Missouri (46.6%); Clay County, Missouri(41); and Platte County, Missouri (37.4%). Each of these countiesis in or near one of the SMSA's. Counties showing greatest popu-lation decreases include: Halt County, Missouri (-15.6%); MononaCounty, Iowa (-13.3%); Mills County, Iowa (-10.0%); and CharitonCounty, Missouri (-12.9%). These rural counties are either lo-cated in western Iowa, central Missouri or northeast Nebraska.

2.04.2. Employment. The total number of persons employed in the45-county area adjacent to the river in 1970 was 1,348,615. Em-ployment opportunities were greatest and appear to continue to be

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in metropolitan areas.* The 4 -county area ranks higher than thenational average in term of employment in the transportation in-dustry. Distribution of employment between counties in the fourstates is similar, except in Iowa which has a greater proportion ofpersons employed in the agricultural industry than the other states.

2.04.2.1. An analysis of employment distribution by industrial andoccupational groupings shows that an average of 23.2 percent of the45-county area workforce was involved in manufacturing activitiesin 1970, while about 38.6 percent of those employed worked in white-collar jobs. Gasconade County, Missouri, had the highest percentage(39.2) of people employed in manufacturing trades, followed byFranklin County (35.7) and St. Charles County, Missouri, (34.7).St. Louis County, Missouri, had the highest percentage (62) of peopleemployed in white-collar jobs, followed by Cole County, Missouri(Jefferson City 58.5) and Douglas County, Nebraska (54.9).

2.04.2.2. The per capita income of individuals in the area in 1970was $2,877. The mean family income for the 45-county area was$9,340. This compares to $10,999 for the Nation. In 1970, about10.8 percent or 60,902 families in the 45-county area were livingbelow the poverty level, as defined by the Bureau of Census, com-pared with 10.7. percent for the entire United States. There wasconsiderable variation among the counties.

2.04.3. Racial Characteristics. About 4.9 percent of the populationof the 45-county area adjacent to the Missouri River is of minorityraces. The counties with highest percentages of non-white populationinclude: Thurston County, Nebraska (27.6Z American Indian); WyandotteCounty, Kansas (19.8%); and Jackson County, Missouri (17.9%). Mostrural counties in the four states have low percentages of non-whiteresidents.

2.04.4. Land Use. The most recent Census of Agriculture, and theSoil Conservation Service State Conservation Needs Inventories of1969 and 1970 indicate that agriculture is the predominant land usein the 45-county area adjacent to the river. The fertile soils andfavorable rainfall of the region have contributed to agriculture.Iowa. counties have the- greatest percentage (85.2%) of agriculturalland (pasture, range, cropland), followed by counties in Nebraska(81.9Z). overall, about 56.9 percent of the 45-county area is incropland use. Pasture use (13.3%) is the aext largest land use inthe area. Federal lands, primarily fish and wildlife refuges andmilitary installations, make up only 0.4 percent of the total landof the area.

2.04.4.1. The average size of the 52,554 farms in the 45-comatyarea in 1970 was 50-180 acres. The total value of agriculturalproducts (crops and livestock) produced on these farms was $1.03

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billion in 1969. This was an average of $9,710 par farm. ?armincomes in Nebraska counties average $36,495, while farm Income inMissouri averaged $12,330. The sale of livestock composed about74 percent of all farm product sales in the 45-county area.

2.04.5. Transportation. The four-state area and counties nearthe Missouri River are well served by highway, airline, railroad,pipeline, and river navigation system. Cities _ like Sioux City,--Omaha, St. Joseph,-Kansas _City, and St. Louis have historically.been-central transportation hubs of the miiddle west.

2.04.5.1. The Interstate Highway System is a major component inthe adequate net of highways found in the area. Interstate 29which parallels the river from Sioux City, Iow& to Kansas City,Missouri is a major north-south route. Interstate 35, anothernorth-south route crosses the Missouri River at Kansas City,Missouri. Interstate 80, a major east-wast transcontinental route,crosses the Missouri River at Omaha, Nebraska. Interstate 70,another major east-west route parallels the river from Kansas Cityto St. Charles, Missouri.

2.04.5.2. The cities of Omaha, St. Joseph, Kansas City, and St.Louis have also historically been known as railroad centers.-Twelve major rail lines including the Rock Island Lines; MissouriPacific; Missouri, Kansas-Texas; Gulf, Mobile and Ohio; BurlingtonNorthern; Norfolk and Western; Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe; UnionPacific; Chicago and Great Western, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Pauland Pacific; Chicago and North Western; and Illinois Central Gulfserve the 45-county Missouri River area.

2.04.5. 3. Commercial passenger and air freight -service is avail-able in Sioux City, Iowa; Omaha, Nebraska; St. Joseph, Missouri;Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, Columbia-Jefferson City, Missouriand St. Louis, Missouri. These airports, with the exception ofColumbia-Jefferson City, Kansas City 'International and St. Louis,Missouri, are located on the Missouri River floodulain.

2.04.5.4. The pipeline is one of the most economical and depend-able forms of transportation of certain commodities in the MissouriRiver basin. Principal commodities transported by pipelines arecrude petroleum, petroleum products, natural gas and anhydrousammnia.

2.04.5.5. The Corps of Engineers has granted permits for over 50pipeline crossings of the Missouri River in the project area.

2.04.5.6. The project provides for a navigable waterway 735 mileslong from the mouth to Sioux City. This is about 8 percent of thetotal miles of navigable waterways in the Mississippi basin, andabout 2.8 percent of the 25,000 total miles of navigable Inlandwaterways of the Nation. Commercial traffic on the Nation's

inland waterway system totaled about 204 billion ton miles in 1970.In 1977 approximately 3.3 million tons, exclusive of sand and graveland waterway improvement materials, were moved on the Missouri Riveralthough it is expected to increase to about five million tons peryear over the years with the completion of the navigation projectand the development of port facilities and shipping patterns. TheMissouri River is principally oriented to serving agricultural andrelated food processing sectors of the river basin economy. Interms of inbound traffic, salt, molasses and fertilizers account for80 percent; for outbound traffic, cash grains alone account for 80percent. Hazardous materials moved on the river include causticsoda, gasoline and anhydrous amonia. To date, no accidents involv-ing barges carrying these materials have occurred. Roughly, two-thirds of the commercial river traffic accrues outside of the Missourion segments of the overall Mississippi-Gulf system. Of the 3.1million tons of commercial traffic moving on the Missouri Liver in1976, about 67 percent originated or terminated in the Sioux Cityto Kansas City reach. For every 10 tons that moved upstream aboutsix tons moved downstream in this reach. The average length of haul

* on the Missouri for commercial traffic is about 480 miles. Thecharacter of the Missouri River waterway determines the size of towsand towboats. The average towboat size is 21.00 horsepower with towsof one to eight barges. The towboats are generally kept underwaycontinually, picking up and dropping off barges at floeting areas(195 commercial terminals).

2.04.5.7. The Missouri Liver channel bed is a prime and least-costsource of indigenous sand and gravel deposits in the river basin.Sand and gravel tonnage on the river represents the single largestcommdity, averaging about 2,800,000 tons annually. Because theaverage movement is but 1.5 miles, gravel represents only one per-cent of the ton-miles within the Missouri River system. Like sandand gravel, waterway tiprovement materials moving on the waterwayhave ranged from 2.4 billion tons in 1970 to 0.6 billion tons in 1976.

2.04.6. Recreational Use. Boating, fishing and waterfowl huntingare recreational activities commonly undertaken on the river.Camping, picnicking, sightseeing, hiking, fishing, and bunting areactivities typically accommodated on the banks of the river andlands adjoiningt the river. Without a doubt, much more recreationaluse occurs on lands not formally devoted and developed for recre-ation than occurs on recreation developed lands.* The lack of readyaccess on the private lands adjoining the river and the river bankis a very significant barrier to considerably more public use thanis occurring today.

2.04.6.1. The use of the river f or recreation (boating, water skiing,boat fishing) during the sumer is restricted by the high river stageswhich covers up potential safety hazards like ends of dikes and

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carries potentially hazardous floating debris, River velocitiesof 3 to 6 f ps are also a deterrent to recreation boating. Thepresent frequency of commercial river traffic does not adverselyaffect recreational boating; in fact, the occasional passage oftowboat and tow adds a pleasing "backdrop" to the river scene.However, tow wakes may be hazardous. Lower river stages in thefall caused by release cutbacks from upstream dam typically leaveswaterfowl decoy setups in shallow chutes and sloughs "high and dry"in the river reach from Sioux City to the Platte River, which de-tracts from the quality of waterfowl hunting in that reach. On theother hand, the reduced stages in the lover river exposes sandbarsused by hunters.

2.04.6.2. Sumer recreation fishing occurs mostly around riverdikes, in the deep eddies at the tip of the dikes and adjacentshallow waters downstream of the dike bordering the main channel,and tributary mouths. Fishing in the chutes is diminishing, ex-cept for DeSoto Bend where water depth management is practiced bythe administering agency (FWS) as a part of its migratory water-fowl refuge management.

2.04.6.3. There are 21 developed river access areas provided bythe Corps of Engineers in cooperation with non-Federal publicinterests. These areas typically provide for boat access to theriver and pic nic facilities; many also offer camping facilities.The Corps has investigated the public need for recreational de-velopment and currently recognizes the need for 76 additional accessareas. The recreation plan (one plan covers the river from SiouxCity, Iowa to Rulo, Nebraska, and another plan covers the reachfrom the river mouth to Rulo, Nebraska) in currently being updated.Two large marinas exist in Sioux City, Iowa, from which boatersply river reaches in the upper project area and above the project.A number of marinas adjoin the river between Sioux City and theriver mouth which berth pleasure boats that travel regularly onthe project reach of the river.

2.04.6.4. A couple of sponsored recreational events have takenplace on the river since 1971. The Great Missouri River Raft Raceis a privately sponsored event occurring in early fall. This eventin a race of two-man rafts from Blair, Nebraska to Omaha, Nebraska.It usually attracts 5,000 people some of whom travel thousands ofmiles to participate. Winners in several categories receive prizes.An annual canoe race is sponsored by Bellevue, Nebraska Chamber ofCommarce and extends from Omaha to Bellevue. This event has attractedas many as 60 participants and has considerable local public appeal.

2.04.6.5. Flood and severe storm warnings are issued by WeatherService Forecast Offices throughout the reach of the Missouri Riverfrom Sioux City to the mouth via NAWAS, law enforcement network,ne media and NOMA Weather Wire Service.* This information servesthe river recreationist and coercial towboat operator as it does

t the residents of the project area. Hazards may arise from large

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and rapid inflow from heavy rains over the Missouri and the tribu-tary drainage areas. Large Missouri main stem flood control reser-voirs regulate flows in the river. Necessary increased releases toevacuate water stored during floods could threaten members of thepublic fishing in the normal river channel. The rate of river stageincrease from this source, however, is quite slow. Rises in riverstages can, however, flood parks, camping areas and other public usedevelopments as it does provide major threats to towns and citieslocated along the river. In recognition of this problem, the NationalWeather Service has established a flood forecasting and warning ser-vice for the Missouri River throughout the project area. Radar indi-cations of havy rain supported by telemetry and observer reports ofrainfall amounts and river stages provide support for this service.

2.04.7. Commercial Fishing. Fishing as an economic pursuit on theMissouri River has decreased in regional importance since 1908.Total commercial catches between 1894 and 1908 were reported to bein excess of 1,000,000 pounds per year, with 90% of the catch madeup of catfish and buffalofish. Between 1908 and 1930 the totalcommercial catch dropped to around 500,000 pounds per year whereit has remained. The catch since 1930 has been made up principallyof carp (50-80%), buffalofish (7-17%) and catfish (12-20%). Sincethe beginning of record keeping in 1894, Missouri has lead in com-mercial fish production wher2, on the average, 38% of the annualcatch occurs, followed by Nebraska (29%), Iowa. (19%) and Kansas(14%). In 1973, Missouri reported a commercial catch of 335,000pounds and Nebraska 108,000 pounds, both comparable with theirhistoric annual catches. The value of the 1973 Missouri catch wasestimated at about $52,000 (only 8% of the catch was catfish, themore valuable species) while Nebraska's 1973 catch was valued at$62,400 (presumably composed of a larger percentage of catfish).

2.05. Future Setting with the Project Operating with the Water SupplyReduced by Upstream Depletions. Although 24 years of multiple purposeoperation of the Missouri River Main Stem Reservoir System have beenexperienced since Fart Randall was closed in 1952 and placed in oper-ation in coordination with Fort Peck, operations before 1967 wereatypical due to construction limitations on storage and releases,staged closure of the four other dam on the main stem, and the needto fill the large storage reservoirs created behind each dam. Thus,it was 1967 before the reservoir system was first filled and in normaloperation. Since 1967, runoff above the reservoir system has been abovenormal in 8 of the 10 years and near normal in the other two years.Therefore, the 24-year period of actual operation of the main stemreservoir system does not adequately portray what might be consideredto be the normal operation of this system in the future. Such oper-ations can be more realistically demonstrated by consideration of hypo-thetical reservoir regulation studies under current and expected futurewater use conditions, with the reservoir system ssemed to be in oper-ation for the entire period of available hydrologic record, beginningIn 1898.

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2.05.1. Many such long-term reservoir regulation studies have beenconducted during the past 30-40 years to determine how the system,and each reservoir in the system, could be regulated on a month-by-month basis to best serve the multiple purposes for which they wereauthorized. One recent reservoir regulation study, which was con-ducted and published as Series 1-74 in connection with an investi-gation of industrial water marketing from the main stem reservoirs,involved consideration of the month-by-month operation of the mainstem reservoir system for the 1898-1972 period under 14 differentassumptions as to present and potential upstream use of water forall purposes. Streamnflow depletions in these studies for the areaabove Sioux City ranged from about 3 million acre-feet to about 13million acre-feet above the 1949 level of water use.

2.05.1.1. These studies demonstrated that as beneficial consumptiveuses of water increase in the Missouri Basin, the services whichcan be provided for other purposes will gradually reduce. The rateat which this reduction in service will take place is quite specu-lative, since it is based on estimates of future upstream water usewhich are uncertain at best. The referenced study considered threedifferent levels of water use for industrial purposes (primarilycoal development) by the year 2020, 700,000 acre-feet, 1,400,000acre-feet and 3,000,000 acre-feet. More comprehensive studies ofpotential coal development which were conducted subsequently inconnection with the Northern Great Plains Resources Program studyindicate that streaiuflow depletions due to coal development willprobably be less than 700,000 acre-feet.

2.05.1.2. The effect of streamflow depletions for all purposes(including 700,000 acre-feet for coal development) on service tonavigation is summarized in the following table:

Navigation Season No, of Years with Navigation Season Lengths Shown

Length in Months for Indicated Level of Water Resource Development

1970 1980 2000 2020

8 66 62 52 517-8 1) 4) 4 06-7 4)* 0)* 7 65-6 4) 5) 3) 64-5 0 4) 7)* 9)*Zero 0 0 2) 3)

Total No. of Tears 75 75 75 75

Total depletionsin Million Acre-

Feet Above 1949Level 2.8 3.9 5.9 6.9

* During assumed recurrence drought of 1930's.

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An analysis of the total months of service which can be provided tonavigation, compared to full, eight-month seasons in each of the 75years, indicates that navigation would be served in 952 of the monthsunder 1980 water-use conditions, reducing to 86% in 2020. Theaverage streamflav targets f or navigation, as determined f or theMissouri River at Sioux City, would gradually reduce fromn the presentlevel of 30,000 cfs to 29,000 cubic feet per second under 1980 con-ditions and to 27,000 cfa in the year 2020. Under these projecteddepleted conditions, navigation would remain viable on the MissouriLiver beyond the year 2020.

2.05.1.3. Long-term reservoir regulation studies have also beenmade to determine the maximum level of streamflow depletions aboveSioux City that can be met, while still maintaining sufficient re-leases from the main stem reservoirs to meet downstream water supplyand water quality control requirements. These studies indicate thatthe maximum depletions that could be tolerated would be about 13million acre-feet annually. This is greatly in excess of the 6.9million acre-feet listed in the above table for 2020 water use con-ditions and represents a distant future potential that does not bearan projections through the next half century.

2.06. Future Setting Without the Project. There is a wide range ofpossible scenarios for the future environmental setting of the projectreach of the Missouri River should the Federal Government cease mainte-nance of the project structures and not complete the remaining con-struction. Individuals, industry, local or state governments separatelyor in combination could replace the Corps in maintaining the river atits present condition. Or, at the other extreme, there could be nomaintenance at all, except for certain critical spots. Probablysome effort between these two extremes would actually occur. Follow-ing is a possible environmental setting of the river area should theno-action extreme prevail. The water current, ice, freeze-thaw action,flood overflows and sedimentation continually act destructively on thepresent channel structures. Without maintenance of existing structuresand the completion of remaining structures, the present channel con-figuration would gradually deteriorate. The present river alignmentwould probably be breached where navigation and bank erosion structureshad been weakened by one or more of the destructive actions identifiedabove. In the course of time these actions would occur at numerouspoints along the river reach. Navigation, as practiced today, woulddiminish due at first to development of one or a few shallow reachesin the river, later to be terminated because of numerous and extensiveshallow river reaches. The intensive land practices which exist ad-jacent to points that would become active bank erosion sites wouldbe abandoned. Active bank erosion would occur at such locations. Asbank erosion becomes at least temporarily arrested, annual at first,followed by perennial, riverine plant communities would develop.Without bank stabilization in the present agricultural areas, exist-ing levees would eventually have to be relocated landward or abandoned,reducing the acreage under agricultural production. In high valued

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or critical areas near cities or at power plants and bridges, eitherthe Federal Government or local governmental entities or privateindividuals would probably continue to expend funds to maintain thepresent baukline and levee alignment. These actions could bethwarted by the independent actions of others upstream in effortsto maintain their particular critical areas. If left to deteriorate,the river channel would probably increase in the diversity of aquatichabitat. It is believed that the economic values of the adjoininglands and the navigational attributes would diminish while the fishand wildlife values of the-river (particularly) and adjoining landswould increase.

2.06.1. Long-term reservoir regulation studies have been conductedduring the past 30-40 years to determine how the system, and eachreservoir in the system, could be regulated on a month-by-monthbasis to best serve the multiple purposes for which they were author-ized. One recent study involved consideration of the changes thatcould be made in system releases and in services to other functionsif service to navigation were foregone. In most years changes wouldbe minor. When storage reserves are essentially filled, and theannual water supply is normal or greater than normal, regulation atthe reservoir system would not differ significantly whether navi-gatton is being served or not. Under such water supply and storageconditions the necessity for storing flood inflows and evacuationof the resulting accumulated storage prior to the succeeding floodseason, together with the constraints on winter releases imposed byriver ice conditions, would result in quite similar storage and re-lease patterns, irrespective of service to navigation.

2.06.2. The greatest effect upon system releases due to eliminatingnavigation as a project purpose would occur during years of lessthan normal water supply. Under these conditions, the reduction ofwinter releases from the system to conserve the water supply fornavigation would no longer be necessary and higher winter releaseswould be balanced by lower releases during the sumer. Essentially,a more constant system release rate through the year would bescheduled, with the minimum winter release level from the systemraised from about 6,000 cfs to about 15,000 cfs. Under current con-ditions of water use, system releases of less than 15,000 cfs wouldresult about 122 of the time with navigation being served, comparedto 0% without navigation as a project purpose.

2.06.3. The effects of foregoing service to navigation would beminimal on the Missouri River main stem dam system as far as serviceto its other function is concerned. Flood control and irrigationwould be fully served in either case. Power generation would beessentially the same and average power peaking capability would beincreased only about 1%. Sufficient releases would be maintainedf or water quality control and for M&I water supply, irrespectiveof service to navigation. However, the higher minim=m release level(15,000 cfs vs 6,000 cfs) would permit more flovthrough cooling waterfor new power plants to be located along the river.

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p

SECTION III

RELATIONSHIP OF THE REAINING CONSTRUCTION FORBANK STABILIZATION AND NAVIGATION AND ITS ON-

GOING 14AINTENANCE TO LAND USE PLANS

3.01. Current land use plans that exist in the project area areassociated with the urban centers bordering the river. Most ofthe metropolitan areas and several counties have planning agencies.The constmated zoning ordinances and land use plans as well asthose being formulated were and are being developed in the presenceof, and with full knowledge of, navigational activity and needs ofthe Missouri River. The ordinances and plans recognize bank stabi-lization as well.

3.02. There are no known conflicts between the remaining constructionof project structures or maintenance of the navigation waterway andbank stabilization structures and existing or proposed Federal, Stateor local land use plans, policies and controls.

3.03. A Bureau of Outdoor Recreation report dated June, 1975,recommended national designation of the 3,700-mile route traveledby the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804-1806 as the Lewis andClark National Historic Trail. The completion of initial construc-tion of the bank stabilization and navigation project or its con-tinued operation and maintenance would not adversely affect nationaldesignation of the river between Sioux City and the mouth. In fact,development of river access (recreation) sites will complement theLewis and Clark National Historic Trail designation and public usethereof.

3.04. The Missouri River Basin Commission has undertaken a floodplain management study of the river between Gavins Point apd themouth. The study has two phases: (a) development of a technicalinformation base by the Corps; i.e., the hydraulics and hydrologyof today's river, and (b) the affected States, through MRBC, willdevelop a floodplain management program including the implementationof a umiform or compatible floodplain regulation and legislation.

t

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1I Z i1NQ P Z........... .. U~

SECTION IV

THE ENVIROIO{ENTAL IMPACTS OF THEREMAINING CONSTRUCTION AND

MAINTENANCE OF THE BANK STABILIZATIONAND NAVIGATION PROJECT

4.01. Impacts. A nuamber of letters of comnt on the draft impactstatement expressed criticism with the relationship established be-tween 94impact" and "effect" as used in the draft statement. Inthis final statement impacts, effects and consequences of actionsare used synonomously.

Action # 1 - Placement and replacement of rock on new andexisting bank stabilization and channel maintenance structures.

Action # 2 - Removal of riverbed material at specificlocations.

Action t3 - Disposal of dredged material.

Action 14 - Operation of desired channel dimensions for useby comercial navigation interests.

Action 1 5 - Placement of public recreation access facilitiesalong the Missouri River between Sioux City, Iowa, and the rivermouth.

4.02. Major Corps of Engineers and Commercial Barge Actions. Im-pacts, effects and consequences are identified and described underthe appropriate Corps gr comercial barge action. Only significantimpacts and effects are detailed. These can be the direct conse-quence of the action or an indirect or secondary consequence of theaction. (As an example, any land use change that results from bankstabilization would be a secondary or indirect consequence of bankstabilization).

4.02.1. Action # 1. Dikes and revetments are repaired in responseto inspection - noted deteriorated conditions and failures. Newrevetmnts and dikes are constructed to obtain authorized, designedchannel dimensions where such dimensions have not boon achievedand where such construction will minimize the probability of futuredredging needs.

4.02.1.1. One direct effect of structure maintenance is to assureagainst river bank erosion. The beneficial, indirect effects of

IV- 1

LFFi&CM NG PAM3 BLAWO? FZj"

preventing bank erosion include maintenance of the "highest andbest" economic use and recognized social veil-being on the adjoin-ing land which on this project is typically used for intensive farm-Ing, but in specific areas includes industrial and comercial de-velopment, water intakes, bridges, highways and other such uses.A beneficial aspect of this effect is for local government to taxaccording to the land use, thus' gaining revenue. Prevention ofbank erosion also indirectly protects levees from being undercutor eroded and consequently lands from being flooded that are pro-vided levee protection. An adverse effect which is cumulativelysignificant is not letting the river create additional area ofpotentially diverse water habitat for use by aquatic life (Thiswould occur only if another entity would not continue with mainte-nance of the rock structures; see paragraph 2.06.). Low, marshyshorelands that would be invaded by volunteer riverine vegetationwould also be created in association with the additional water area.This cover would be a more valuable habitat for wildlife than thepresent cropland within the project area.

4.02.1.2. The effect of construction of new structures, in additionto work associated with the repair of the existing structures, isthe alteration of the channel configuration (generally scouring ofriver bed) to better accommodate commercial waterway traffic. Thealteration of the main channel bed is not considered biologicallysignificant, as the bed is typically in motion and houses only animpoverished benthic community.

4.02.1.2.1. To the extent that a small amunt of new constructionwill be designed to reduce the river width in certain locations toachieve the designated navigation channel dimensions, a slightlocal increase in river velocity would be anticipated. Because theproject is essentially complete and only a small amount of the remain-ing construction will be for this purpose at specific points on theriver, it is predicted that the present overall river velocity willnot be increased. The river velocity immediately adjacent to thenew structures, specifically their riverward ends, will, however,increase.

4.02.1.3. A direct effect of the maintenance of structures attheir design dimensions is the continuance of accreted lands thatwere caused by the dikes. Indirect, beneficial effects of mainte-nance of dikes, particularly older dikes which have accrettd landsthat are now in agricultural production, are the continuance of farm-ing and associated economic benefits. An indirect, adverse effectof this condition is not allowing the river to remove a portion ofthe already secreted lands, and thus restore some lost water areawhich would probably be shallow and slow moving and thereby bene-ficial to aquatic life and resting waterfowl and shore birds.Another indirect, adverse effect is the continuance of the deposi-tion process an sowe of the lower, older accretions, until the

IV-2

accreted land reaches the general height of adjacent terrestriallands, This land would then become available to riparian land-owners f or conversion to land uses which would benefit theirpersonal purposes at the expense of established riverine vege-tation habitat which is most valuable to wildlife along the river.

4.02.1.4. Existing dikes and new dikes whose design would not bemodified could cause some accretion of sediment which might furtherreduce the amount of water surface in the river. It in anticipated,however, that this further reduction will be quite insignificantcompared to the reduction that has taken place as a result of thepast action, and to the existing river surface. In fact, the presentriverine habitat and floodway restoration program could result ulti-mately in a net increase in the present amount of surface water inthe river. The effect of the new dikes on the sandy river bad willbe to cause a rearrangement of bed material. Sand from the scourholes formed by concentration of flow around the riverward ends ofthe dikes will deposit to form underwater bars in other portionsof the river bed. These effects will be local within short reachesand there will be no significant increase in sediment concentrationsin the river downstream. New sills will effect little change inthe river regimen. Their function is to stabilize the cross sectionalshape of the river bed by maintaining the deeper portion of the chan-nel in the locations desired for navigation. Short reaches controlledby sills will not change appreciably in average channel depth, al-though the cross sectional profile will be less variable from timeto time then for the condition without the sills.

4.02.1.5. Utilization of quarry rock material for revetment anddike construction and repair, and the labor force and their equip-mernt for the placement of rock is a direct effect which is bene-ficial or adverse, depending upon personal points of view. It isdefinitely beneficial in order to achieve the authorized purpose ofthe project. A potential indirect effect involving quarry operationsis the possible destruction of archaeological resources in the quarry.Placement of quarry rock on deteriorated dikes and revetments ad-versely affects the established aufiuch communities on the old rockand reduces at least temporarily the acceptability of the structureas fish cover.

4.02.1.6. An insignificant, adverse effect of maintenance ofproject structures is the structured contribution to supportingriver stages higher than preproject river stages. (Riverbed degra-dation has essentially nullified this above Blair, Nebraska.) Thestructures have raised river stages for discharges that are withinthe channel banks and have a diminishing effect for higher overbankdischarges. For the larger flood discharges, the major factorscontributing to raised flood heights are man-made encroachments intothe river flood plain -roadway fills, levees, bridge approaches, etc.

IV-3

Natural levee formations also contribute to higher flood stages,as can river water temperature and the sediment load of the riverat flood time. Secondarily, higher stages reduce the effectivelevel of protection provided by existing Missouri River leveesystems and private levees. High stages compound interior drain-age and ground water problem in some reaches of the river. Thechannel stabilization structures already constructed have been adirect cause of rises in stage, but this construction action hasbeen completed and is not within the scope of the present Environ-mental Impact Statement. The remaining construction and on-goingmaintenance actions are not expected to further increase this stageeffect. In fact, some reduction of stages due to the an-goingactions is possible due to the lower levels to which structures arenow being constructed and maintained.

4.02.1.7. The aesthetic effect of eroding banks, mid-channel islands,side channel chutes and sloughs, and sand bars versus rocklined banksand jutting dikes into a single channel river is beneficial or ad-verse, depending upon one's point of view. Therefore, the mainte-nance of the structures and channel configuration has both benefi-cial and adverse effects which are insignificant to the existingaesthetic setting.

4.02.1.8. Removal of snags from the river is another maintenanceaction associated primarily with dikes, but occasionally the mainchannel as well. Snags are usually deposited as a consequence ofwinter ice Jams and flow reduction. Most of the snags come fromtributary inflows and a lesser amount from main channel erosion.Snags usually add to the diversity of fish habitat of the river andin some instances individual snags may be an important contribution.Because, overall, snag removal is not extensive year-to-year, withsome years seeing little if any removal from the entire length ofthe project, its effect on the river fish is considered to be minimal.

4.02.2. Action # 2. Specific areas where navigable depths are de-ficient are identified by electronic soundings from inspection boatsand reports from comrcial towboat operators, later verified byCorps' personnel.

4.02.2.1. The beneficial, direct effect of dredging is to removeriverbed material from locations within the main channel whichwould otherwise diminish the amount of commercial traffic past thelocation or increase the time (for both maneuvering and breakingand making up barge tows) to navigate around or through the ob-structions. In recent years (since 1965) all requirements fordredging have been below St. Joseph, Missouri.

4.02.2.2. The direct adverse effects of dredging are on waterquality, benthic communities, and fish. Because the materialdredged is recently deposited sediment (mostly sand), "trapped"pollutant, chemical substances are not present in unacceptable

IV-4

amounts in the dredged material. Therefore, increased chemical sub-stances into the river water during dredging operations do notsignificantly reduce the existing quality of the river water.During Corps of Engineers channel maintenance dredging operationsin August 1974, the Environmental Protection Agency sampled dredgepipe effluent at two river locations, mile 279.3 and mile 365.0.Laboratory analysis f or heavy metals, nutrients, and pesticidesindicated all these potential contaminants to be within the waterquality standards. In addition, the Corps samples suspended solidconcentrations in the river at various distances from the dredgingoperation and found no significant increase in concentration afterone-fourth mile downstream. The main channel bottom does not con-tain an abundance of benthos; therefore, dredging causes no signi-ficant effects on the river's benthic community. Fish are not be-lieved to use the main river channel to any large extent except formigration upstream and downstream. The dredging conducted by theCorps of Engineers since 1965 has been at the approximate magnitudeas the dredging concurrently done by the sand and gravel industry(average about three million tons per year). In siinary, the direct,adverse effects of dredging are considered to be insignificant.

4.02.3. Action # 3. Disposal sites for dredged material are deter-mined on the basis of economic and engineering efficiency and environ-mental impact. The following effects are general to the lowerMissouri River, but not site specific. All specific, acceptabledisposal areas to be found in the lower river reach have not beenidentified, nor have specific areas been identified which are notavailable for dredged material disposal (a part of EPA guidelinespublished in Federal Register V 40, No. 173, 5 September 1975,assigns this task as a joint effort between EPA and the Corps ofEngineers; a team of people representing EPA, FWS and Corps areworking on this effort).* Rather, at present, environmental assess-ments are made of the specific proposed disposal actions and publicnotices issued on representative disposal sites (see also paragraph

4.02.3.1. The direct, beneficial effect of depositing dredged ma-terial within the navigation servitude limits of the Missouri Riveris that acquisition of lands from the private sector is not required.This practice is the most economical practice and does not alterexisting land use of adjoining lands that might be used for disposal.Disposal of dredge materials has been in open water areas betweenchannel structures, and recently (1974) in the main channel. Themain channel will be the disposal location for future dredgingefforts unless the study team identified in paragraph 4.02.3 wouldfind more environmtally acceptable and economically feasibledisposal locations.

4.02.3.2. The direct, adverse effects of depositing dredged materialin the river channel are expected to be insignificant. Potentially

iv-

dredged material could contain h6*vy mtals which would be harmful tothe biological populations in the immediate area and, depending uponthe heavy metals and their concentration, could degrade the riverwater quality. (This has not happened and is not expected to occur.)

Increased turbidity which accompanies the disposal of materialcan restrict solar radiation penetration into the river watercolumn, restricting the metabolism of algae. This adverse effectis temporary, lasting only as long as site specific dredging occurs.In 1974 site specific dredging required an average of five days.The effect is not considered significant.

4.02.4. Action # 4. The present coamercial use of the MissouriRiver waterway requires Corps of Engineers work efforts identifiedin Actions 1, 2, and 3. All effects are induced by Corps ofEngineers' actions.

4.02.4.1. A significant beneficial indirect effect of this work isthe movement of commercial traffic on the river. Economic benefitsaccrue to barge lines themselves, to shippers of coimodities be-cause of decreased and competitive shipping rates, and to local com-munities because of the earnings of those employed in the rivertransportation and terminal business and tax revenue collected onterminal facility investments. Navigation is an alternate form oftransportation potentially useful in times of national emergencywhen other forms of transportation might be disrupted. In this dayof energy shortages, barge and towboat transportation is a highlyenergy-efficient way of moving comdities when compared to othermodes of transportation (rail, trucks, pipelines, or airlines),except pipelines when disregarding the length of the haul.

4.02.4.2. Adverse effects of towboats and tow wakes and propellerwash on river banks and structures, including associated biologicalcommunities, or recreational boats tied to the bank or operatingon the river are not considered significant at the present level ofcomercial traffic nor will it become significant with the comple-tion of the project. Loose tows which break away from tows or moor-ings can damage other tows, recreational boats, bridge piers, etc.Spills could result should loaded barges break up causing leaks orsinkings. Spilled material could degrade the river water quality,at least temporarily, and consequently be harmful to uses of theriver water by wildlife and to man's consumptive uses. Experiencedemonstrates that although adrift tows are somewhat more frequentin abnormally high river flows, stated adverse effects are rareoccurrence&.

4.02.5. Action I .Recreational site development occurs after anono-Federal public sponsor has acquired fate interest in the land.The Corps of Engineers usually does the engineering and design, andadministers construction contracts. Sponsors can and at times dothe design and construction.

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4.02.5.1. The effects of altering existing land use and concen-trated public activity on the developed land are not consideredsignificant. The addition of noise, chemicals and particulatesto the atmosphere by construction equipment would be insignificant.Archaeological or historical resources which could be adverselyaffected by recreational development are guarded by conditions ofP.L. 93-291.

4.02.6. Sumiary of Significant Effects. Continued maintenance ofstructures protects against bank erosion, thus maintaining thehighest and best economic use of the adjoining lands which pro-vides the base for local tax revenue (beneficial).

4.02.6.1. Bank protection indirectly protects the numerous leveeswhich provide a significant measure of flood protection fromMissouri River flood waters (beneficial).

4.02.6.2. Maintenance of dikes and revetments protects alreadyaccreted lands from eroding to protect the riparian owner's useand occupancy of said lands which are a base for local tax revenue(beneficial).

4.02.6.3. Dikes, revetments and sills alter and maintain channelconfiguration to accomodate cornrcial waterway use (beneficial).

4.02.6.4. Dredging assists in the maintenance of the channel con-figuration to accoummodate commercial waterway use (beneficial).

4.02.6.5. Disposal of dredged material is within the river inareas of little or no agricultural economic value and not on ad-joining lands of high agricultural economic value which wouldotherwise serve as disposal sites (beneficial).

4.02.6.6. The maintenance of structures protecting against bankerosion prevents the river from forming additional, potentiallyshallow, aquatic habitat and surface water area (also serves asfloodway storage), and exposing more mud/water interface (adverse).

4.02.6.7. Structure maintenance contributes to retention of riverflood stages as they exist today. To this extent it can be viewedas an adverse effect.

4.02.6.8. The structures protecting against bank erosion reducethe opportunity for development of volunteer riverine vegetationthat is valuable wildlife habitat in the Missouri River floodplain (adverse).

4.02.6.9. Dikes and their maintenance prevent the river fromforming more, potentially shallow, water area that is valuableaquatic habitat (adverse).

IV-7

4.02.6.10. Continuing accretion behind structures inhibits develop-ment of a stable riverine vegetation community. Ultimately some ofthe accreted land will reach an elevation that vill permit conver-sion to cropland. Stable riverine vegetation is more valuable wild-life habitat than cropland or riverine vegetation continually beingcovered by accretion (adverse).

4.02.6.11. Use of new quarry rock to repair existing dikes andrevetments destroys certain biological communities situated on oldrocks, and temporarily diminishes the rock structures' value asfish cover (adverse).

4.02.7. Efforts to Lessen Significant Environmental Effects. Boththe Kansas City and Omaha District offices of the Corps of Engineersinitiated, in 1975, construction of notches in a number of existingdikes that will permit an amount of water to flow behind the dikes.The primary purpose of these "environmental notches" is to supplyflow to existing water areas behind dikes and to erode at least apart of the fill that had accreted within the dike fields, thusmaintaining the existing and perhaps forming additional water sur-face areas. The chute of water which separates the river bank fromthe accreted dike fill would also serve to buffer volunteer riverinevegetation from encroachment by agriculture or other economic de-velopment. A group of personnel representing Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska,and Missouri fish and game agencies, the Fish and Wildlife Service,and the Corps of Engineers was established in January 1976. Theirtask is to monitor the effects of the openings to determine theworth of the openings to fish and wildlife and ascertain any adverseeffects on other values such as erosion of "high bank" land. Ad-ditional requirements for openings will be determined from theinformation the monitor group collects. The purpose of the openingsis to reduce the adverse effects of reduced water surface area andto increase the diversity of aquatic habitat in the Missouri River.

4.02.7.1. Under the authority of the Fish and Wildlife CoordinationAct of 1958, th, Corps of Engineers have initiated an investigationof the fish and wildlife impact that has accrued since 1945 due tothe construction of the bank stabilization and navigation project.It is the charge of the study to identify all reasonable effortsto compensate for losses that are identified. The Fish and Wild-life Service, in cooperation with the adjoining states' fish andwildlife agencies, is making a similar investigation and willfurnish the Corps of Engineers a. report of its investigation andits recommendations for mitigative measures. The feasibilityreport will be forwarded to the Office of the Chief of Engineersfor processing to the Congress. The mitigation efforts will con-centrate on minimizing the adverse effects of reduced water surface,loss of the diversity of the river's aquatic habitat, and the lossof riverine wildlife habitat to the extent that the loss is attri-butable to the construction and maintenance of the bank stabilizationand navigation project.

IV-8

4.02.7.2. Dredging is subject to Section 313 of the Federal WaterPollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1323, 86 Stat. 816). In addition,Federal Regulation 33 CFR 209.145 requires that a public notice beissued advising interested parties of dredging proposed by theCorps of Engineers. This provides interested persons 30 days tosubmit written co=oents on the proposal; a public hearing to airthe proposal can also be requested. During 1974, dredged materialwas disposed of in the main channel on two separate occasions,anticipating that the material would be deposited downstream inthe deeper parts of the main channel. The disposed material didnot adversely affect the river's shallow water areas or decreasethe water surface area, nor did it reduce the efficiency of themain channel to accommodate towboat and tow traffic. Futuredredged material disposal will be confined to open water away fromthe river bank and away from quiet, shallow water areas. Thisshould ensure that dredged material disposal will not have signifi-cant adverse environmental effects.

I

IV-9

i M NG PAM BLANK-O FIIJD

SECTION V

ANY ADVEESE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS WHICHCANNOT BE AVOIDED

5.01. Past actions, in particular initial construction actions, tostabilize the river banks and provide the authorized navigationchannel dimensions have left the river with about one-half of itsoriginal water surface and significantly altered the amounts ofimportant fish and wildlife habitat types found in the project area.The objective of the current fish and wildlife mitigation study isto identify justifiable means and measures which would minimizethese adverse effects.

5.02. The direct adverse effects of the on-going maintenance which§cannot be avoided include further reduction of riverine habitat

caused by minor accretion induced by dikes and revetments and thedisruption of biologically favorable habitat (fish cover) andestablished, attached aquatic co-munities on existing rock dikesand revetments by placement of new rock during the repair operations.

5.03. On-going maintenance of river structures prevents erosionof the river's high banks which otherwise could form shallow, re-latively quiet water areas, some of which support sei-aquaticvegetation. This habitat type is valuable to both fish and wild-life in the project reach of the Missouri River.

t4

V-p G/q1~dO PAd DLI-NOT FIUMD

-- . mam1

SECTION VI

ALTERNATIVE PROGRAMS TO THE MISSOURIRIVER BANK STABILIZATION-NAVIGATION PROJECT

6.00. General. Alternatives to completing construction and con-tinuing maintenance of the Missouri River Bank Stabilization andNavigation project include: (1) termination of the remainingconstruction and maintenance actions that support the navigablewaterway as a project function; (2) terminate all Federal actionsin support of the navigation function, the bank stabilizationfunction and recreation; and (3) although not an all encompassingalternative, structure modifications to reduce adverse environ-mental effects. These are discussed below.

6.01. Termination of the Navigation Function of the Project, but

Retention of the Bank Stabilization Function. A decision toterminate only the navigation function of the p7ofect would have

to be made by the U. S. Congress. As stated in Section II, theoperation of the Missouri River main stem dams would not be alteredin any significant way with the navigation function terminated.The underwater sills serve only the navigation function, as do theso-called "crossing" and "kicker" structures which are positionednear the dovustream end of river bends. The riverward ends ofdikes along the insides of bends are also required for navigation;the landward "roots" of these structures, however, support bankstabilization. L-head dikes and revetments along the outsides ofbends serve both bank stabilization and navigation, since theyscour the navigation channel as well as divert the current fromeroding the bank. It is believed that if the navigation functionwere terminated, portions of the L-head dikes and revetments wouldnot have to be maintained to support the bank stabilization function.Removal of snags from the river, principally a navigation function,would be terminated. Dredging is also a navigation function thatwould be terminated. Occasional dredging could continue in thevicinity of steam power plant and municipal water supply intakes,but to insure adequate water supply not to support navigation.As a result of the lack of maintenance of the river structuresrequired for navigation, and assuming no maintenance by the com-

mercial barge industry, the river channel would be at liberty to

meander back and forth between the maintained river banks.

6.01.1. The Federal Government would incur savings of the annualmaintenance costs of the structures required for navigation,snagging costs, and emergency dredging costs, which would amountto one-fourth to one-half of the total project maintenance costpresently expended in a given year. (This figure is based on ananalysis of maintenance costs incurred for the fiscal years 1971

9VI-1

MC= 1o PAUS SANu-aio FILME

MEL-

through 1975, assuming the separation of structure requirements toaccommodate the two project functions that are identified in para-graph 6.01). These savings, it is believed, would be offset by in-creased costs of goods due to increased transportation costs. Thestabilized banks do contribute indirectly to navigation since theyreduce erosion and its contribution to sediment in the navigationchannel. The availability of navigation not only provides a corn-petitive mode offering a cheaper means of transportation, but alsoinduces competing modes to lessen their transportation rates, sig-nificantly reducing the cost of transportation to the shippers andreceivers of goods. Industry, business, and unemployment losseswould be felt as veil. Nearly 75 commercial barge terminal fac-ili--ties are currently in operation on the Missouri River with somewhatless than 60 percent of these facilities also having access to therail mode. It must be concluded that those facilities without railaccess would find it difficult to remain competitive due to the re-quirement to incur costly truck charges or large capital expendituresfor rail spur construction, It is likely that most would ceasebusiness operation. Those operations with rail access would have a

4 readily accessible alternative. However, the loss of the more comr-petitive waterway mode would provide a loss of competitive positionfor these facilities, resulting in likely business losses and po-tential shutdown. The most severe impacts would occur within thedirectly related waterway industry firms, via plant or firm shut-down, labor force unemployment, and the resultant adverse impactson the economic base of the affected cogmun~ities. The transportationservice now provided by the waterway industry would still be re-quired.

6.01.2. Discontinuance of the navigation function but retention ofbank stabilization would have little effect an altering the inten-sive use of the adjoining river bottomland. Therefore, the biologi-cal setting of these lands would not be expected to change from thepresent-day setting discussed in Section 11. Because the riverwould be allowed to meander between its maintained channel banks,the amount and distribution of the more critical river habitat typeswould be expected to increase - shallow, slow moving wnier area wouldincrease, sand bar area would increase, marsh area would increase -at the expense of existing deep navigation channel and low land areabetween the navigation-required dike structures. The changed habi-tat types would benefit the aquatic biological community, princi-pally by supporting increased production of fish and other aquaticlife, and by permitting a more stable biological community due tobetter distribution of these more critical habitat types. The wild-life inhabitants of the Missouri River marshes would also benefitfrom the habitat changes that would occur. The benefit would bein the form of an increase in species numbers and by more stablepopulations of the species.

6.02. Terminate Existins and Future Action. The decision to termi-nate the Federal action necessary to continue the Missouri River

VI-2

MOIOEO

navigation and bank stabilization project would have to be madebp the U. S. Congress. As explained in paragraphs 2.06.1, 2.06.2,and 2.06.3, the operation of the Missouri River main stem damsystem would not be altered in any significant way. Water re-leases from the main stem system would not change significantlyfrom the present release pattern. Deterioration of the presentchannel configuration would occur, and lead eventually to curtail-ment of navigation as presently practiced. The de-stabilizationof the river channel and banks would also cause stress to the presentintensive uses of the river bottomlands adjoining the river.

6.02.1. Physical change in river channel configuration would beexpected without rock structure maintenance. The above-water partof the rock structures would deteriorate slowly over a period ofyears. High river flow through these areas of deterioration couldcause new river chutes to form. The underwater portion of the rockstructures would deteriorate more slowly, but when such structuresfailed, river banks would not remain stabilized and would begin toerode. Above the mouth of the Platte River, Nebraska, the erodedhigh bank lands would not be replaced by accretion because thecontinued operation of the main stem system holds back sediment-laden flood flows which once were the source of river bottomlandformation. Sand bars and other low elevation lands would, however,be formed. The present degradation trend of the river bed fromSioux City downstream to about Blair might be arrested by accretionfrom bank erosion and reduced river forces (current) as a resultof channel changes, chute formations, and establishment of rivervegetation.

6.02.2. It would seem reasonable to expect that more frequentflooding of river bottomland and the threat of bank erosion wouldreduce the intensity of agricultural use of the land adjacent tothe river and, together with termination of commercial navigation,would also result in the discontinuance of all commercial bargeterminals. Active bank erosion adjacent to agricultural leveeswould require their landward relocation, reducing the amount ofagriculture lands on the river bottom protected from flood waters(presumably the more valuable agricultural lands) and cause a de-cline in agricultural production. Where such relocations wouldnot be timely, the levees could be breached by bank erosion, chutedevelopment or major river channel change. Another possibilitywould be non-Federal efforts to preserve the existing alinement(Para. 6.02.4.).

6.02.3. It is expected that the change of the physical characterof the present river channel and of the adjoining bottomlands (atleast those lands under intensive use) %which woul1d be occasionedby discontinuance of the project would be toward %~ e-aing themt and the distribution of the more critical fish and wildlife

habitat types. These habitat types include shallow, slow movingwater areas used for fish and fish food production, marsh, and

VI-

riverine woodland of dense understory used for food production forsome wildlife and as nursery and escape cover f or many differentwildlife species. The increase of these more critical habitat typeswould be at the expense of the overly abundant, non-critical habitattypes of river channel (deep, swift water over a shifting sand bottom)and cultivated agricultural land. The result of increased amountsof the currently more critical habitat types would be toward an in-crease in the size of the fish and wildlife population of the riverand adjoining bottouland, and a more stable fish and wildlife popu-lation as well.

6.02.4. The project is essentially complete and the bank stabilizationand navigation structures are in place and functioning. It is believedthat deterioration of the structures and of the river character wouldoccur with time, and in places not at all. The navigation functionwould most likely be lost first because the structures needed to pre-serve the function include the underwater dikes protruding into thechannel which are more difficult and costly to maintain than otherriver structures. Dredging which is occasionally necessary, requiresspecialized and operationally expensive equipment. (A general des-cription of the adverse effects of the loss of navigation is presentedin paragraph 6.01.1.). The stabilized bank condition as a generalriver condition would remain such longer than the navigable condition(channel dimensions). The benefit of the stabilized bank is directlyrelated to farm operators and groups of farm operators (levee districts,for example), and other intensive land users individually, ratherthan identifiable only to the agri-business industry in general. Itis believed these individuals would perform maintenance of the exist-ing structures which, for the most part, can be accomplished from theland using a variety of materials - car bodies, concrete rubble,timber, rock borrowed from other river structures, etc. These indi-viduals would probably also apply pressure to State government forassistance with maintenance too large for the individuals to accomo-date. In the long term, major channel changes, new chute development,and increased flood frequency and associated higher river stage wouldprobably overcome the individual maintenance efforts. However, therewould be many reaches along the river where these forces would notovercome the individual maintenance efforts. There, the banks wouldremain stabilized, and the intensive use of adjoining river bottom-land would continue with the river channel meandering between thehigh, privately protected river banks.

6.03. Mfodification of the Proiect Structure Design to Reduce AdverseEnvironmental Effects, and Maintenance Costs. Although modificationof design is not an alternative of the authorized Federal action (itcan be accommodated without abandoning authorized functions) it isdiscussed in this Section because it can materially influence themaintenance activities and alter the subsequent environmental effectson the river's fish and wildlife inhabitants. The environmentalnotch, permitting water to flow through certain structures, is onesuch modification. New structure height criteria reducing the ele-vation that dikes will be maintained have already been implemeonted.

VI-4

further reduction in dike heights are probable once field experiencewith the present now criteria has been evaluated. A reduction ofthe overall number of dikes to be maintained may also be possible.Such modifications, if found engineeringly feasible, would reducemaintenance costs, reduce the amount of material (rock) that wouldbe committed to the project, and reduce the amount and elevationof lands accreted downstream and behind dikes. Such modificationsare continually being investigated and are implemented as the Corps'river maintenance experience demonstrates their biological andeconomic feasibility.

6.04. Chanses in Draft of Towboats and Barges. Reduction in draftof ccmercial craft used on the Kiasouri River would permit oper-ation on a navigation channel less than the authorized nine feet.This approach was, as a practical matter, demonstrated during earlyTears of the project when loadings of about seven feet were anecessity at times. It was also demonstrated then that a sustainedlimitation of seven feet or less of draft makes navigation economi-cally infeasible for the operators. Therefore, it is doubtful thata separate, shallow drafted commercial barge and towboat fleet wouldbe developed.

VI-5

" , I-s

SECTION VII

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERXUSES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND THE

MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY

7.01. The Missouri River Bank Stabilization and Navigation Projectinvolves the use of the area's natural resources (water and land)for the economic and recreational benefit of man. This use re-sults in adverse impacts on the area's terrestrial and aquaticflora and fauna. Individually, some proposed actions will curtailbiological productivity during the short-term. If the future is areflection of the past, it should be anticipated that there can bean irretrievable loss of river-fringe woodland as an indirect resultof the completion of construction of the project and of the continu-ing maintenance. (Probably less than 50 acres of clearing of exist-ing woodland will be necessary to accommodate the remaining construc-tion; no additional clearing of old stand timber will be necessaryfor maintenance of the existing structures). The amount of suchland use change which can be indirectly contributed to the proposedactions is not expected to be significant; however, the adverseeffect is considered by some to be a curtailment of biological pro-ductivity. Specific benefits and impacts are briefly discussed inthe following paragraphs. The project does clearly benefit navi-gation on the Missouri River. Both economic and social benefitsare derived from this. They include (1) continued wages and taxesfrom the industries that have located in the area because theirgoods move more economically on the Missouri River than by alter-native modes of transportation, and (2) the lower costs of commo-dities because of their being shipped on the Missouri River thanby an alternative method of transportation.

7.02. Short-term effects of dredging on the aquatic environmentinclude increased local turbidity, the release of pollutants con-tained in the sediments, and elimination of benthic organisms andfish habitat diversity. Alteration of the aquatic habitat may beviewed as either short-term or long-term. Although fish may re-turn to dredged areas soon after dredging ceases, their continuedsuccess and productivity are contingent on the availability offood organisms, including benthic macroinvertebrates. The timrequired to re-establish benthic populations is largely dependenton water quality, water toerature, and available substrates,both of which are adversely affected by dredging. Because of therelatively infrequent dredging operations in the Missouri River,short-term effects on the benthic comunity can lb- anticipated.

VII-1I o

W= 14 pit LNKM"J1W

7.03. In the long-term man's productivity, particularly by his in-tensive use of the project reach's flood plain lands, will be enhancedby, the continuance of the project (maintenance). This productivitywill be achieved by conducting the maintenance actions described inparagraphs 1.10 through 1.10.6. There are continuing short-termimpacts described in Section IV which will result from the actions.Many of these may last as long as the project; therefore, the impactsmight be classified as long-term.

VII-2

SECTION VIII

-IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLECOMO(ITM(ENTS OF RESOUJRCES

8.01. The proposed action, particularly the on-going maintenanceof the dikes and revetments, will prevent the river from erodingthe high bank lands to any significant degree thereby not permit-ting the formation of low bank sand bars and islands or shallowwater areas. Because the project structures are in place, it isnot believed that the private sector, to the extent of its capa-bility, would permit their decay to the point that adjoining privateland and developments would be destroyed leaving significant amountsof low bank features even if the Federal action were to be terminated.From a very real sense, the millions of tons of rock and other mainte-nance material to be used cannot be recovered after being in placefor a period of time. The fossil fuel used to conduct the mainte-nance activities, once used, is irretrievable. The quarried bluffswhich supply the bulk of the maintenance material cannot be re-built to their former dimensions, contour and vegetative cover.

VIII- 1

SECTION IX

COORDINATION WITH OTHERS

9.01. Government Aencies and Conservation Groups. During recentyears coordination efforts between the Corps of Engineers andFederal and State agencies have centered on dredging and dredgedisposal spoil needed f or the navigation portion of the project,construction of new river structures, and the fish and wildlifemitigation study. Public notices have been issued under pro-visions of Federal Regulation 33 CFR 209.145 pertaining to disposalof dredged or fill material within the project reach of the MissouriRiver. Issuance of similar public notices in future years to accom-modate disposal of dredge or fill material can be expected.

9.01.1. The Kansas City District issued its first public noticeunder provisions of the Federal Regulation pertaining to dredgematerial disposal on 4 September 1974. Prior to issuing thisnotice, Kansas City District held a meeting with representativesof EPA, Fish and Wildlife Service and Missouri Department of Con-servation to determine acceptable types of disposal sites. Publicnotices were iss-ued in anticipation of the need for dredging on14 February 1975, 16 April 1976 and 25 April 1977; dredging, asit turned out, proved unnecessary. Copies of each year's publicnotice was disr-ibuted to about 250 Federal, State and localagencies, Congrestsional offices, local news media and U. S. PostOffices.

9.01.2. Separate p~ublic notices have been issued by both Omaha andKansas City Districts notifying of the Corps' intention to constructnev bank stabilization and navigation structures (addition of fillmaterial in navigable vaiars). The publics and agencies reachedby these public notices were similar to the audiences of the dredg-ing public notices.

9.01.3. On 24 September 1974 another coordination meeting washold between the Corps and fish and wildlife interests. The meet-ing was held in the Corps' Missouri River Div ision Office and thefollowing agencies attended: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service(Kansas City, Denver, Pierre Offices); Environmental ProtectionAgency; National Park Service; Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game Com-mission; Missouri Department of Conservation; Nebraska Game andParks ComAission; South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks;and the Iowa Conservation Comission. The fish and wildlife inter-ests expressed their concern over past and continuing losses ofshallow water habitats behind and between dike structures and theoverall lack of quiet water areas in the river beneficial to fishand waterfowl. Some concern was also expressed over lack of

recreational access to the river. Corps personnel gave a summaryof river engineering considerations, and a summary of recently comr-pleted Corps sponsored environmental inventory studies. Progresstoward the completion of a draft environmental statement for theproject was also discussed. Corps efforts to protect and maintainshallow vater areas in the river were discussed. The 22-25 April1977 inspection trip has been the most recent trip in which theState and Federal fish and wildlife agencies, and EPA participated.In addition to coordination activities primarily concerning mainte-nance dredging, representatives from state fish and game agencies,the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Environmental ProtectionAgency have been included in general river inspection trips involvedwith the bank stabilization portion of the project. These peoplehave indicated a continuing interest in the river, and will be includedin future river inspections.

9.01.4. on 22-24 October 1974, representatives from the Iowa Conser-vation Commission, Nebraska Game and Parks Comission, the U. S. Fishand Wildlife Service, and the Environmental Protection Agency metwith Omaha District personnel to review the Missouri River project.Two days were spent on the river, reviewing the project. A majorconcern expressed by these groups was the continuing loss of shallowwater habitat in the river due to the project. Shallow water areasbehind structures, and in small chutes and backwaters were pointedout as areas to preserve or maintain free of sediments.

9.01.5. A meeting was held on 22 November 1977 to discuss the firstyear's progress of the cooperative environmental notch studies.Agencies represented at the meeting included Fish and Wildlife Service,Iowa State University, Kansas Fish and Game Commission, University ofKansas, Nebraska Game and Parka Commission, EPA, University of Missouri,and the Corps of Engineers. The study participants confirmed andstressed the need to create quiet, shallow water habitat in theproject reach of the river. Several suggestions of the participantsrelating to the design of notches will be tested by the Corps in itsmovable bed working model of the river at Mead, Nebraska, for thepurpose of refining the design of notches so that they might betteraccomplish their purpose. Biological and physical monitoring ofnotches in place will continue in 1978 and a second progress meet-ing will probably be held at the end of the 1978 study season.

9.02. Public Participation.

9.02.1. A series of public workshops to discuss the Missouri Riverproject were held during the second and third weeks of August 1974by the Omaha and Kansas City Districts of the Corps. The purposeof the workshops was to involve interested agencies and groups andthe public in identification of key issues and alternative plans ofaction concerned with the construction of the last phases of theproject and with its continued operation and maintenance.

11-2

9.02.2. Kansas City District varkshop meetings were held on13 August in Kansas City; 15 August in St. Charles; 20 August inSt. Joseph; and on 22 August in Jefierson City, Attendance at theabove-mentioned meetings was 19, 11, 31, and 23 people, respectively.Information letters describing the upcoming workshops were sent on19 July 1974 to 85 Federal, State, local agencies, commercial inter-ests and environmental groups concerned with the Missouri River.A news release describing the meetings was prepared on 8 August 1974.

9.02.3. Omaha District meetings were held in Nebraska City, Nebraska,on 27 August; in Omaha, Nebraska, on 28 August; and in South SiouxCity, Nebraska, on 29 August. Tvo meetings, one in the afternoonfor agencies and recognized groups, and one in the evening for thegeneral public were held at each site. Attendance at the meetingswas light, with 42 people attending at Nebraska City; 10 people inOmaha; and 14 people in South Sioux City. A letter was sent tointerested Federal, State, and local agencies and groups on 22 Augustinforming them of the workshops. A new release on 22 August 1974informed the public of the meetings.

9.02.4. A number of public meetings were held in the spring of§ 1977 at numerous towns along the Missouri RIver within the project

reach to inform those in attendance of the initiation of the Corpsfish and wildlife mitigation study and of the Corps effort to up-date its recreation master plans for the project reach. The meet-ings also served as a call for information on the subjects. Theinitial meeting was held on 23 February 1977 at St. Charles,Missouri, with ensuing meetings at Jefferson City, Missouri, FortLeavenworth, Kansas, Plattsmouth, Nebraska, Sidney, Iowa, Peru,Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska, Council Bluffs, Iowa, Sioux City, Iowa,Tekansh, Nebraska, and the last one held on 29 March 1977 atMissouri Valley, Iowa. The Tribal Chairmen and tribal representativesof the Omaha and Winnebago Indian Tribes were informed of the samesubjects on 22 March and 30 March 1977, respectively. Anotherseries of public meetings are anticipated to be held in 1978 topresent all interested parties of the findings of the two studies.

9.02.5. There have been numerous meetings and joint river inspec-tions between representatives of the Omaha and Kansas City Districtand representatives of other agencies and environmental groups, aswell as private individuals. These have included river inspectionsof various segments of the river, and addresses and panel discussionsat meetings of such groups as the Sierra Club and American FisheriesSociety. During 1977 the District Engineer, Kansas City, partici-pated in a Sierra Club seinar in Kansas City on 5 February; addressedthe Missouri Chapter of the American Fisheries Society in Columia,Missouri, on 18 February; was participant in a seminar at the MissouriWildlife Conference annual meeting on 2 April; conducted a riverInspection trip for Missouri and Kansas Congressional staff in theKansas City area on 27 April; and on 3 to 4 June, and 25 to 27 August,

11-

conducted a river inspection in the Jefferson City to Mouth reachfor representatives of Missouri Department of Coniservation, MissouriDepartment of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Agency,Fish and Wildlife Service, Congressional staff members, Sierra Club,League of Women Voters of Missouri, Coalition for the Environment,National Audubon Society, Conservation Federation of Missouri, andother individuals who had previously expressed an interest in theproject.

9.02.6. From April 1976 to November 1977 representatives of theKansas City District were active members of a River DevelopmentFeasibility Study made by the Mid-America Regional Council (MARC)of greater Kansas City. The District Engineer, Kansas City, is alsoan ad hoc member of the committee on River and Port Development ofthe Kansas City, Missouri, Chamber of Commerce.

9.03. Draft Impact Statement RCeview. The draft statement wasfurnished to the following agencies and groups:

Federal Agencies

U. S. Department of AgricultureForest ServiceSoil Conservation Service

U. S. Department of the InteriorBureau of ReclamationBureau of Land ManagementBureau of Indian AffairsBureau of Sports Fisheries and WildlifeBureau of Outdoor RecreationGeological Survey

U. S. Department of Health, Education, and WelfareU. S. Department of Defense

ArM Corps of Engineers, Kansas City DistrictArmy Corps of Engineers, Omaha District

U. S. Department of TransportationRegional Federal Highway AdministrationU. S. Coast Gaurd

U. S. Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentU. S. Department of Labor

Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationU. S. Department of Commierce

National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationEnvironmental Protection AgencyWater Resources CouncilAdvisory Council on Historic PreservationFederal Energy AdininstrationMissouri River Basin ComissionNatural Resource Economics DivisionBureau of Domestic Comerce

IX-4

State Agencies

Kansas Water Resources Board (all State agencies)Missouri Commissioner of Administration (all State agencies)Missouri Office of Planning & Programming (all State agencies)Iowa State Clearinghouse (all State agencies)

Local Groups and Individuals

In addition to the above, numerous other organizations andindividuals whose names are listed on Environmental Statement mailinglists received a copy of the project EIS.

9.04. Letters of Comment on the DEIS were received from the followin~agencies, citizen groups and individuals.

Advisory Council on Historic PreservationBureau of Indian AffairsDepartment of Health, Education and WelfareDepartment of Housing and Urban DevelopmentDepartment of Interior, Missouri Basin RegionEnvironmental Protection AgencyFederal Power ComissionForest Service, ColoradoForest Service, PennsylvaniaGeological SurveyNOAA (National Weather Service)Soil Conservation Se'rvice, IowaSoil Conservation Service, KansasSoil Conservation Service, MissouriSoil Conservation Service, NebraskaUnited States Coast GuardU. S. Department of Transportation, Regional RepresentativeBoons lick Regional Planning CommissionIowa Conservation CommissionIowa Dept of Trans. (thru Office of Planning & Programming)Kansas Water Resources BoardMissouri Dept of Conservation (thru Office of Administration)Missouri Dept of Nat. Res. (thru Office of Administration)Nebraska Office of Planning and ProgrammingOmaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Area Planning AgencySt. Charles, MissouriSiouxland Interstate Metropolitan Planning CouncilSt. Joseph, MissouriExecutive Comimittee, Western Railroad Traffic AssociationMissouri Chapter of the American Fisheries SocietyMissouri River Passenger Excursions, Inc.The American Waterways Operators, Inc.Thomas A. Milne, Kansas City, Kansas

9.05. Letters of Comnt on the DEIS and Corps of Engineers,Missouri River Division, responses. (See following pages).

IX-5

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SOURCES OF INFORMATION

EXHIBIT 11

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

The most important sources of information used to complete thisFinal Environmental Impact Statement, Missouri River Bank Stabili-zation and Navigation Project, Sioux City, Iowa to the Mouth arelisted below. Included is a brief description of the importance ofeach listed source and their availability and cost to the public,i f available.

1. Environmental Protection Agency. 1974. National. Water QualityInventory. 1974 Report to the U. S. Congress. Office of WaterPlanning and Standards. Used for Water Quality Data. For saleby the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government PrintingOffice, Vol. $3.70 and Vol. 11 $4.30.

2. Funk, John L. and Robinson, John W. 1974. Changes in the Channelof the Lover Missouri River and Effects on Fish and Wildlife.52pp. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City,Missouri. Used for information concerning Aquatic Habitat.Cost: Free.

3. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. 1973. Nebraska Rare andEndangered Wildlife. Terrestrial Wildlife Division. NebraskaCame and Parka Commission, Lincoln, Nebraska. This publicationcontains population status data on certain species of wildlifein Nebraska. Cost: Free.

4. U1. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Division Task ForceGroup. 1974. Missouri River Bank Stabilization and NavigationProject Working Papers. Missouri River Division, Corps ofEngineers, U1. S. Post Office and Courthouse, 215 N. 17th Street.This document contains pertinent Economic, Social, Environmental(Biological), and Engineering data concerning the project. Thisdocument is available for inspection upon visitation to thisoffice.

5. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha and Kansas City Dis, ricts.1974. Missouri River Projects Maps, Sioux City, Iowa to Rubo,Nebraska and Rubo, Nebraska to Mouth (respectively). OmahaDistrict, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Post Office and Courthouse,215 N. 17th Street, Omaha, Nebraska, and Kansas City District,Corps of Engineers, 601 East 12th Street, Kansas City, Missouri.This document contains pertinent project structure data and isavailable for inspection upon visitation to the respectivedistrict offices.

6. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District. 1975. TheMissouri River Main Stem System Environmental Effect Assess-ments, Vol. 1-VII. Omaha District, Corps of Engineers, U. S.

E. 11-1

Post Office and Courthouse, 215 N. 17th Street, Omaha, Nebraska.This document contains pertinent Economic, Social, Environmental(Biological), and Engineering data concerning the project and isavailable f or inspection upon visitation to this office.

7. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Division. 1975.Water Resources Development in Iowa; Kansas; Missouri; andNebraska. Missouri River Division, Corps of Engineers, U. S.Federal Building 17th and Capitol Street, Omaha, Nebraska.These documents contain data on Corps of Engineers' activitieson the Missouri River and are available for inspection upon re-quest from the Omaha District.

8. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha and Kansas City Districts.1974. Missouri River Navigation Charts, Sioux City, Iowa toRulo, Nebraska and Ruo, Nebraska to Mouth (respectively).Omaha District, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Federal Building,17th and Capitol Street, Omaha, Nebraska and Kiansas City District,Corps of Engineers, 601 East 12th Street, Kansas City, Missouri.This document contains pertinent navigation data and is availablefor inspection upon visitation to this office.

9. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District. 1976. RegulatoryPermits for the OPPD Nebraska City Power Unit No. 1. OmahaDistrict, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Federal Building, 17th andCapitol Stret, Omaha, Nebraska. This document contains Economic,Social, Environmental (Biological) and Engineering data on theproject area and is available for inspection upon request from theOmaha District.

10. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey. 1970. TheNational Atlas of the United States of America, Washington, D. C.This document provides climatic information in the project areaand is available for inspection upon visitation to this office.

11. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Division, 1970.The Missouri River in the 70's. This document contains thehistorical and present-day settings of the project. See Exhibit2.

12. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District. 1969. MissouriRiver Channel Reigime Studies, MRl) Sediment Series No. 13B. Thispublication contains information on the bed formations in theMissouri River, and correlates various hydraulic parameters withchanges in water temperature and is available for inspectionupon visitation to this office,

13. j S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District. 1971. VelocityTrends, Missouri River Navigation Channel. This publicationcorrelates the changes in the velocity in the Navigation channelwith time and discharge over the past 20 years at several locations

~.11-2

along the navigable channel and is available for inspectionupon visitation to this office.

14. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Division. 1957;1965; 1970; and 1972. Suspended Sediment in the Missouri River,Daily Record for Water Years 1937-1948; 1949-1954; 1955-1959;1960-1964; and 1965-1969. These publications record the sus-pended sediment load in the Missouri River at the gagingstations from 1937 thru 1972. These docu-ents are availablefor inspection upon visitation to this office.

15. University of Missouri - Rolls. 1974. A Base Line Study ofthe Missouri River: Rulo, Nebraska to Mouth near St. Louis,Missouri. Vol. I-VII. Missouri River Division, Corps ofEngineers, U. S. Post Office and Courthouse, 215 N. 17th Street,Omaha, Nebraska. This document contains Economic, Social,Environmental (Biological), and Engineering data on the project.This document is available for inspection upon visitation tothis office.

16. University of South Dakota. 1974. A Base Line Study of theMissouri River: Sioux City, Iowa to Rulo, Nebraska. Vol.

I-VII. Missouri River Division, Corps of Engineers, U. S. PostOffice and Courthouse, 215 N. 17th Street, Omaha, Nebraska.This document contains Economic, Social, Environmental (Biolo-gical), and Engineering data on the project. This document isavailable for inspection upon visitation to this office.

17. Young, Gordon. 1971 (September). "That Damred Missouri River."

National Geographic. Vol. 140, No. 3, pages 374-413. NationalGeographical Society, Washington, D. C. This document containsthe present-day setting of the Missouri River along its entirereach. Cost: $1.00 (1971).

The following documents were used for economic data concerning theproject and are available for inspection upon visitation to theEconomic Branch of the Missouri River Division, Corps of Engineers,U. S. Post Office and Courthouse, 215 N. 17th Street, Omaha, Nebraska.

1. Work Sheets: Lover Missouri River Survey - 1950, Weighted Aver-age Line Haul Waterway Rate Elements, 15 sheets, 3/13/50

2. TENTATIVE REPORT ON THE TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS PHASE OF THEMISSOURI RIVER SURVEY OF 1950, Omaha, NE, 4 May 1950, BERH

3. REPORT ON MISSOURI RIVER CHANNEL STABILIZATION AND NAVIGATIONPROJECT, SIOUX CITY TO MOUTH, APPENDLX 111, BENEFITS, issouriRiver Division, 28 July 1950

4. Memo: Status of Sioux City to Yrnkton Navigation Project Studies,22 September 1954, to Div. Eng. From Chief Engr Div. (w/o incls)

E. 11-3

5. Memo: 1950 Report on Missouri River Channel Stabilization andNavigation Project - Summary of Modifications Made Prior toCompletion of Report in Estimates of Prospective Commerce andin Estimates of Navigation Benefits, 24 Febr. 1959, To Files,From Chief, P&R Branch

6. MISSOURI RIVER NO. DAK., SO. DAK. & NEBR. NAVIGATION ECONOMICSURVEY, BASE-YEAR NAVIGATION BENEFITS, Prepared for Omaha District,August 1962.

7. MISSOURI RIVER NAVIGATION S!UDY, SIOUX CITY TO YANKTON (GAVINSPOINT DAM) ECONOMIC REORT, BERH for Omaha Dist., November 1962(Rev. December 1962)

8. PRELIMINARY NAVIGATION ECONOMIC SURVEY - PROPOSED EXTENSION OFNAVIGATION ABOVE SIOUX CITY, IOWA, TO THE MONTANA-DAKOTA STATELINE VIA EITHER THE MISSOURI RIVER OR THE JAMES RIVER, BASE-YEAR NAVIGATION BENEFITS, Prepared for Omaha District, December1962I

9. Work Sheets: Land Transportation Rates ... Sioux City, Iowa-Yankton, S.D., 13 Dec 1963; (Same) 18 June 1963; Estimated Aver-age Terminal Transfer-Handling Charges, Eased on One-Way Transfer,Between Barges and Terminal, Rail, or Truck, 1 June 1963

10. KANSAS RIVER NAVIGATION, LAWRENCE TO MOUTH, REVIEW RE.ORT ANDAPPENDICES, Kansas City District, May 1971 (No. 92)

11. SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAVIGATION ON THE MISSOURIRIVER AND OF ITS RELATED IMPACT ON MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES,Jacqueline H. Desbarats, December 1972.

12. Working Papers: Missouri River Bank Stabilization and NavigationImpact Statement, MRD, April 1975, (note OBERS-E Projections notused)

iJ. Memo: Draft of Board Report - Missouri River, No. Dak., So. Dak.& Nebr., to OCE, 1965 (?); Missouri River Report - Ranalysisof Traffic and Transportation Savings, Memo for Record, ENGBER,23 November 1965

14. RIVER NAVIGATION - SIOUX CITY TO YANKTON: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL,TO BERH, By a Committee of South Dakota and Iowa Railroads (Tee-Search, Inc.), 6 January 1966

15. Memo: Channel Stabilization and Navigation Project Benefits,To Army Audit Agency, From MEDED-B, 8 Apr 1966

16. Memo: Analysis of Traffic and Transportation Savings for MissouriRiver Navigation, Sioux City, Iowa, to Yankton, South Dakota(Analysis of above report by Tec-Search), BERH (?), 1966 (?)

E. 11-4

Weis.i

9

17. Memo: Economic Analysis of Missouri River Navigation, SiouxCity, Iowa to Yankton, So. Dak., To Members BERH, ENGBR,2 May 1966

18. Letters: ENGBR to Tec-Search, 24 Oct 1966; Tec-Search to ENGBR,14 Nov 1966; ENGBR to Tec-Search, 16 January 1967

19. DF: Survey Report on Missouri River in No. Dak., So. Dak. &Nebr. - Contemplated Studies by Department of Agriculture,To Division Engineer, From Planning Division, 14 July 1967

20. Letter: Missouri River in North Dakota ... Review Report, Econ.Data. 3-1/4% Int., MROGR-A to Division Engineer (trans. Savings)

21. DF: Review Report, Missouri River in North Dakota ... Est. Trans.Savings, MRDPD-E to File, 29 August 1967

22. CURRENT ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED EXTENSION OF THE EXISTING BANKSTABILIZATION AND NAVIGATION PROJECT UPSTREAM ON THE MISSOURIRIVER FROM SIOUX CITY, IOWA TO GAVINS POINT DAM, SO. DAK.1967 (?), pages 1, 16, 17

23. AN ANALYSIS OF RAIL, TRUCK, PIPELINE, AND BARGE TRANSPORTATIONIN THE MISSOURI RIVER BASIN, Midwest Research Institute, 13 Oct1%7, Vol. I & II

24. MISSOURI RIVER BANK STABILIZATION AND NAVIGATION PROJECT, SIOUXCITY - MOUTH, REPORT ON PROJECT COST ESTIMATE, Missouri RiverDivision, Oct. 1967

25. AN EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION MODES FOR SOUTHDAKOTA GRAIN SHIPMENTS, 1966, 1970, and 1975, Fibers and GrainsBranch, Marketing Economics Division, Economic Research Service(U.S.D.A.) November 1967

26. Comercial Navigation Statistics, Omaha District, 1961-74

27. IWPROVMENT OF THE MISSOURI RIVER FOR NAVIGATION, Kansas CityDist. Rev. 1946

28. IMPACT OF WATER DEVELOPMENT ON MINERAL INDUSTRIES OF THE MISSOURIRIVER BASIN, Bureau of Mines, U.S.D.I. Prelim. Report 178,June 1970

29. Wilhelm, John T. "Delimitation of the Omaha Wheat Source SupplyRegion" 1968 (Wheat Trade and Marketing - Primarily Rail andTruck); Masters Thesis, University of Nebraska-Omaha

30. Page, Jms "Comodity Origin and Destination of Barge Trafficfor the Upper Missouri River" 1972; Masters Thesis, Universityof Nebraska-Omaha

E. 11-5

-lab

LETTER TRANISMITTED TO THE REGIONAL DIRECTOR£ OF THE MIDWEST REGION NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

FOR COMM4ENTS FOR INCLUSION IN DEISLETTER RESPONSES TO INQUIRIES ABOUTIMP ACTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTIONS ON

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

EXHIBIT III

1 ~U'4tvsPA3Z

MRDPD-ER 18 December 1975

Mr. Herrill D. BealRegional DirectorMidwest RegionNational Park Service1709 Jackson StreetOmaha, Nebraska 68102

Dear Mr. Beal:

The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Division, is compilingan Environmental Impact Statement for the operation and maintenance ofthe Missouri River Bank Stabilization and Navigation Project, Sioux City,Iowa to the mouth.

The Missouri River Bank Stabilization-Navigation Project from Sioux City,Iowa to the mouth is a multi-purpose river development project. Projectpurposes include navigation, bank stabiffzatfon and recreation. Theexisting Missouri River Bank Stabilization and Navigation Project author-ized by the River and Harbor Act of 1945, described in House Document 214,76th Congress, 1st Session, 2 March 1945, provides for a continuous 9-footnavigation channel, 300 feet wide, extending from its Mouth to Sioux City,Iowa. This Act modified earlier congressional authorizations in 1912 and1927 that had provided for a 6-foot deep, 200-foot wide channel from themouth to Sioux City. The project is of the ooen-river regulation-typewhich utilizes the energy of the flowing water to develop and maintain acontrolled navigation channel area.

The river channel is now stabilized in its designed course throughout its722-mile length. The project was considered to be 88 Dercent complete asof July 1974. The remaining work consists of refinement structures tosecure and maintain full project dimensions. The project has a controllingdepth of 8.5 feet and a 250-foot width from Sioux City to Rulo, Nebraska;a controlling depth of eight feet and a 220-fooT width from Rulo to KansasCity and a controlling depth of 7.5 feet and a 250-foot width from KansasCity to the mouth, as determined from recent hydrograohic surveys.

SIE. 111-1

PAZ MWM .12L

STATE HISTORICAL. DEPARTMENT OF IOWA

DIVISION OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION

ADRIAN 0. ANDERSON. IRECTOR

HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER

December 5, 1974

Mr. Gene GallowayMRO-PD-ERMissouri River DivisionCorps of EngineersBox 103 TSOmaha, Nebraska 68101

Re: EIS Missouri River Bank Stabilization and Operation

Dear Mr. Galloway:

I have received our records for his 3ric and archaeological sites in theMissouri River floedplain, pursuant to your request. We have very littleinforriation to offer since no professional surveys have been conductedin the area you are concerned with. Since the Missouri River valley wasoccupied for more than 10,000 years there is every reason to expect that.a larger number of prehistoric sites exist on the floodplain. The samereasons for prehistoric human utilization of the floodplain caused earlyEuro-American settlers to choose that same area, so there should be TradingPosts, Mission-sites, and early cabin sites. The heavy river traffic alsoresulted in a high number of river boats, such as the Bertrand, beingwrecked and buried.

Future operations and stabilization plans should take the possible presenceof such socially and scientifically important historic resources intoaccount; intensive surveys of project areas must be conducted.

The Division of Historic Preservation will give all possible assistance toinsure that project areas are properly surveyed.

Sincerely,

/9 , 1

Adrian 0. Anderson, DirectorState Historic Preservation Officer

ADA: pas

E. 111-28.t3 MAC LEAN mALL.IOWA CITY. IOWA 52242

TE LEPHON It310.35 3.6949 313 .S8.41 36

101h' AIO JACK(SON STREETS TOPEKA. KANSSAS 66612

PH9141193) 2964=1l

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December 3, 1974

Mr. Gene GallowayMissouri River DivisionCorps of EngineersP. 0. Box 103 DTSOmana, Nebraska 68101

R ef: Maintenance and operationEZS for bank stabilizationand navigation project

Dear Mr. Galloway:

In response to your phone call to Tom Witty of our staff concerningcultural resources within the .issouri river channel and flood plain area,we have the following cements.

Archeological interest in the Missouri trench bordering Kansas has along history. Some of the earliest descriptive reports dealing with pre-historic sites are from the Leavenworth area In the 1830's. The interestof both amateurs and professionals has been concentrated on the bluff topsand Intersecting valleys. Their findings deonstrate a long and variedcultural tradition in that region. ore recently sme highway corridorstudies, as well as specific drainage investigations, have determinedthat few if any sites still exist on the flood plain proper adjacent tothe channel.

Generally speaking the nature of the erosion processes which are activeon the channel and flood plain do not permit extensive preservation ofhistoric or archeological remains. worthy of mention, however, are some ofthe "islands" which served as caps or cantorments during the earlyhistoric period. Such islands would be :sle au Vache or Cow Island, Islede Paxques and "Bear (edesin" or Kickapoo Island. While it aight beaemfted that any historic or prehistoric habLtational rmoi a n thoeislands would have been scoured away by flooding, no specific investigationshave been sade to determine if this were true. Such "islands" should beinvestiqated if proposed channel changes or alterations would affect these

a. 111-3

ao'ceps, Poeftec5. A. J. Mow9. J,. Ls96" -a V.C&P"60"LSU "afte 4. bc,.eacy. ~0490; L" 554 6,ffS.s.. Jew IIfie~ ISUSI. "y* N MA6.1W, "ecmeWS. tig&fa caM legcfl

0,CUYT,1 :cemrl .*re".. .. :c, ... ., ".,..: - ..W..6 3,- e * - e* .. 'amOo. .0" wsA '"". ?.qm&; A. 1c;in Sagess. vacam- A"*l 41 3-c C40M. -a. a.f'c O~

ME

w'r. Galloway 2 12/3/74

While sites would appear to be scarce on the flood plain, there isthe possibility of "objects" being present. Perhaps the most spectacularof these would be sunken steamboats dating from the 19th century. A

qUck review of a report by Captain H. M. Chittenden in 1897 located atleast 38 wrecks in the tench which borders ansas. Recent work in theNebraska azea with the steamboat Ber rand duxnstrated that cargo on suchwrecks could be in an excellent state of preservation and hesoe wreckscould be very significant historical and archeoloqical discoveries.Currently there are private investigations in Wyandotte county on thewreck of the steamboat Arabia. Certainly any mintenance operationswhich involved channel changinq should be awre of the possibility ofsuch objects being exposed.

Presently there are no properties in the Xissouri river channel and

flood plain which are entered on the National Reiqstar.

With kindest regards and best wishes, I am

Cordially,

ivec ive ector andState Historic Preservation Officer

NW:uf

University of Missouri - Columbia

ROOm 22 Switzler Had COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE Telephone

Coumb,a.Misaou t 6S201 Aschlara Suy 314-882-8364

November 11, 1974

Mr. Gene GallowayMissouri River Division,Corps of EngineersP.O. Box 103 DTSOmaha, Nebraska 68101

Dear Mr. Galloway:

In reference to your telephone call requesting information on the impact ofprojects in the Missouri River Flood Plain on archaeological resources, Ican offer the following information.

As you are aware, the evaluation of existing records was made in 1972 andreported in the Missouri River Environmental Inventory, from Rulo, Niebraskato the mouth, near St. Louis, Missouri by the Knasas City District. Of theknown archaeological resources within the flood plain in the adjacent hill-top of bluff areas of the river, there are only a few known archaeologicalresources that are on the flood plain itself. One of them, near Weston, Mls-souri is on the National Register of Historic Places. Thus there is evidencethat archaeological resources do occur in the flood plain, although mostknown archaeological sites are on a terrace near the mouth of where a streamhas its confluence with the flood plain. Sites in the flood plain would bemost readily disturbed if levy work were conducted within the flood plainand areas where levys are considered should be evaluated for archaeologicalresources. No systematic archaeological survey has been conducted alongthe flood plain of the Missouri River for any distance.

Insofar as structures in and along the banks of the Missouri River, such asrevetments and erosion controlling structures within the River itself, littleor no impact would be felt by any archaeological resources in the area.Should archaeological resources be within the river itself, these resourceswould be largely unidentifiable and non-recoverable by normal archaeologicaltechniques.

If we may be of assistance in evaluating a specific project as they are beingplanned, specific evaluations for archaeological survey, testing, or excava-tion, we will be happy to submit a proposal at that time.

S tcerely yours,

David R. EvansDirector

DRE: iwZ. 4-4

S S S 0 U R GOVESRNOR

I \E- DEPARTM ENT OF

Natural ResourcesP.O. Bo 176 Jefesn Cty, Mismei 65101 314.751-332

November 25, 1974

Mr. Gene GallowayTask Force Member, Department of the ArmyMissouri River Division, Corps of EngineersP. 0. Box 103, Downtown StationOmaha, Nebraska 68101

Dear Mr. Galloway:

In response to your letter of November 4, 1974, asking for informationon historic/cultural resources along the Missouri River, I am enclos-ing a listing of National Register sites which are located near theMissouri River flood plain.

It is unlikely the project will affect any known archaeological sitesas long as the project is contained within the river channel. Ishould point out that dredging activities can destroy underwaterarchaeological sites, such as sunken boats, steamboat wrecks, or boatsinvolved in military operations during the Civil War. Hence, if sucha wreck is found during dredging projects the Corps or its sub-contractors should notify the National Park Service for an investiga-tion.

The Missouri River is bordered by numerous campsites of early explorersand settlers - such as the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804. One ofthese campsites, the Tavern Cave, is listed on the National Register.Others need to be studied and nominated. Actually our list of currentNational Register listings in the vicinity of the Missouri River doesnot reflect the anticipated future number of listings which will beachieved after further survey and study of this important, historictransportation artery in Missouri.

Please let this office know if further information is needed. Thankyou for giving us an opportunity to comment on your project.

Sincerely,

STATE HISTORICAL SURVEY AND PLANNING OFFICE

(Mrs.) M. Patricia HolmesResearch Associate

MPH:mvs. 111-5

Enclosure: List of National Register sites along the Missouri RiverFlood Plai01. of iPoweu and 1 Flood P14" h She of 6vinmgWm Ouality 0 Oviion of AminitrWaive Srmeo

Divisiei of . Reewat Sa Tuohmiuui Isftesweie 0 014le4 of Peaning and Policy Deve opmet

Missouri's National Register sites occuring on or near the MissouriRiver Flood Plain - as of November, 1974.

Buchanan CountyMarket Square Historic District - St. JosephMissouri Valley Trust Company Historic District - St. Joseph

(pending entry)

Platte CountyWeston Historic DistrictBabcock Site, 3 miles North of Waldron

Jackson CountyFort OsageFort Osage Archaeological District

Saline CountyGumbo Point Archaeological Site, 3 miles Northwest of Malta BendPlattner Site, Vicinity of Malta Bend

Howard CountyRivercene, near U.S. 40 and the Missouri River Bridge

Cole CountyLohman's Landing, Jefferson City at foot of Jefferson Street

Missouri State Capitol Historic District, Jefferson City (Pending entry)Gay Archaeological Site, Osage City vicinity

Callaway Countycote Sans Dessein, Vicinity of Tebbetts

Gasconade CountyCityof Hermann Historic District

Franklin CountyTavern Cave, near St. Albans

St. Charles CountySt. Charles Historic DistrictMissouri First State Capitol, St. CharlesStone Row, St. CharlesNewbill-McElhiney House, St. Charles

EXEC .7IVE 4IARD EXECUTIVE SOARO

Ea.SCI-O M%:\ ERS EX-OFFIC:O 'MIEMBERS

%41, S 'aef ,-es3err . ..... 4lor Platte J. JAMES EXON, GOVERNOR

M.aurize &. e~eicn, ' dize Preijuenr . . Beatrice d ST A7E OF VESRASKA-2r. vuc j r., , V ice -e znt . . C4 umA B.i aA NE tR~OE

.- ,jr. Zir" ocv -reasurer ... ....... Tr..tn DURWARD S . VRFNER PRESI TJ. J . f.. . ......... Lincoln tjNIVERS;TY OF NEBRASKA

,.%I. -a t. r ...... .. ...... ........... O an&%e. L rese ............ ............ . Oman&a oAUL W. WHITE. CiIEF JUSTICEC hars ,'.,3 -. ,, .................... Omarn& O. ~ " I

' F THE SUPREMAE '.OuRT CF NEBRASKA

Ch .rie$ . oor e ................... HasingsJam*0 A. Ra.IeV ... ................. Lincoln *CLARENCE HEiBA. PRESIDENT OF... Ac i ....n .................. Grand Island DAcp

7 "'JEBRASK ,A 2RE S ASZOC:ATION

Aaren. Z. .No ........ Gering Y

\AIARVIN = KIVETT 1500 R STREET01 RECTOR-SECRETARY LINCOLN, NEBRASKA aa5o8

Phone 402/432-2793

December 20, 1974

Mr. Gene GallowayCorps of U.S. EngineersP. 0. Box 103 Downtown StationOmaha, Nebr. 68101

Dear Mr. Galloway:

We are enclosing a sumary report in reference to sites orstructures that may be considered in terms of the National Registerof Historic Places.

This office does recommend that if federal, state or private agencyenters into agreements for survey, that full consideration be givenin the survey to each of the elements, history, architecture, arche-ology and culture. The role of the contractor carrying out such asurvey should be that of providing data upon which this agency canbase a decision. I hope you will let us know if we can be offurther assistance.

Sincerely,

Marvin F. KivettState Historic Preservation

Officer4FK:dvj2 enclosures

cc: Tim Turner* The Simary Report is not included since it showe specific loeations

of Archaeological and historic sites.

1.111-6